I. KHAl Nl £M V£ HIEN TL/ONG TAM LI XAH & \
3. Cac hien tirdng tarn li xa hoi tao ra sac th & i cam xuc cho xa ho
3.1. Bau khongkhitam Ifxa hdi
3.1.1.Khai niem
Bau khong khi tdmlixahdi la todnbd ede trangthdi tarn li co y nghTaquyet
nh6m xa hdi, do Id khong gian chiia dung cdc trang thai tarn li chung cua todn
nhomtrongmot thdi giannhdtdinh.
Biu khdng khf tim If bat diu dupe chu y nghien ctfu tCr cudc thi nghidm cua
nha tim If hocE. Mayo.Nam 1927, E. Mayo,giiosugiangday vinghidn ci/u kl
nghe taiDaihoc Harvard,da tien hanh nghidn cCru tai nha miy Western Electric’s
Hawthorne Workdl tim hieu dOng conaodathuc diynhin cdngtai nha may nay
dat tfiinh tfch cao. Khi cdng trinh nghidn ctru hoan tat nam 1932, dng ket luin
ring phircmg ph£p lam vide co txnh khoa hoc cua nganh quan tri c5 di^n vdi
Frederick W.Taylorladai dien,mang lai hieu nang quan If vpike'
t qua tdt,nhung khonghoanchinh. Lf dola motcon nguPi bangxuong bang thit vdi titca sinh khf vi camxuc,khdngth£dupe ddixirnhu may mocvd tri giacvilaicang khong ndn
apdathobang mot hethdng makh&ng quan tarn tdi nhu caucua ho. E. Mayogiori
thidu mdt phucrng phap mdi goi la Phiftmg phap quan tri theo tarn lf xa hdi.
Phuong phap niy nhin manh ddh sirthoa man nhu ciu cua con ngudri, khdng phai
li thuf nhu cdu vit chit, nhung la tim lf cua ho trong mdt t6chtrc.Tu tirdng chu daocuaE.Mayodupe tom lucretrongnhung di£mchfnhsau diy:
-Tochifc phai taobiukhf de nhin vien camthiy thoaimai va thin thienkhi lamvice.
-Taocohdi d£nhinvien nhinra chin gia tricuachfnh minh trong t6chtrc.
-Taodupe tinhthin ddi ngu trongcic nhom. -Nhin vi6ncin duocquan tim va tdntrong
E.Mayo dd nghi nhi quan tri nen thay ddi quan niem vd nhin vien qua cich
quansat vi ddi xu dd dathieu nangvaduy trihieunangliudii.
3.1.2. D$ctrtmg
-Nhhng sicthai tim lf cua cac thanh vidn trong nhom li coscr ndntang lim naysinhbiukhdngkhf timlf xa hoi trong nhom.
- Chi nhung trang thii tim lf co anh huerng ddn toin bd nhip dd, tdc dd,
cudng do hoatddng chung cua nhomxa hdi mdi dupe goi li biu khdng khf tim lf xa hdi cuar nhom do.
Trong thuc te'
san xuit cho thiy ring, 0moi tip thd veri biu khdng khf timlf
cang rich cuebao nhidu, ci nhin trong tip thd quan he vPi nhau thin thien bao
nhieu thi khdilupng vachitlupngsanpham cangcao biy nhidn; mdiquanhecua
con ngucri v6i laoddng cang td'
t hem; vise thuc hidn cac quy ch£lao ddng nhuki
luit lao ddng, y thtfc trach nhidm cua timg ci nhin dd'
i vcri san phim cua minh,
vide dam bao an toan lao ddng b tap thd d6 cang tdt b£y nhidu. A.L. Svenciskij
(nha tarn If hoc ngucri Mi)trong nghidn cun cua minh da chi ra: bmdt xi nghidp
dupe chon dd nghidn curu,ngudi ta tha'y rang trong nhung ddi san xuat co nhung
m6iquanhd ndi bd btiinh ddcao,chic63%edng nhanvi pham kilush;trongkhi
dodmdt ddisan xu^t khac,co mdiquan hd ndi bd kdm thi thucrng xuyen co hidn
tuong vi phamkiluat nhir di lam muon,lang phi thcri gian,coi thudng trrich nhiem ca nhan vdi lao ddng,s6ngudi vi pham kiluat lao ddng ldn tori38%.
-Bdu kh6ng khi tarn li thudng khdng 6n dinh, dd thay ddi cung vdi su thay
ddicua cacsukidn1dm,bid'nc&ldm xay ratrongnhdm.
-B£u khdng khi tarn li xa hdi c6thd xuat hidn tir ben trong nhom. No phan anh nhung t6n tai\6 quan he xahoi didn ratrongcube sdng vahoat ddng cuacac
thanh vidntrongnhdm, cungnhutilr ben ngoai tran vao.
-Bau kh6ng khitarn li co the anhhudngtd'
thay xa'
u dd'
n tinh tichcuecuacac ca nhantrong nhdm xa hdi. No duoc xem la chat xuc trie trong qua tiinhlao ddng
dric biet la lao ddng tri 6c, lao ddng nghd thuat... nhidu nghidn cum cho thay bau
khdng khi tarn lichiu anh huemg nhidu yeuto'
nhu phong each lanh dao, md'i quan
hegiua cac ca nhan trongnhdm,sutuong ddng vdmattarn li.M.A.Dougall-nha
tarn li hoc Mi-trong cudnTritu£ tap thida nhan xdt: “Khi ngucri ta cung nhau
suy nghl,cung nhaurungcam hoac hanh ddng thiqua tiinh tuduy vacrich ung xir
cua timg cri nhan trong tap thd se rat khac so veri qua tiinh tu duy va xu su cua ngudi ddkhicunggapmdt hoan canhy nhu thd'nhungchila don ddc”(1).
3.1.3.Bieu hien
-Bdu khdng khitarn lidupe hinh thanh thdngqua hoat ddng cung nhau cua
eric cri nhan trong nhdm. Vi vriy no dupe bieu hidn thdng qua hanh vi cung nhau
each giao tid'
p cuacac ca nhan.
-Kd'
t qua phan dnh eric didu kidn va kd'
t qua cua hoat ddng chng nhau gida
cacthanh vidn trong tap thd nhu cac didu kidn vd cosetvat chat, thriidd tham gia
vaohoat ddngchung,mdi quan hd giua cacthanh vidn.
-Bidu hidn bthai dd cua ca nhan doi vdi eric edng vide chung, veri ca nhan khacvavdi lanh dao.
3.1.4.Cac tieu chidanh giabau khongkhitamli
-Sutin nhiem vatinh doi hoicao cua c£c thanh vidn trong nhom vbi nhau.
-Phe binh c6 thidn chi va thict thuc. Cdc thanh vidn luon cosu chia se, giup
doiSnnhauamoi luc,moi ncd.
-Tudophat bieu</ kidn vdnhung vahd£ co lidn quan d£n nhom,
-Khdng coapluc cualanh dao ddn cacthanhvientrong nh6m,
—C6 sud<5ngcam va chiasev6 matcamxuc giuacacthanh vidn.
3.2. Tam trang xahoi
3.2.1. Khainiem
Tdm trang xahdi la trang thai cam xuc chiim uuthe cua cac nhom xd hdi,
ton tai trong mot khodng then gianxdcdinh.
3.2.2. Ddctrtfng
-T&mtrang xahoic6 tinhxung ddng,tinhlanrdng t£nhcadong:
+ Tinh xung dong: TSm trang xa hdi c6 th£ lam tang hay giam cubng dd,
t<5c dd,nhipdd va hieu qua hoatddng cua tapth£ vacua cd nhdn.
+ Tinh lan rdng: Tam trang co lan toa tCr ngubi nay sang ngubi khac, nhom
nay sang nh6mkhac
+ Tinhcoddng:Tam trang c6 th£thaydoi tittrangthai nay,mire dd nay sang
trangthai khac,mire dd khac.
-Tam trang xa hdi plian anh hoan canh sdng va nhung didu kidn hoat dOng thudnloihay khdng thudn loicuaede nhom xa hdi.
-Tam trang xa hdico th£cd cmdt nhdm xa hoi cu th£,mot diaphuong, mot
ddtnude hoactodn cdu vaxua'
t hidn atrong tdtcaede linh vuc cua dbi song xahdi
(san xudt,chlnh tri,van hod-xa hdi...),
3.2.3.Bieukidnhinhthanh tam trang xa hoi
-DiSu kien benngoai:dieu kidnvat chat,cdsoha t^ng, moi quan hd xa hdi...
-Dieu kienbentrong:do la nhucau,sudinh hudnggiatri,nidmtin.
NhU v&y,tSm trang xa hdiduoc hinhthanh bod cac didukidn nhu kinh te, van hod,giao due, cdchelanh dao... vd do anh hudngcua ede hidn tuemgtam11xa hoi
khdenhu:lay lan,bat chudc,am thi,duludn xa hdi...
3.2.4.Phanloaitamtrang xa hoi
-Cancir vdombc dd,tinh chaft cua tamtrang xa hdi ngubi tachia thanh:
+ Tam trang xa hdi tfch cue: chfnh Id su phan khdi, lac quan d£ chiu va
han hoan.
+Tam treuigxa h6i ti£ucuenhusubiquan, uy mi,hoang loan,chanchudng.
-CancU vaollnh vuckhac nhaucuadcrisdng xa hdi.Ngudi tachia tam trang xa hoi thanh:
+Tamtrangchink tri:li6n quan d6'
nhoat dOng chfnh tri.
Chang han ede nude thudng xuydn c6 bao loan, lat dd thi tao n6n tam trang
chungvdchfnh tri kh6ngtdt.
+Tamtrang nghe nghiep:laloaitamtrang liSnquanddnn6idung laodong.
+Tamtrang sinhhoat:lidnquanden sinhhoat hangngay.
-Can cutvdo pham vi xa h§i,nguefitachia tam trang xa hdi thanh: tam trang
nhom, tam trangxa hdi, tamtrang tapthd,tam trangdantoe...
3.2.5.Vai trd cua tdmtrang xa hoi
-Tam trang xa hdico th^ gay anh hucrng ddn toan xa hdi vd ede ca nhan, vi
vdy cac tam trang tfchcue can dupe nhan rdng nhung cac tam trang tidu cue can
phaitimedeh khdephuc nhanh chong.
-Tam trang xa hdi anh hirdng manh me den ket qua hoat ddng cua tCrng cd
nhdn trong nhom cung nhu todn nhom. No la nhan td gop phdn didu tidt tfnh tfch
cue trongnhan thurc,tinhcam va hanh ddngcuacdnhan trongnhom.
Chang han nhu tinh thdn lac quan, yeu dcri cua nhom se lam cho hoat ddng
cua nhom datkdt qua cao,dSvuqtquakho khan.Nguqc laitdm trang tidu cue nhu
sutritre,bi quan, chan nan lam cho tfnh tfchcue hoat dong cua nhom giamsut.
3.3. Difluanj xahoia
3.3.1.Khai niem
Dilludnxd hoi la nhung phan doan,danh giava thai do bieu cam cua nhom
xa hoi doi von motsukien, hientuang naodo cd anh hudng den sutontai vaphat
triincuanhom.
Ban cheit cCia dif luan xa hdi la su bidu hidn cua If trf, nhung qua trinh hinh
thanhn£ndu ludn xahdi lai bi anhhudngbdicac ydu tdcam xuc.
Chu the cua dir lu$n xa hdi la td't ca cac tap doan nguefi (khong ke quy mb
ldn, nho)co suphan xbt, ddnh gid gidng nhau Id chu thScua du ludn xa hdi. Noi edeh khde,su phanxet danh gia chung cua moi nhom,moi tdpdoan ngubid£u co
3.3.2.St/hinhthanhdifluanxahoi
* Cochi'hinh thdnh duluan xa hoi: lamsang t6 vind£niy c6 y nghTa thqc
tianquan trong-day la cosdcuanghiep vu tuydntruydn(tuyen tmyanlakining
quantrongcuanganh c5ngtic xah6i).
ThOng thubng co the coi dir luanxahqi lasir thirc tinh, troi day, chuyen hoi
thanh 161 cua cic tim the xa h6i da c6 sin do va chant vdi cic ddi taqng tnong
ling. Trong tnrdnghopnay,dirluinxah6ididn ranhanhchong vath6ng nhit.
Sirhinhthanh da luan xa h6ico the didnratheo quyluitbiend6itint thedo
sq bit tucrng dong giua thanh t<5nhin thue cua tim the'
voi n6i dung thbng tinmi
chuth^timthe tidpnhin duqe.
Vi viy, muonlim chu duqc c6ng luin, trade hit ndnxuit phit turquan di^m
gin gui vdi cong chung, nang din quan diem cCng chiing lin thanh quan diem
cuamlnh.
*Cac giaidoanhinhthanhduluanxahoi: