Gky hakivk nhung hknh vi gky hah lkmOt hiOn tuong tiOu circ cua xa hoima
chungla lu6n tudkt cku hoi tai sao nhirng hknh vi nhu thkcothk xay ra duoc nhir
vu dknh bom gikt ngircri v6 tOi hang loat cua nhom khimg bo do Bin Laden ckm dku...Sodl chung ta phai nghiencuru hiOn tuong nay vi dky lk mot noi dungquan
trongcuatkm If hocxah6i.
Nhirng hknh vi gky hkn luon co nhiing anh hucmg tieu cue dkn dcA sb'
ng xa
hbi. Vi vky, vide hikuTO nhung bO phkn vk ckc dai luemg xa hoi den hanh vi gky
hkn nhu anh hucmg cua phucmg tiOn truykn thOng, tranh anh bao lire, ckc yeu tO van hok,xa hoi...tac dOng true tiep len hknh vi nay se gitip chung ta giai thfch vk co nhung biOn phkp khac phucckn thiOthknh vi nky trongdcrisOng.
Ngoai ra, hanh vigky hkn xay ra hku nhub khkp noi trOn thegici cung nhu o
ViOt Nam, vdri moi lira tudi(gik, trung niOn,treem...), trong moidiku ki6n vk vdi
tktcankn vknhok khac nhau nOnvide tim hi
^u vanghiOnciru vk hiOn tuongnky se
giup chung ta If giai vk ban than minh cung nhu nhurng tkc nhkn gop phkn tao ra nhirng hanh vi tiku cue nay.Tit d6 chung tase co nhirng hucmgxir If cung nhu kp dung vkocOng tkc giko due, cung nhutrong cOng tkcxa hoidegiam thieu hanh vi
gkyhkng6pphknxky dungmOtxahOi van minh. II. LITHUYET N^NTANG V£ GAYHAN
1. Lithuyetsinhvathoa ve gay han
Khi n6i dS'
n If thuyOt sinh vkt hok vk gky hkn, ckc nhk tkm If hoc xa hOi thuemgvkn dung thuykttiknhoa cua Dae Uyn trong vide giai thfchngu6n gOcgky
ra hanh vigky hkn 6con ngum.
ThuyOt tikh hok cua Dkc Uyn khang dinh rang: khi co nan doi hoac chiO'
n
tranh, hoac khi thurc an trd nen khan hikm, su canh tranh se xukt hien vk trong cube dku tranh sinh t6n ky,suchon loc se theo hucmg cua ke manh. Can cur vko thuyet chon loc tu nhiOn, ngucri ta nhkn thky trong suO'
loai ngudi, hung tfnh dong vai trd quan trong trong sir sdng con cua cac thanh
vi6n. Trong thdi ki nguydn thuy, con ngudi da hinh thkih hung tfnh, gay hail d£
san bat,gist chet cac con vat, ti6u diet cac bd lac, thi tdc khac, gianh ngucri dep
hoac lanh th6 cua nhau... Nhu vSy, hanh vi gay hail chfnh la phucmg tidn de thoa
man bannangsinh t6ncua conngudi.
Lf thuydt phan tam cua S. Freud thi khang dinh rang, gay han xua'
t phat tir mdt luc bam sinh di ciing vdi tinh due.Trong nghidncun cua minh vaod£u the'ki
XX, 6ng dua ra mot kMi niem rat mdi me trong Tam If hoc - do la “ban nang chet”.Ban nangchet dupehieulamdtkhat vong vothuc, tidm dn mdtmongmuon
thoat ra khoisulo ldng, tha't vong6ban than,sucang thing trong cuocsong bang
edeh chet. Theo 6ng, ban nang chet dupe the hien d su han hoc vdi chfnh minh,
gay hailva tuxam kfch dedi tdi tuhuy diet ban than.Dieu d6 cho tha'y, ban nang
chet trude he'
t nhim vao su tuhuy hoai ban than,sau do nhanh chong chuyenqua
cacddi tupng khac, mudn huy hoai ngudi khac. Day chmh la ban nang gay hail, bannang xamchie'
m vatidu diet,doikhidupe phdng chieu sangngucri khac. Konrad Lorenz (1966),ngudi dupe giai thucmg Nobel da cho bie'
t hanh vigay
hail cua con ngudi xua'
t hien chfnh la vi ban nang chie'n dau. Ong cho bie'
t chi c6
nhung con thu gidng due manh nha't va co kha nang chie'
n ddu mdi co kha nang
chiem dupe nhieu ban tinh de tang kha nang truydn lai thehe gen cua minh cho
cacthehe sau.
Tuy nhien, nhung nam gan day, mot sd'
nha tam If hoc xa hdi khdng hoan
toan nha't trf vdi nhung quan diem cuacAc tac gia tren khi giai thfch hanh vi gay
han.HoIf luanring:
+ Nhung dac tfnh phong phu: Theo ho thi nhung hanh vi gay hah co qua
nhieu hinh thii bao g6m nhung hanh vi tir lang trinh nhu c£u edn thid't cua ngudi
khic cho den nhung hanh vi bao luc nen hoc thuye'
t tien hoa chi giai thfch dupe motphdncuatoin theburc tranhhanhvigay han.
+ Nhung thay d6i khac nhau: Ho tin ring hanh vi gay hah thay d6i d
nhung ndn van hod khic nhauvd ndidung, hinh thurc cung nhu cudngdpcuahanh vigayhan.
Tir nhung nhandinh tren,nhieunha tamIf hocxahdi tinring ydu td sinh hoc khdng du coscr de thuyd'
t phuc nhung tinh huong neu tren.Tuy nhien cing ngiy vdi anh hudng cuathuyd'
t tid'
n hoi lencAc nganh khoa hoc xa hoi v& nhan van nen
cac nha tam If hoc xa hoi da bat d£u chu </ dd'
n quA trinh gay han d con ngudi.
Ho bat dau nhan ra hanh vi gay ha'
n dcon ngudi da cd nhung lien he vdi “gen”.
Cuthe,Hilton, Harris vaRice(2000)chobie'
tnhieunghicn cdu chothay caccon thu
giong duec6 xu hudmgchidn da'u de gianhdupecah6i coban tinh nSnhientupng
hanh vigSy hdn xay ra ncri ericcon thu due lardtcao.Ngupc lai,cacconthu giong cai c6 nhQng hanh vi gay hah rri'
t Ion vdi cac con due vi chung sonhung con due nriy sec6 nguy hidm vdi chung vri dan con cua chung.Kdt qua la cac con due c6
xu hudng giam han hrinhvi gay hrin vdi con cai.Tfir nhung kham phri nriy,eric nha trim If hoc xa hdi da bat driu c6ng nhan anh huong cua trie nhan di truydn. Tuy
nhien each If giaicua hokh6ngdongiannhu quan ni£m cua S.Freud va Lorenz.
2. C£clithuyetdongcdve gay han
Thco mot s6 nha tarn If hoc xa h6i thi hanh vi gay hah chfnh la kdt quri
cua dong co muO'
n dupe gay han den ngucri khac. Day la huong giai thfch de chdng lai cacquan didm chorang hanh vigay han la do ban nang, doy^u ttf sinh hocquyfit dinh.
Muc tieu chfnh cua cac If thuyet d6ng co (drive theories) la xac dinh duqc
mdi lien he giuracac hanh vi gay han doi vdi nhung d6ngcoxay ra docac trie nhan
ben ngoai he thdng sinh If vdi chu y cd tinh lam hai den nhung ngucri khac
(Berkowitz, 1989; Feshbach, 1984). Theo ho thi nhung burc xuc chlnh la nguyen
nhan gay ra nhung hanh vi gay hrin vi cam xuc cua con ngucri da duqc kfch thfch,
vuqtquakhanangkidmsoatcua ho.Tuy nhien,theo nhieu nha tarn If hocxa hoithi
hoc thuyet btic xucn6icongay hanmaDollard va nhom nghidnciru (1939)dakhei xudmg tuy da giai thfch dupe phan ldn nhung hanh vi gay han nhung kh6ng giai thfch duqc toan bpbtictranh tdng thdvdgay han.
3. Lithuyet hanhvi vetinh gay han
-Thuyet hanh vi c6 didn, dai didn tidu bidu la J. Watson (1913)da lay hanh
vi laddituqngnghidncun cuaTam If hoc.Hoduara c6ngthere n6i tiengsau:
5 K
(Kfch thfch) (Phan ring)
Theo If thuydi nay thi hanh vi con ngucri bi hoan canh didu kliidn gidng nhu
m6tcai may tnrtac nhan kfch thfch bdn ngoai. CungnhuvSy,hanh vigay han duqc
didntabang cOngthuc:
S R
(Phan ting bao lire)
(Kfch thfch baoluc)
Con ngucri co xu huemg phan ting bao luc vdi cac kfch thfch bao luc. Nhung trdn thuc tethi khdng phai bat cur mdt kfch thfch bao luc nao cungnhan duqc phan
Hem nura hanh vi gay hdn la hknh vi cochu Vi thdquandi&n cua li thuydt hanh vi c6di£ndungdegiai thich gay h£nkhbngconphu hop.
Truingphai hanh vi mriidai bi£u la Thomkide vd S.Kinner da b6 sung them
ygu to nhan there cua cd nhan trude phan dug lai ede kich thich cua m6i truemg.
Trong edeh ti£pc&n cuatruemg phai hanh vi nidib6sungthem yeu t6 O (phan tmg veri su tham gia cua qua trinh nhan there vd tu duy). Vi vay edng there cua chu
nghia hanh vimdi nhersau:
S-O-R
(O:lad6ng suy nghl,cam nhan cua chu the co tinh hudngkich thich)
Nhu vdy theo edeh tie'
p can men nay, hanh vi gay hah hinh thanh cf chu th£
khOngchi cosutdc d6ngcua mOitruemg, maedn phu thude vaotam thed6nnhan
cuachu the.Con ngudikhdngchitra led cac kich thich mdteach ban nangv6there, ma hanhvicua hoc6sutinhtoan, coy there. Khau trung gian chinh la tinh chat cd
y,coythere cuahanh vi gayhah.
-Thuydt hoctap xahdi(social learning) cua A.Bandura(1997):
Thuydt ndy cho rang con ngudi sinh ra von khdng c6 nhidu nhung dac tinh
gay hah, nhung qua qua trinh trai nghidm, hoc hoi trong cube sdng; qua nhung
quan sdt true tidpter nhidu ydu tdgdy hdn khac nhau; t£f edecd nhan khac; tur ti vi,
phim anh,sach,truydn, bao... tinhgdy hd'ndupe hinh thanh. Qud trinh hinh thanh nhung hanh vigdy hdn bcon ngudi cothe tdm tat nhusau:
+ Hoc hoi nhurng hanhvinay terngued khackhicoccrhdi vddi£uki£n.
+Mdtsdnhom doi tupng xahdidupe chti <j quan tamnhi£uhonnhutng nhom
doitupngkhde.
+ Trude hanh viphan urngcua ngudi khde (trathu,chdng ddi).
+ Nhung tinh hudng ngoai canh khi cac hanh vigdy hdn cua con ngued dupe
chdp nhdn.
()mdtsd nen van hodngued taquan ni£m,chamecoquyindung bao luc phu
hop de? giao due con cai “YPu choroi cho vot”,ngudi MiLatinh co cdu “Tai cua ddatrebdang saulemg”
Tereachtiepedntren, thuyet hoc tap xa hdi tin rang hanh vigdy hdn chinhla
kdt qua cua kinh nghidm hoc tap trong qua khd,dua vao dieu kien cua qua trinh
danh gid tu duy vd dua vaonhung tac nhdn ngoai canh tai thdi di^m cua hdith vi
duoc thuc hien,
» *
•
* * *
4. Li thuyet tong qu£tvehienti/qnggayhSfn
Dua vaoIf thuyet hoctap xahdi,cac nhatarn If hoc hien dai daxaydung mdt
hoc thuy£t mdi la hoc thuyet t6ngqurit v4hien tuonggay hah (general aggression
theory).
Dai dien tieu bi£u cuaIf thuyetnayla Anderson (1997) vaBushman (2002).
-Theo If thuyet nay thi hien tucrng gay han chfnh la ke'
t qua cua nhung tdc
nhan khac nhau thdng qua nhung dai luqng duqc gidi thieu vao he cam xuc cua
con ngucri trong mdt didu kien, hoin canh the thdi, dan de'n hien tuong tang cam
xuc,dua deh tinh trang mat binh tinh, vdn co the tac ddng manh lenqua trinh tu
duy cua conngucri.