DI SlN CUA HUMBOLDT VA HEGEL
TU CACH HIEU KHAC VE "cHAN LY"
Quan ni�m thong thuong cua ta ve chan ly la slj tritng hqp giua dau 6c cua ta va thl;ic t�i. Theo mo hinh nay} dau oc m9t dang} thl;ic t�i m9t neo, van de la phai lam cho ca hai d6i ung voi nhau. Nhung, theo Heidegger, trong Ban
chat cua Chan ly ( 1931-32), ta v6n song "trong the gioi", khong he CO S\i phan ly, CO l?p gifia dau OC va thl;ic t�i, Va khong bao gio "nhin thay" the gioi hoan toan dung ho�c hoan toan sai ca. Dung hdn nen n6i: con nguoi "khai mcJ" chan ly tu nhieu vien tuqng, gom nhieu muc d9 thau hieu khac nhau, chen Ian anh sang va bong toi. S\i khai mo ay la VO t?n va tht;{c t�i la phong phu den khon do.
Trang tht;ic te, ta khong nhin thay m9t mo hon mang, ma nhin thay cay coi, nha cua, song nui, trang sao, tuc luon "thay" cai gi d6 "nhu la" cai gi do. Chinh cai cau true "nhu la" ay quy dinh nhan quan cua ta, vua cho thay nang ll;ic <lien giai cua ta ve the gioi ( dieu ki�n thiet yeu de song con), vua cho thay S\i huu h�n CUa ffiQi tam nhin. Nhung du sao, de <lien giai, phai c6 m{>t khong gian mo. Dat da VO tri khong biet minh la ai. Thu V?t khong biet d�t cau hoi "t�i sao" vi khong vlidn len khoi
250 • BUI VAN NAM 10N
dude cai tru'oc mat. Ta so di nhan thuc dude Su' vat theo . . . . . m9t each nao d6 la nho o trong khong gian mo cho slj g�p go cua doi ben. Dung hay sai, phong phu hay ngheo nan, sau sac hay hoi hQ't tuy thu9c vao slj mo ngo nay. Vl the, slj mo ng6 xung dang du'Q'c gQi la ban chat cua chan ly theo nghia ch�t che nhat. Vl slj mo ngo doi hoi slj tlj do, nen ciing c6 the n6i ban chat cua chan ly la tlj do. Tv do c6 nghia la mo long ra don nh�n sv khai mo cua thvc t4i. Hay n6i each khac, ban chat cua chan ly la hay de cho thvc t4i, cho slj v�t c6 the xuat hi�n ra cho ta dung voi thvc chat cua chung, ma khong quy gian chung m<)t each tho b40 thanh slj meo m6, di d4ng, du vi�c nay khong de dang tranh kh6i.
V oi each n6i c6 ve nguQ'c doi, Heidegger cho rang ban chat cua chan ly th�t ra khong phai la chuy�n cua con nguoi, ma cua chinh ban chat. Ban chat cua thvc t4i tlj xuat hi�n ra, vita khai mo, vita giau minh, khien ta phai t�p lam quen voi slj tlidng tac giua anh sang va bong toi, giua vung du'Q'c khai quang va vung bi che phu. Tu duy nhli these khong chi thuong xuyen mang l4i cho ta nhung khai ni�m, hinh anh moi me, ma con thay doi quan h� cua ta voi thvc t4i. Thvc t4i, moi lan xuat hi�n hay "khai mo" cho ta, la m<)t "slj bien" khien ta bo ngo, kinh ng4c nhu moi g�p lan dau ( trong vi dg ve nguoi nguyen thuy buoc vao lop h9c). Cung la m<)t sv "tudng ung", nhung khong tinh t4i nhti each nhin truyen thong, ma nhti m<)t slj d9n minh tu ca hai phia de san sang trao va nh�n thvc t4i nhu m<)t qua t�ng an can (nhu song Hudng chi "ban t�ng" thanh truong kiem cho nguoi c6 du khi d<) la Cao
TRO CHUYIN TRl(T HOC + 251
Ba Quat). Landau tien, bang l6i chdi chu te nhi dlja vaa s\i gan gui ngu am giua hai d9ng tu trang ngon ngu Au chau, Heidegger dong nhat "suy tu" ( denken/ thinking)
voi slj "biet dn" ( danken/than�ing) !
M¢t quan ni�m nhu the khong the khong anh huong sau d�m den tu duy giaa dgc d9c daa cu.a Heidegger.
"04y KHO HON HOC"
Trang Ngan nga truye'n thong va ng6n nga ky thuqt
( 19?0), Heidegger viet cau kha bi hiem: "N glidi thay dich thljc chi hdn tro 6' m9t cho, d6 la phai h9c nhieu hdn tro, d6 la h9c each de (yen) cho tro h9c. (HQC c6 nghia la dua nhung gi ta lam vao slj tudng ung voi nhung gi mangl�i cho ta nhula ban chat c6t yeu)". Truoc d6, tu 1934, trang Trach Vlj m6'i cua D�i h9c, ong n6i r6 hdn: "D�y khong phai la ddn thuan truyen d�t kien thuc. D�y la: de cho vi�c h9c xay ra ( ... ) D�y la mang nguai h9c den cha h9 khong con mai mai la h9c tro nua". Trang
Suy tu la gi? ( 1951-52), ong l�i giai thich: "D�y kh6 hdn h9c rat nhieu. Ta biet the nhung hiem khi suy nghi ve dieu ay. The t�i saa d�y l�i kh6 hdn h9c? Khong phai vi nguoi thay phai c6 nhieu thong tin hdn va luon c6 san m9t b\lng chu. D�y kh6 hdn h9c rat nhieu vi dieu doi hoi ndi vi�c d�y la: hay de cho h9c. N guai thay th�t slj khong de cho dieu gi khac duc;>'c h9c ngoai vi�c h9c".
"De cho ngudi h9c (biet) h9c", theo Heidegger, la giup ngudi h9c hoi dap m9t each tlj do - chan thanh, dich th\ic -doi voi nhung gi h9 thay can h9c. 6ng g9i tien trinh nay la" slj ( dong thanh) tudng ung" (Entsprechung/
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correspondence) giua thay va tro, giua nguoi h9c va doi tliQ'ng suy tu, n6 con tuong duong voi "de cha slj v�t la chinh-n6" ( Gelassenheit/"letting-be/releasement") nhu la thai d9 thich dang dai voi Vc,lll v�t quanh ta. Tien trinh nay cha phep vi�c h9c "xay ra" nhu m9t slj bien day ky di�u, bat ngo.
D9n san long minh de vi�c dc,1y va h9c c6 the "xay ra" la dieu ki�n can thiet nhat, trlioc khi c6 buoc thu hai: bien "chan ly" hen ngaai thanh cua chinh minh. H9c la "tiep nh�n", la "lay" m9t each rat d�c bi�t: nguoi lay chi lay nhung gi minh van c6 san! Vi�c dc,1y, do d6, ciing tuong ung voi vi�c h9c nay. Dc,1y la cha, la hien t�ng, nhung neu nguoi h9c chi don thuan tiep nh�n, h9 khong h9c duQ'c gi ca. HQ chi h9c khi trai nghi�m rang nhung gi h9 lay th�t ra h9 da c6 san. Vi�c h9c dich thtjc chi dien ra khi vi�c lay nhung gi van c6 san noi minh tro thanh vi�c "ttj ban t�ng" cho minh va thtjc slj trai nghi�m dung nhu the.
"BIET MAY DONG THaM" ...
Khi Heidegger dao nguQ'c quan h� giua nghien cuu va giang dc,1y va cho "vi�c giang dc,1y la can nguyen hon", y ong muon n6i rang vi�c nghien cuu khong c6 co so se lam cho vi�c giang dc,1y tro thanh VO ffi\lC dich. Boi, nghien cuu va giang dc,1y, hay dung hon, nghien cuu trang giang d<J.y, can nham den ffi\lC dich chung, neu khong muon n6i la duy nhat: mo r<)ng long nguoi, d6n nh�n nhung t�ng v�t cua tran gian va biet tri an chung. Dung de "m�c hon huong nhc,1t voi chieu", dung de "haa d�p roi tren da", oan uong "m9t doi thorn".
TRO CHUYIN TRIU HOC + 253