III. CAC QUY LUAT, CO CHE HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN
11. CAC HINH THllTC GIAO TIEP XA HO
1. Giao tiep ngdn ngif
1.1.KhaS niem
Giao tiep ngdn nguId su tiep xuc, trao doi thdng tin giua ngU&i voi ngudi thdngqua ndivaviet.
- Ngdn ngii bao g6m ba bd phan c£u thanh: ngu: phip, tur vung vi ngu am,
Cau trtic nguphip cuangdn ngurphan dnh.trlnh dd phat then v£ van hoa-xa hdi
cua dan tdcmang ngdn ngudd. Con amdi ca nhan, trinh dd phat triln van hoi-
xa hoi,kha nang tuduy dupe th£hidnthdng qua each phitM,each trinh bay ciu van,each sir dung y nghia cuaciu.Su thidu hut vd thdng tin dai chung, trinhdd
van hoa thiplam chogiao tidpngdnngCkern*
- Trong giao tidp xa hdi, giao tiep ngdn ngu la hinh tilde dac tnmg co ban nha'
t, bed vi thdng tin cua mdi ca nhan dupe phdt ra thco y dd dandung tfir trude,
phan inhcacdac trung tarn h-xa hdi cuachu thlgiaotidpgiy ndn trangthai tarn
lixahdi 6ddi tuefng giaotidp.
1.2.Phanloai
Giaotiepngdnngudupe th^ hidn thdngqua ngdnngunoivi ngdnngu vidt.
1.2.1.Ngdn ngitnoi
- Ngdnngundila qud trinh chu th^ giaotidpdung ngdn ngucua minh dd tac
ddngl6n ngudikhicnham truyendat muc dich,y ddridng cua cinhan hay nhom,
-Ngdnngu:ndi dupe sirdung nhu mdtedng cugiaotidp toan nang vi nd don gian,tidnleivi rit hidu quatrongdidu kien giaotidpbinh thudng.
- Ngdn ngfl noi dem lai su trao ddi nhanh vdi su phan hdi ngay tie thdi,
thdng tin dupelam sangro,cuthe.
-Mdt y dupe diin dat tot thudng dam bao nguyen tie 5C (Clear, Complete, Concise,Correct, Courteous):
+ Ro ring: Thdng diipphai ro rang di ngudi nh&n chi cd thihieu theo mdt nghia duy nh£t.
+ Hoanchinh: Thdng diip phaichuaday duthdngtincin thidt.
+ Ngan gon, sue tfch: Thdng didpphai ehdadung du cac thdng tin cin thi£t,
nhimg phai dambaocactiduchingingon,suerich.
+Chfnh xac:Thongtin dirara phaimangtfnhchfnhxaccao,c6 cancti.
+ Lich sir: Thdng diep phai dam bao ndi dung dap ting ctic ydu ctiu trdn,
nhungvd hinh thticphai tdt, lichsir tuy theo ttingdditupng nhtin thdng tin.
- Dd giao tidp bang lPi n6i tdt, chung ta ctin chu y dd'
n mdt s6 kinh
nghidm sau:
+ Giong noi dd nghe: “Ngtf&i thanh tieng ndi cung thanh! Chuong keu khe
ddnh ben thanh cung vang” hay “Chim khon keu tieng renh rangi Nguai khdn ndi tieng diu dangdinghe
De hap danva thanh c6ng,chu thdgiao tidpctin luydngiong noi da trong treo
hern,dd nghe,timtip,chan tinh,thoaimai,chan hoa khi noichuydn.
Trong phat am chfnh xtic, tr6n vtinh ro chfi, biet noi chtim chtim dd nhtin mauih nhung ttitrongdidm, trtinh noi ngong,noiquanhanh...
DdC6giong noi dd nghectinchu<jdti'
n nhungvtindesau:
•Hoan toan kh6ng nencoi thucmg viden6isai, tnrtic het la phat am saitiding
Viet (chuycac tir dia phircfng,viingmidn).
•Ndi dd ngirdi khac nghe thi ctin ndi cho ngirdi nghe khong phai hoi lai va
hidu duac.
•Chu y dtin ttfcdd ndicho phu hop,khdng ndiquacham hotic quti nhanh.
Giong ndi dd nghe va ndi cho dung titing Vidt,tranh ndi chti trong giao tid'
p:
“Xtiu hay lam tot, ddt hay ndi chur”. Tranh diing chir tiding nude ngoai (Anh, Phap...)xen ltinvdititing Vidt.Dacbidt kidngkinhungcauddm, tiengdem thd tuc...
Dudi day laba bai tapddchungtacothdcd dupemdtchat giongtdt hon:
(1)Thd dung nhip va thu gian: Trong qua tilnh giao tid'
pludn ludn gitidupe
chominh tarn trang binh tinh, tu tin, kidm soatdupe nhipthdbinh thudng.De lam
dupedidu nay thican chutin bi ki trude khi ndi chuydn,ngoairacungcan tim hieu
vddd'
i tupnggiao tid'
p,vdchudd giaotidpvavechfnh ban than minh.
(2)Lang nghe chfnh minh: Trong qud tiinh giao tid'
p,chung ta can chu y dd'n
giong ndi, dd cao, am stic trong giong ndi cua minh. Bdn canh do, chung ta ctin
phaisua chua,luyenchtit giongcua minhsao cho dd nghenhtit.
(3)Taosu uydn chuydn chogiong ndi: Mdt giong ndi hapdan nghe nhu mdt
ban nhac am tip,diu dting, mdi mdt tti nhu mdt ndt nhac trong thang am. Dd tao
dupe su uydn chuydn cho giong ndi thi ctin cd kha nting didn dat
^ kid'n ro rang bang lPimdtctich liru loatva vui ve;ctin bidteach phattimchfnh xtic.
+ Muc tidu va thdiliraiig giaotidp;
Trong noi chuydn phai dam baomuc tidu va then, luung,khdng dime lan man keodaithdi gian lamcho ngudi nghe sot rudt“Noidai,ndidai,n6i dai”
•Ndu chi trinh bay mdt vide voi dbi phirong mi khdng cin dip lai,thi kdt thucngay khida trinhbayrodiududi.
•Nd'
u mud'n thuyet phuc ngudi nghe thay doi quandi^m hoic hanhdong, thi
co Xh6ch&n ddtciuchuydnkhi ngudinghe da thda nhan ldikhuydncuaminh. •Ndu ddi phuong cSn them thCri gian dd suy nghi thdm, thi c&n cir vao tinh
hinh mikdt thuccuoc giaotidp saocho hopIf,tranh lanman sa vao ti^u tiet, tranh
luan tridnmidn.
•Can chu&n bi ki tnrdccic bu6itrinh biy hay tranh luin. Trong trinhbay hay
tranh luinchindinhung gicinthidt.
+ Dd thinhcbng trong giaotiepphai can cu:vao doi tuonggiaotidp,thdi gian
vakhdnggian giaotidp.
Vi du, “thuit khan c£u” trong giao tidp khi ta di nhd ciy ai vide gi edn bidt
chon thdidi&n thich hop lucddituong dang vui thi dd duacvide, dang c6 chuydn khdng vui thiddhongviec.
Trong noi chuydncin chu yddn cac doi tuong,chang han ngudi gia khac vdi
thanh nien, noivdi nhi bu6n phaikhacvotinhibichoc...Conhungchuydnchi n6i
duqcvdi ngudi nay nhungkhdngnoi duoc vdi ngudikhic. + Noico licotinh:
Trong giaotidp bang ngdn ngu noi du minh c6 quydn uy,quydn luc thi cung
ndn t6ntrong vai trd chu ddngcua ddituong, phat huy tinh richcuechu ddng cua dbituong giao tidp.
Muon cho ngudi ta tarn phuc, kh£u phuc thi phai co li, co tinh, phai d£nh
dung vkolongngudi,tdn trongtinh chu ddng cua ho.
Trong giao tiep, ddthuanled.c£nbSc nhipcau,c6 thai dd thidn chi,thongcam,
bidt didu:“Noingotlot ddnxuong”;“Noi phaicucaicungphai nghe”...
Bidt sir dung ldi khendung luc khdngsaordng.
+ Tranh tranh cai khdng c£n thidt; Trong giao tidp bang ngdn ngur noi, tuy
t£mg thdi di&m trong giao tidp quyet dinh vide co thd tranh ludn phai trai nhung
khdng phai luc nko cung v&y, tranh xa vao tranh luan khdng c£n thidt se dd g&y cangtiling.
qua xa,
+ Tranh day nghibn nhau khbng c£n thid'
t khi moi chuydn da qua, ngubi ta khbng thd nao s6ng mai vcri qud khb du qua khb dy co nhu the nao"hay dd midn
ki ticnguydn’\
+ Kh6ng laplai minh, khong khubn sao: Muon hap din ngubi nghe, chi ndn
noi tid'
ng n6i cua long minh, cam thu cua ridng minh, tranh cdng thbc, so luqe,
theombtthbi thuqng.Nhuc6nhan da day:“Ruqu lat ub'
ngldmcung say”. +Phe binh khbnggay tbctbi:
Phd binh quan tam dd'
n su tid'
p thu cua doi tuong phe binh la nhim lam cho dbi tuong cam tha'y, nhan ra, thim lang hay cong khai thira nhan sai1dm va sua
chua.Vivdy,khi phd binh ai docdn chu y:
•Tnrbc het,khbng ndnqualbi,tbdam, th6i phdngkhuyd'
t didmsai lam.
•Phe binhcdn mucthudc va c6 thidnchi.
•Phd binh ngubi nhung nhun minh mbt chut thdm chi tu nhan I6i vd minh “tidntrachkihau trach nhan”,chdnghanc6thdn6i “tbi thdy”,“minh thay”; “theo
tbi”, coi dochila tham khao,chua chdcdatuydtdbi dung vd tbi chiu trach nhibm,
thubng dd lottaihon, ngubi nghe khbng cam tha'
y bi d6n ep.
•Ngoai ra co thd phd binh theolbi n6i nguqc hoac muon trang noi den,noi ben dong dbng bdn tdy...
+Titchbikhbng mdchlong:
Trong cubesong co nhung vide dut khoat phai tCr chbi, bat kd thai dbcua dbi
phuong ra sao. Nhung tbchbi sao dd trdnh md'
t long ngubi khde Id vdn dd khong don giantrong giao tidp bangngbn ngbn6i.
•Cdn noi ro li do, song chothing thimg, true tid'p tit chbi ngay khi ngubi ta
mdi mb midng ydu cdu. Ndn tim mbt If do khach quan, noi dd ngubi bi tb
chbi tha'
y chi luc nay anh khbng dap ungduqc, hoac tora tide,khong co each nao
khde, luc ba'
t tong tam; hoac vide nay anh phai tit chbi la dung khbng con each
naokhac.
•Tit chbi cungkhbng phai chinoi khbng mdphaithdhidnsukheo leo,khbng
duqcdp ung khid'
nngubi bi tbchbico cam giac bi coi thubng.
4- Hoidapkhbn ngoan:
•Hoi laeach dua dbi phuongvaocdu chuydn,nhungndn hoi nhungvbndbgi mddbi phuongquan tdm va cohieubibt.
Vidu: Ldn gap ddu tidn khbng ndn hbi vd quan didm chinh tri, ton gido... vi dbi phuong khbng hiduminh muon gi ndnkhbng dam khinh sudttra lbi.
•Trong giao tidp c6 nhutng vkn de khdng ndn hoi chang han nhu xen vao chuyen budn ban cua ban hkng, gia dd trang sire trdn ngudi, hoi tu6i phu nur, bi
mat edng tac...
•Cku hdicin ngin gon rorang,lam bat $minhmud'
nhoi.
•Dap cin mem deo, khdng ndn qua khang dinh, phai ckn nhic, mire thude. Khidapc6 khi phai dhng thuat“n6iddikhdngac y”nhimgcin than trong; khong
tra led thing vao can hoi; tim ckch tinhi ni tranh,lui di tidh.C6 trudng hopphai
gia vdkh6ng nghe thkyddi phtrerng noi gi.
+Biet gpi va dinchuydn:
“Nghe thuat giao tiep khdng phhi lk noi nhieu ma la ling nghe va khuydn khlch ngudi khac noi”. Nguod biet giao tifip bing ngdn ngu n6i tdt khong chi n6i
gioi mk con biet gpi chuydn, biet lingnghe,thinhthoang gat diu tan thuong,ciing
tung htfng vdi dd'i phuerng. Khi cin ho edn bidt din dit cku chuydn theo djnh
hudng,nhimmuc tidu xacdinh. +Tuy coCrng bid'
n:
Co nhung tinh hudng khach quan bit ngdphai “di bit bidn,irng van bidn”... dac biet lktrong cactinh hudng bk'tled phaituvd...
+Horn hinhvk hki hude:
Ngudi thdng minh khi giao tidpthuemg dung nhthig cku didom, hki hude di
giao tid'
pdupethukn led vadkm tinh ngudi.
Trong giaotidp d coquan,edng sd,led noi pha chut hkihude va net mat tued
cudi 1km cho moi ngudi thk'
y thoai mai va thich thu,gin bo vdi nhau.
Trong cudc sdng, di dim vk hai hude rit quan trong giup con ngudi tranh
dupe stress,
Tuy vay hai hude cung cin cd mtic dd phu hopvk tuy timg noi ma co su sir
dung phi hop.
1.2.2. Ngdn ngifvi£t
Ngdn ngur vid'
t ra ddi muon hon ngdn ngC noi nhim hudng vao nguOi khke,
tic ddng ldn hobing mdt hi thong churvidt(hi thongkihidu ngdn ngu).
- Cach trinh bky bai vidt, kiiu dang chO vidt, each lira chon cac dku nhin, each sir dung phuong tidn de vidt (vidt len gik'
y tring hay vai do, vidt bing muc
haybing miu) cungphan inhnhidu di£u vetinh each,thai ddcuangudi giao tidp.
-Sovdi ngdn ngu ndi, ngdn ngii vid'
t dupe sir dung edng phu hon, thdng tin
dupechit loc hern, songdiin datvitinh cam,thaidd sekhokhan hon.
- Trong sur dung ngdn ngur vi£t thi each diin dat trinh bky rit quan trong.
Ngdn ngU phai trongsang, rorang,tranhvidt tit,limggky hidu tmg ngupc.
— Ng6n ngir vifet thieu han moi lifen hfe ngirqc tu phiad6i tirong giao tiep, vi
vaynodoi h6i phaituan thucac quy tdcnghiem ngSt v6mat ngirphap, phai difen
datsaochodfehi£u.
*