- Hi & i nhi m.
vefi nhau v 4c & u tra lcri Co tha k4 den mdt s6 dinh nghia sau:
1.2. Dac diem chung cua nhom lorn
Nh6m ldm hinh thanh, t6n tai va van ddng mdt cdch khach quan khdng phu
thudcvaoy thtrccua canhanlathanh viencuanhom.
Nhdm ldm bao gib cung t6n tai trong mdt su lien ke'
t vdi cdc nh6m 1dm khdc tao thanh mdt chinh the thdng nhaft. Mat khac nhom 1cm c6 tinh ddc lap, tu chu tuong ddi.Didunay thd hidn bch6, nh6m1dmc6 khaning xdc dinh vadieuchinh
hanh vi,hoat ddngcua minh ma khdng hoantoanbi rang budcbbicac nhom khac.
Mdi nhom1dm ddu covi tri,vai trovacac chtrc nangdupexac dinh trong xa hdi.
Nhom1dm dupe hinh thanh va phat trien lau dai,do docac dac diem tarn li xa hdi trong nh6m 1dm cung hinh thanh ben vumg,ro n6t.Chung tro thanh thdiquen,
khudnmSuchi phdi,didu hoa hanh vica nhan.
Cdc dacdi£m hidn taicua nhdm nhu dac di&n cac ca nhan trong nhom, hoan canh xa hdi, mdi trubng sdng cu the co tac dong true tiep den vide didu chinh
nhung c£utaotamIf daco vahinh thanh nennhung nettarn If mdi. Coca'
u t6chtrc (chinh thtrc,khdng chinh thtrc),each thtrct6chtrc trongnhdm ldm anh hudmg tdi mdi quan he gitra cdc ci nhan, quy dinh vi tri, vai tro va each
umg xir cua cd nhan, anh hudng dd'
n qua trinh ra cac quyd'
t dinh va thuc hidn cac chtrc nang,cac muc dich hoat ddngcuanhom.
Trong nhom ldm, cac quan diem,each nhin nhan vd thdgidi tu nhidn,xa hdi
vacon ngubi dupe th£ hidn thanhmdt hd thdrigli luan,quan diem va y kid'
nchung dupecac thanh vidn thira nhan,chiase.
1.3.Ph&nloai nhdmIon
Conhieu each phan loai nhdmldm dua vaocactidu chi khac nhau: -DuavaoIdatu6icd nhdm:thid'unidn,thanhnidn,ngudi gia...
—Dua vaogiditinhcd nhdm: nam gidi,nhdm phu nfi
-Dua vaodacdilm dia du co nhdm:midnnui, nhdm ddngbang,nhdm thanh
thi, ndng thdn...
dung hang dSt thd c&n (mau sic, hoa van, chit lieu) tao ra su thbng nhat trong sinh hoat16hbi.
-Thuc diiy hoat dongsan xuit,sir sang tao phit huy tinh dbcdio dien hinh
cuacic n6n vanhoa khac.
-Thehien trinh db phattrilntinh cam thammicuacic nh6m xahoi.
-Thi hieuquydinh xu hircmg hanh vi cua con ngucri.
2.3A. Nhuciu
D3y la Mentucrng tarn If xa hoi duoc naysinh trong cubesbng sinh hoat cua cic nhbmlcrn. Mbi qubcgia,dantbc...c6nhu ciu dac trungcuaribngminh.
+Doi tuqng thoaman nhucau dm5i qubcgia khdcnhau la khac nhau. Vf du: nhuciuan:
+ Ngirfh Viet:ancom, cacthur rau,thit,ca...
+ NgucriNga:khoai tay,banh mi,cac thtr rau...
+ Ngucri phuongThy: banhmi, sup
+ Phuong ti6n thoa man nhu ciu cua cacdin tbc khac nhau, giai ting xa hbi khacnhau.Dovaytaoranhungdac di£m tarnIf khacnhau:
Vi du: ngtrcd Viet khi an dung dua c6n ngucri phuong Tay dung thia
dao, keo...
f t
ma,
2.4. Dac diemt£mif dantoe, giai cap, tang Idp vacact6chut xahoi
2A.1. D$c diemtarnHd$n toe
*Khdi niemdan tdc;
Dan tbc ducrchidu theo hai nghla:
-Theo nghia hep: Din tbcchimbt cbngdong ngucri c6 mbi lien he chat che
viben vung,co chung sinh hoat kinh te,cd ngbn ngu rieng, c6 nhungnet dac thii
v6 van hoa;xuit hien sau bblac, b0 tbc; ke'
thita phat trien caohon nhQng nhin tb tbc ngubi or bo lac, bo tbc vi the hien thanh y thtfc tu giic tbc ngucri cua din cu cbngd6ng do.
Theo nghlanay, din tbc la mbt bb phin cua qubc gia, la din tbc-toe ngufri (Ethnie).
Vf du: dintbcKinh,Tay,Nung,Thai,Gia Rai...
Nhuv&y, theo nghiahep, trong dan tbc16n (qubc gia)cothe c6 cic din tbc
thanh phin. Day la nghia duoc su dung nhieu trong cac nghien ciru cua cac nha
dan toehoc hay tarnIf hoc6nudetahiennay.
—Theo nghiardng: Dkn toechimdtcong ddng ngirtri6ndinh 1km thanh nh&n
dkn mot nude, co lanh th6 quoc gia chung, ndn kinh td thdng nhk'
t, ngdn ngtr
chung vk co y thde vd su thdng nhkt cua minh, gkn bo vefi nhau bdi quySn Iqi
chinh tri,kinhte,truy^nthong vanhoavatruydnthongdku tranhchungtrongsu6t
qud trinhlichsuIkudaidung nude vagiunude.
Theo nghia nay dan tOc lk dan cucua mdt qud'c gia nhkt dinh,la qud'
c gia- dkntdc(Nation).
*Khdiniim¥ tdmUdantdc* :
Tkm If dan tdc la nhQng dac didm tarn li tieu bidu, dac tnmg nhk'
t va co tfnh ben vungcuamdtdan tdc. N6duqc hinh thanhtrongmdi truemg diaIf,tunhiSnva xa hdi cua dan tdc do. N6 Ik coset d^ xac dinh ban saccita mot dan tdc vk phkn
bidt dkn tdcnayvdi dantdckhke.
*Dae• diem tdmli dan toe:
- Ckc dantdc khac nhau tren thdgidimac du co nhimgdac tnmg tam If ridng biquy dinh bedekedacdi£m cua m6i truemg sd'ngcu th£ nhuiig co chungmot cku true tkm If.Dola hethdng eke dac diem tkm If duqc didn dat va nghien ctfu thong qua nhungkhkini£mnhuthude tfnh,qua trinh,y thufc,trangthai tkm If...
-Thude tfnh tkmIf dan tdc: Ik nhung dacdi£mtkm If tuemgddi ben vftng, 6n
dinh. Cac dac di£m tkm If nay la san phkm cua qua trinh tfch luy, due ket kinh
nghiem lich sirvk thudngdirqcliru giu:trongeke sanphkm vktchk'
t vatinh than.
-Ket cku tkm If cua nhom dkn tdc cung bao gdm nhung nhkn td'
nhir trong
ket ck'
utam If xa hdicua bktki mdtnhdm Idn nao. Tuy nhien,no cd nhung netdac
tnmgrieng. Dola:tkm IIdan toegdm hai phkn: + Phknthu nhk'
t-dndinhhem dola tinh each dkn tdc,khf chk'
t,truyen thdng vk phong tuc.
4- Phkn thur hai, llnh vuc tinh cam (duqc hieu theo hai nghia: nghia hep nhir tinh camdkntdcTay,Thki; nghiardng nhu tinhcam dkntdc VietNam).
-Tfnh each dkn tdc: cung nhu kd'
t cku tkm If nhom,tfnh each dkn tdc Ik mdt
thanh td' ccf ban cua ket cku tkm If dkn toe,la su dinh hinh cua cac net tieu bidu
cuano:
Tfnh each dkn tdc la nhung dac diem tam If bdn vung cua mdt dkn toe,duqc hinhthanh va bie'uhientrong hoatddng thucti£n vatronggiaotiep.
Tfnh each dkn toe thudng bieu hidn ro rang nhkt trong truemg hopkhi chu the
khdng phai lk mdt vai ngudi ma la mdt nhom ngudi. Tuy nhifin, khong ndn tuykt
Trong thuc\.6 xa hdi, abat ctf nhom ngudi naocdc dac die’m dan tdc vaxa
hdicunghoa quydn v6i nhau.
+ B& ki mdt n6i naodd trong tmheach dan tdc thude cac nhom dan tdckhac
nhau khdng phai chi la cua rieng cua mdt dan tdc do. Net tmh each do co thi la
cuachung cuacac ddn toekhacnira.
Chinghan,khdng nennoi ring dacdilm cuaddn toe nay la edn cu laodong,
condan tOckialkthdng minh
+ Tmh edeh dan tdc thiremg dugc thi hien trong cac dang boat dong. Vivdy,
cothiphantfch tmhedeh dan thegdnlilnvci nghiencCru sanphdmhoat dong.
Tit trade den nayda c6 nhieu nghiencutu vldacdiemtmh edeh ngudi VietNam,
trong d6 trade day co nghien cdu cua hoc gia Dao Duy Anh< n trong “Viet Nam
vknhoa sir cacng”.Day lacOng trinh nghien cdu ddu tidn va cu thi ve nhungdac
dilm cua dan tdc Viet xua tir nhang nam 1938. 6ng nhan xet: “Ve tinh than thi
ngucri Vi|t Namdaikhai thdng minh, nhangxaa nay thdy itc6 ngudi cd tri tueldi lacphi thacrng.Sure kiurc thi phat dat lam,magiau trf nghd thudt honthkhoa hoc,
giau true giac hon luan If. Phdn nhilu ngacri. edn tmh ham hoc, song thich van
chucrngphuhoa honthuc hoc,thich thdnhsao vahinh thuc hon latutadnghoat ddng.
Nao tadng tuerng thadng hi nao thuc tiln hoahoan bdt,chonen ddn toe Viet Nam it
ngudimdngtadng,ma phan doan thudng cd ve thiet thac1dm. Cam giachcrichdm chap, song gioi chiu dauddn,cuekhohay nhdn nhuc.Tinh khf cunghoi ndng ndi,
khdng ben chi, hay that vong, khoe khoang trang hodng bl ngodi, aa hu danh.
Thadng thi nhutnhat vachudng hoabinh,song ngosuthi cungbilthi sinh v6dai
nghla. Nao sang tac thi it nhung ma bat chadc, thich img va dung hod thi rdt tai.
Ngudi Viet Nam lai rdt trong le gido, song cung co nao tinh vat, hay bai bac che' nhao. D6 la lugeklnhang tinh chat tinh thdnph6 thdngnhdt cua ngudi Viet Nam,
cung cd tinh nguyen lai td thdi thuong c6 ma co thay ddi chut It,cung co tinh do
lich sd va trang thai xa hdi hun due ddn thanh, cho nen ta ddng xem nhung tinh
chatdy la bdtdi bdtdich*\ TheoGS.VS.Pham Minh Hac,cacnhdn xdt cua hoc gia
Ddo Duy Anh dlu cdthuc va cd thidungdlsosanh vdi tarn liqua ede edng trinh
nghien cdu ve con ngudi Viet Nam va ngudn nhdn luc td goc do tdm li hoc phuc vu cho edngcudc xdy dung con ngudi nidi di vdoedng nghiephod,hidn dai hod.
-Y thucddn toeIdmdtthanhtd'tdmli quantrongtrongsuhinhthanh mot sd'
dacdie'm tdmliddn tdc.
4-
*4
Y thdc d&ntpc la £ thirc vicpngding cua m'mh, ma minhludn ludn thupc vi
cdng ding do. Do vdy,cd nhan phaicotrach nhiim vanghia vubao vp cpngdong
dan tpc minhdin6ton taiva phat triin,no khdng bi“hod tan” vaocongdong ddn
tdckhic.
y
Y thircdan tpc Id mottrong nhimg yiu tdf quan trong hingddu didam baosir tracing t6n cua mpt dan toe. Khi mpt dan tpc con hiin dien y thuc dan tdc 6ede
thanh vidnthi dan tpcdocon tin tai.Trdi lai,niuede thanh vidn khong con y thuc
dan tpc thi dan toe do bi dan toe khde dong hoi Chang han, dan tdc ta bi phong
kiinphuong Bdedd hphang nghinndmnhung chdng tavfintin tai,khOng bi dong
hoa,khdng bi bi£n mat.
Y thde dan tpc khdng chi khang dinh sir tdn tai cua mpt dan tpc ma no con
the hien khi dan tpcdung trade nhung kho khan dothicn nhidn gay ra de doa tfnh
mang vd leri fell dan tpc. Chang han, dan tpc ta co truyen thdng “Ld lanh diim la
rach’1
,“Mpt miing khi doibang mpt gdi khi no"khi nude ta bi tham hoatunhiin
nhu bao lu...
Y thde dan tpc con duoc thihiin khi ede thanh viin y thirc vicoi nguPn, ve
ban sac cua danm tpc minh. Y thurc dan tdc duoc the hiin* nhu niim tu-t hao vi dan tpc minh. Chang han, chung ta thdy trang phuc cua phu nilKhome Nam Bp khac
\6i trangphuc cuaphu nuChamb vungBinh Thuan,NinhThuan.
— Tri gidc dan tpc: day la mpt hinh thtfc cua tri giac xa hoi. Do Id $u cam
nhan,hiiu biit va danh gid cuampt dantpcvimpt ddn tpckhac.
Khi tri gidc cac dacdiim cua dan tpc minh, cac cd nhdn thudnghi anh hudng cua tinhcam “cai ta”nenrift dichi nhinthdy nhimg dac diim nay ma boquadac
diim khde.Tu y thircvi dan tpc minh vi thi co thikhong khach quan va tuftntheo
hai xu hudngddi Idpnhau tuy thupc vao vi tri, dia If cua dan tdcdo trongquanhi
vdicac dan tpckhac.
Xuhudng thd nhdt la tukiddn tpc:sutudicao cdtfnh thiin vi,thdm chf thii
phPng,cudng dipu mpt s6ddc diem nao dd cua dan tpc minh. Diiu dodi dintdfi
hinh thanh thdi dp coi thudng ede d&n tpc khac, cho ring ddn tpc minh la mdu
muc, trung tdm.Tuki dan tpccd the trd thanh nguy^n nhan cuasirki thi, thu hdn,
xung dpt giiracacd&ntpc.
Xu hudng ngucrc lai Id nhan there mpteach ti6u cue cac dac diem cua dan tpc
minh,thihipn 0tdm If tuti ddn tpc,tucho minh layiu kim, lachpu vacdthaidp
vijra ghit, vira so cac ddn tpc khde. Y thde nay cd thi 1dm nhut y chf tu luc, tu
Chdng han, trong mpt nghiPn chu vd tdni If ddn t0c pTdy Nguyen cua Vidn
Tam If hoca)
da Idling dinh: Tdy Nguydn la m6t khu vuc c6 nhieu dan tpc cung
sinh song, ndn tri giac giua cdc dan toe c6 <j nghla quan trong. No phan anh su
hidu bidt va danh gid lan nhau giua ede dan toe. Trdn cu sP dP tidn tPi hop tdc
trong san xudt vacube sPng giiia cac dan tpc cungnhu$uc6 kdt giu:a cd.c dan tPc trong dai gia dinh ede dan t0c Vidt Nam. Mtfc dp hidu bidt cuadan tpc Kinh vd
cac dan tPc thidu sP tai chP va cac dan tpc thidu sP di cu (Tay, Nung, MifPng, Man,..) chira c6, chi co 26,2% sP nguPi dupe hoi cho ring ho da hidu bidttot ve
ededan tPcthieu sPadia phuungcuahp.SPhidu biet rPt ft vd hdunhukhong hidu veede ddn tpc thidusP trong khu vuc chidm ti Ip kha cao, CPn mire dp hidu biet cua cac ddn t6c tai chP vd ddn tPc Kinh va cac ddn toe thidu sPdicu chidm ti le
r v * ' *
khd thdp (16,5% ngucti dupe hoi). Day Id ti Id thdp hon nhieu so vPi nguPi Kinh
hidu vdcacddn tpc tai chP va thiduso dicu.
-Dinh kidn ddn tPc la mpt hinhthirc cua dinh kien xa hpi, la dinhkidn giiia ddn tpcndy vPi mpthay mptso dan tpckhac.
Dinh kien dan tPc bidu hidn 6 ca ba mdc dP: nhdn thhc, thdi d6 vd hanh vi. Tuy theo khach thd ma chu thdbidu hidndinhkien6ba mile dphoac mpt trong ba
miredp d6.
Chang han, khi thuc dan Phap xdm lupc nuPc ta da tu nhdn minh Iddan tpc tidn bp, phat trien dPn “khai hoa van minh” cho dan tpc Vipt Nam lac hdu, thdp
kem.Daychrnh la bidu hidncua dinhkien dantpc.
2.4,2. Dac diemtimli giaicap
-Giai cdp cung la mpt nhom xa hpi 10n. Vi vdy, co nhung dac didm tam If
dac trung.
-Tam If giai cdp Id toan bp nhungddc didm tdm If phan anh vitri, vai trP vd
edemPi quan hd cuagiai cdp trongxa hPi,hinh thanh vd biduhiPn thPng quahanh
vi, hoat dpngvaythurcgiaicdptrongdpisPng sinh hoat hang ngdy.
-Trong xa hpi c6 giai cdp, mPi ca nhdn ddu la thanh viPn cua mpt giai cap
nao do nen ftnhidu chiuanh huPngbPi dacdidmtdm If cuagiaicdp dP.
Vf du: trong xa hpi phong kidn, giai cdp dia chu phong kidn dung cac hinh
thdi<f thtircxa hpinhu triet hoc,tdm If hocdd baovpquyen loicho giaicdpminh.
-Co nhieu ydu tPanh huPng tPi su hinh thdnh vd bidu hipn tdm If giai cdp trong do dang chu y la yeu tPloi fch kinh td,chfnh tri,xa hpi, dinh hudng gia tri
vahptutuPnggiaicdp.