DI SlN CUA HUMBOLDT VA HEGEL
NEP SONG DAN CHU
!ohn Dewey, trong Tam ni¢m giao d1;tc cua toi (1897), da viet: "Toi cho rang nha tniong tnioc het la m<)t .nh che xa h<)i, la hinh thuc doi song cc)ng dong hi�u qua nhat de giup h9c sinh thua hu6'ng di san cua giong noi". Trong xa h<)i hi�n d�i, nha truong, ben c�nh gia dinh va cac lo�i h<)i doan, la ndi thljc hi�n chuc nang xa h<)i h6a mau mljc nhat va quan tr9ng nhat. ( "Xa hc)i h6a" la tien trinh xay dvng nhan each toan di�n, chu khong phai theo each hieu quen thu<)c cua ta hi�n nay la "nha nuoc va nhan dan cung lam"!).
Sau khi biet qua quan ni�m cua Dewey ve giao d\lC n6i chung, bay gio ta tim hieu cau tra loi cua ong cho hai cau h6i tiep theo: nha truong la gi? N<)i dung cua giao dl;lC la gi?
TRO (HUY(H TRlrT HOC • 227
TRIIOC HET LA "NEP SONG DAN CHU"
De thtjchi�n du9ctr9ngtrach vuaneu, nha truongphai gan lien voi xa h<)i ( each tiep c�n khac so voi Rousseau), tuc d�t "CUQC song" CUa hQC sinh vao tam diem CUa lop h9c. Ong giai thich: "Nha tru'.ong phai the hi�n chinh CUQC song, do la CUQC song sinh d9ng va thiet than giong nhu'. khi h9c sinh dang d trong gia dinh, xom gieng va ndi vui chdi". N 9i dung d�y va h9c can tho at thai va duqc co due
tu moi truong quen thu<)c, tu "doi song thtjc" ay. Nhung, Dewey tat nhien biet rang "doi song thtjc" cung bao ham VO van nhfing oai oam, ngang trai (Iua dao, cu'.op b6c, giet h�i ... ) khong phai cai gi va luc nao ciing c6 gia tri giao dvc. Vi the, trong quyen sach tren, ong chi de ra m9t tieu chuan SU ph�m la "gian luqc hoa" nham phan bi�t dieu huu ich va dieu co h�i. Hai mudi nam sau, trong Dan chu
Va giao dl;lC ( 1916), ong bo sung them hai tieu chuan nfia. Ben c�nh vi�c "gian luQ'c hoa" (simplify), can "s\i tinh l9c"
(purify) de h9c sinh biet ltja ch9n thai d9 va each hanh
xu, va, sau cung, la "slj can doi" (balance) de h9c sinh biet bo sung nhung khiem khuyet trong kinh nghi�m va md r<)ng chan troi ra khoi khuon kho ch�t h�p cua gioi tinh, giai cap, dan tQC va chung t9c cua minh. Trong tinh than ay, nha tru'.ong tuy khong phai Va khong the la chinh "CUQC doi", nhung la CUQC doi du'.QC tinh luy�n, du'.QC "ly tu'.dng hoa" vita voi kich thuoc cua h9c sinh. Nha truong the hi�n dieu ma Dewey g9i la "CUQC song c(>ng dong" ( trong tac pham tru'.oc) hay "xa h()i dan chu d d�ng bao thai" ( trong tac pham sau).