- Chuin muc nhdm cdy nghia rit quan trong ddi vdi su tdn tai va phat triin
mf > i quan he ca nhin ph & n anh mufc df ) co cam tinh hay khong co cam tinh, y6u
hay ghet,than hayso...gitta cic thanh vien trongnhom, dua tren su danh gid chu
quanvdnangluc,cd tinh,thoiquen...cua nhau.
+ Cac quan he khong chinh there thubng dirge nay sinh tit cac nhom khOng chinh thirc, tren co scf cac quan he ban be, ciing sd thich, nguyen vong... Trong
quan he khPng chinh thtre thirefng co su hidu biet, thdng cam, nhudng nhin lin
nhau, tut do hinh thanh n6n cic nhom nlio khOng chinh thirc. Trong cac nhom killing chinh thirc, thirong co m6tthu linh.Do la ngiroi co uy tin nhit doi voi moi
ngued trong nhom, la ngucti co quy£n luc vi mat tinh thdn. Tuy khPng c6 quy£n
han chinh thirc nhung laicoanh huong cd nhan rdtIontrongnhom.
+ Soxuit hien vd t6n taimang lirdi cac m& quan he tren trong nh6m la ni6t hien tuong khich quan, tPn tai ngoai y mudn cuaca nhin hay ngued lanh dao. Cac quan he khdng chinh thirc thudng phan anh biu khPng khi tim linhom.Nhom tro
nenlitirongkhimO'
iquanhechinh thiicvakhPng chinhthiic phuhop vdd nhau.
2.5. Cac hiSn tupng dptut nhom
Cic hientirong trongnhom giy anh huong tod cd nhin buoc ca nhin phai thay doi Crng xcrcua minh d£ phuc tung y ki£n cua s6dong hodc phuctung menh lenh
cuam6t quy£nlucnaodo goilahien tuong ip lire nhom.
Hien tuong dp luc nhom bao g6m tinhkhuOn phep(a dua)va tinh v&ng theo.
*Tinh khuOn phep:la su thay d& lingxii ca nhSn truOc site epcua nhom.Su
phuc tung nay phu thu6c viotinh each, trinhdohi^u bi&,hoincanh,tu6itac, giai tinh... ciing nhu cac dac diem cua cac m6i quan he giua cac thinh vien trong
nhom, tinheach va tac phong boat dOng cua ho thuemg dohoan canhchu daoben ngoaiquy dinh.
- Thi nghiem di&i hinh nghien ciiu tinh a dua la thi nghiem cua Asch tien
hanh nam 1952. Muc dich cua thi nghiem la nghien ciiu ap luc ciia nhom anh
huemg tod ca nhdn ra sao vd trong hoan canh nao ca nhdn chiu ap luc nhom, chiu theo khudn phep,Thi nghiem dupe tier hknh nhusau: nhomsinh vien7-9ngufti xac djnh d6daicua doan th&ngduara. Thinghiem traiqua haigiaidoan.
+Giaidoan 1: MOi ngued nhan dupe haiphie'
u, m6tphieu ben lay trii ke mot doan thang, mOt phi^u ben tay phai phai ke ba doan thing, trong d6 c6 mot doan th^ng dai bang doan thing b phi^u ben tay trai, hai doan c6n lai, m6t dai hem,
Ckc nghidm the ddu tra loi dung lk doan thd nhkt b£n tay phai bang doan bdn tay
trai(bai tapnay dirge thuc hidnmbteach rieng re).
+ Giai doan 2: Su dung phuemg phkp “nhom gia tao”. Ngudi tien hknh thf
nghidm da thoa thukntrade vbitatca trif mdt ngudi“chu th£ngky thcr”. Ndi dung
cua thoa thukn nay Ikckc nghiem thise duara cau tra ldi khdngdung vbi thuctd':
doanthang thurnhkt ben tay phai ngknhon doanthkng ben tay trai(thuctd labang
nhau).Kdt quatrong s6 123“chu the ngky thcr” thlco 37% (1/3) da duara cau tra ldi sai, tire Ik co hanh vi a dua. Sau thf nghiem hen hanh phong vkn tdng ngudi trong sdtraldi sai, ho dachobidt yt kidncua nhom ap daork'tmanh.
Bkng nhidu thf nghidm khac nhau vd tmh khudn phep,Asch da ket lukn ring:
tfnh khudn phdp co t6n tai d nhom. Khi ck nhkn d trang thai bi co lap d£ theo
khudn phep. Ndu pha bosucdlkp, tmh khuon phdp se giamxubng.
-Cacyeu tbquy dinh tmhkhudn phep:
+ Ydu td ca nhkn: Tinh khudn phep thudng bidu hien d nhfmg ngudi trong
hoatddng kemsang tao,tfnh tinhbao thu,ft chiutrach nhiem vebanthan,ft tutin.
VS gidi: phunurcd tfnlikhudn phdpcaohon.
+ Ydu tbnhom: Vd mat tkm If, y kien cuasd ddng thudng chfnlixac hem,co
If hem vdi tdng ngudi, vi vky cac thanh vidn trong nhom thudng sir dung y kien nhom de bieu thi thki dd vk ling xir cua minh.Xet vd khfa canh tkm If, ca nhkn se
cam thk'
y ydn tkmhem, vungtin hon vaft chiu trach nhiem hon khiho hok vkosd'
ddng. Matkhke dd dat dugcmuc dfch hoat ddng cua nhom, nhom buoc cac thanh vienphai tuknthu theocacquydinh,chuknmuc ma nhom ddra.
Asch da nghibn curu anh hudng cua quy mb nhdm ddi vdi tilth khudn phdp.
Khi nhdm co 4-5 ngucri,ca nhan chiu tinh khudn phdpcao nMt. Ndu nhom trdn
5 ngudi,tmhkhudn phepgiamxubng.
dgoc do tkm If hoc xa hdi, ifnh khudn phepkhang dinh ban chkt xa hdicua
con ngudi: con ngudi khong thd sdngva phat tridn bdn ngoai cac hoan canh vamoi quan hd xa hdi. Tfnh khudn phep la kbt qua cuasutim kiem.Thoa hiep nhkm dat
dugcmdtsuthfch nghi.
+Y£u td'hoan canh: Khi canhkn thuc hidnedng vide kho khan,khi edng vide ddi hoig^prut v£ thdi gian, khi edng videquy dinhphuong thtre thuc hidnrorang,
cu th^... thi tfnh khuon phep bieu hien cao. Nhdm cung igi dung hoan earth kho
khan,congviecgaprutdd6pcknhkn phuctungkhudn phep,theo chuknmucnhom.
Cd nhung ngucri khdng thay ddi lkp tnrdngtrubc ap luc cua nhom. Sd nay la
thidu sd.Cac nghidncuu vdkhfacanh tkmIf dachira rkng: nhfmg ngudi chdng lai tfnh khudn phep la nhfmg ngudi roi vko hoan canh cam tha'
y bi mat tu do hokc
apILTC nhom dingupclai nhu cdu,mong muon cuaban than. Nhuvky,tnrdcapluc
nhomc6 hai loai hanh vi ca nhan:
+ Loai thur nhat, nhung ngudi theo khu6n phep: th£ hifn b viec lam theo tu
tudng vahanhddng cua nh6m,hokc lkm theo y6u cku cua nhdmnhtmg vkn gift tU
tucmgridng.
Loai thu: hai, nhung ngudi khdng tuan theo khuon phep, khdng chap nhan
+
y ki6h cua nhom vk khdng ifrig xdtheo khudnmkucua nhom.
* Tinh vang theo: la suchkpnhan,phuctiing mot uy quy^n naodo (uy quyen
hop phap).
Theo Fischer, vlng theo la mdt su thay d6i ung xu,qua do mdt ca nhkn dap
laimenh lenhcua mOt uy quyen hopphap bang suphuc tung.
- Cac nghidn cihi ve tinh vang theo cua nha tkin If hoc xa hdi ngudi Mi
Stanley Milgram (1965 - 1974) d£u xukt phkt tit mdt lukn di&n cho rang, moi ngudi dd'
i vdi nhau vi coban lk tdt,khdng aimudn trifrig phat hoac lam dau kho
cho ngudima ho khdng quen bidt. Nhung thuc te, trong mdt hokn canh di
^u kidn
nhkt dinh, ca nhan c6thexd su trai vcri
^ nghi, thoiquen,ni£m tin von co cua ho. Cd nghla la trong mdt hoan canh nao dd, con ngudi co th^ vang theo, phuc tiing
yeu cku, mdnh ldnh cua mdt uy quydn ma khdng co sit tur chdi hay chdng ddi,
ngayca khi y thtrcdupe didu dd khdngdung.
-Cac nha nghidn ciru da dua ra ckc y£u td giai thfch nguydn nhan cua hanh ddngvkngtheonhusau:
+ Didu kidn xahoihoa:qua trinh xahoihoacuaca nhan didn ra chu yshib20
nam dku cua cube dai trong trang thai cua ngucti phu thude (con nho, vang theo
cha me, anh chi tronggiadinh; di hoc,vang theo Icri thky cd.„). Viec “vang theo”
dupecoi la mdt ph<Jmchat ckn phai c6, dang dupekhichIS,khen thudtng. Nhuv&y
qua trinh tuan theo cac chukn muc gia dinh, ngoai xa hdi da lam cho cd nhan thudng xuyen atrongtrang thai Id thude, thudong-nghlala canhan ludn atrong
hoancanh dd dangchdp nhanmoi edidefntir menh ldnh cuauyquydn.
+ Trang thai phuc tung cuaca nhan (trang thdi“tay sai”): khi ca nhan roi vao
trang thai phu thude vao chi cua ngudi khac, vAng theo mot each khidm thi
quang, mdt kha ning tu danh gia va khdng cam rhdy phai cliiu trach nhidm vdi
hanh vi, ldi noi cua minh. Ca nhdn lam theomdnh ldnh mdteach tunguydn.
-Suvkngtheomdteach muquangdupe giam xudng khi quydn luc hpp phap
cua mdnh idnh bi giam hokc bi mat di; khi doi tupng vdng theo nhan thfre dupe
y nghla cua hanh ddng vang theo; khi hp chung kien dupe hdu quacua hanh ddng
Tom lai, hien tuong ap luc nhdm Id hifn Urgng tarn If xa hdi khach quan ton tai trong nhdm nho, n6 dat ca nhan vao hoin canh phai thay ddiung xucua minh
ddphuc tungmenh lenh.
2.6.Va chamva xung dotnhdm
2.6.1.Khainiem
-Vacham la su miu thuin,bat d6ng y ki£n giuacac ca nhan ve mdt vinde
naodo co lien quan den mat nhan thufc tlnhcam hoac quyen loi vat chat khi tham
gianhdm.
Va chamla mdt hidn tuqngdbi thuong,di£n ra mdteach thuctng xuyen, hi^n
nhien trong cac quan he(gia dinh, ldp hoc, t6, doi...).0diu co quan he xa hoi, b
doco va cham. Vacham khdng phiiluc nao cung gin vdi y nghla tifeu cue,tao ra
cim giacnangn&,bfe canh,chia re... Nguoc lai,va chamconcoy nghiarichcue la
giup giai toa thin kinh, noi ra diroc nhung didu khuc mic din ddn su hieu bidt,
thdngcamvdinhau,giup chonhom phat trien,hoanthiencacchuin muccuanhom.
-Xung dot li su miu thuin,bit d6ng v6 cac quan di^m, nidm tin...giua cac thanh vi£n trong nhdm co li£n quan d£n cac vin de cua cube sdng xa hoi ho&c
dOng chamdin quydnloi vatchit hay tinh thin cuacicci nhin trongnhdm.
Xung dot nhom din d£h su pha va trang thai cin bang cua nhdm, lam thay
ddicaciu,l6chdccua nhom,la nguyen nhan lim thay d6i nhom.
2.6.2.Nguyennh$n cOava cham, xungddt nhdm
Nguyen nhin khach quan: li nhung nguy6n nhan tacdong tit ben ngoai diy conngudi va tinh huong mSu thuin phufctap.Do la nhung nguyen nhin ngoai xa
hdi nhu kinh td,chinh tri, tdn giao... din den cing thing, xung ddt nhdm. Hoac
nhung nguyen nhin khach quandocacquy chi, diduId ban hanh chua roring gay
thiet hai ddn quyenloi cua ede thanh vidn trong nhdm,do do va cham, xung ddt
xayra.
Nguyen nhin chu quan: la nhung nguyen nhin nam ngay trongmdi ca nhin
va nhdm.
+ Vi phla lanh dao, va cham, xung dot cd thd xay ra dothidu hieu bidt,thidu kinh nghidm, kha nang didu hanh cong viec chung kem, phong cich lanh dao
khdngphu hopvdi nhdm hoac cac phim chat ci nhin khdng phu hopvdi cirong vi
lanhdao.
+ Vi phia cic thanh vidn, vacham,xung ddtcdthexay ra doci tinh,dochiy
+ V6 phfa nhom, do ca cau 16 chuc nhom long leo, cac quy chdchuln muc
khOng ro rang, 16i then, di6u kien hoat dong thidu thdn, an toan lao dong kem,
lucfng thap...
2.6.3. Si/ tiin triincda vacham, xung dot
— Va cham, xung dpt trong nhom bat dlu bang su tranh luan dpham vi cua vln de chi lamsing to. N£u tranh lulnkhong dupegiai quydtdnthoa, bitd6ng y
kidnsedupe khodt sau, taothlnhhdnganclchddibdn.
- Xung dot xult hidnkhl cac bOn bit d6ng each nhin nhau, danh gil vln
dc chuy&i sang phO phan ca tinh, thoi quen cua nhau, loi cac khuyet di^m cua
nhau trongqulkhtrcuanhauraxem xdt“bdi16ngtim vdt”.