DI SlN CUA HUMBOLDT VA HEGEL
60. TRIET HOC GIAODUC LA/VA � � ,
TIEM LUC PHE PHAN
r-) ua 59 bai d tren, chung tada c6 dip lam quen-theo �hia "sd giao" va tl.j gioi h�n - voi m9t so triet thuyet giao d1:1c tieu bieu nhat cua phudng Tay: thuyet duy tam cua Platon, thuyet duy thvc cua Arisl:oteles, thuyet duy nhien cua Rousseau, tu tudng khai minh cua Kant, thuyet duy tam Due, thuyet d1:1ng hanh cua Dewey, thuyet hi�n sinh, triet h9c phan tich cua truyen thong Anh-My, tu tudng h�u-hi�n d�i va tu tu6'ng tan t\l'. do. May nh�n xet co the rut ra:
Triet thuyet nao ciing co m�t hay, d�p, tham thuy, co anh huo'ng lon trong tung thoi ky, nhung t� sao khong triet thuyet nao chiem duqc "thuqng phong" vinh vien nhu la triet thuyet "duy nhat dung"? C6 le chi c6 the tra loi tu ban tinh cua tu duy triet h9c la tu duy t\t do, phe phan, luon doi moi theo dong phat trien cua Uch sit, van
330 • BUI YAN NAM 10N
h6a, xa hc)i, khong the "nhat thanh bat bien", m9t Ian cho tat ca! M9i tham v9ng muon t6m thau het tinh hoa nhan log.i hong xay dt;ing mc)t "triet ly giao dt;tc" cho rieng mlnh, dat nu'.oc minh, thoi dg.i minh - nhu'. thu'.ong du'.Q'c tranh Cai hang say - deu CO nguy Cd tro thanh ao v9ng Va phan tac dt;tng, boi n6 di nguQ'c lg.i chinh ban tinh ttj do, phe phan va pho quit cua triet h9c. Triet h9c giao dt;tc, nhu c6 de c�p tit dau, trong thtjc te, la nhung triet h9c giao dt;tc, va each ung xu hQ'p ly o day c6 chang la: ton tr9ng, coi mo, san sang lang nghe, don nh�n va doi thog.i voi nhung triet thuyet, nhung truyen thong khac.
Tri et h9c giao dt;tc de lam gi? Trong tht;ic te, n6 khong he "giai quyet" bat kyvan de Ct;l the nao ca, ngog.i truvi�C g6p phan lam r6 m9t so khai ni�m. N 6 chi co gang r9i mc)t anh sang nhat dinh nao d6 vao nhung van de nen tang cua giao dt;tc. R9i anh sang la mo ra m9t vien tu'.Q'ng, m9t djnh huong. Nhung, an dv mang tinh khong gian nay - vien tu'.Q'ng, dinh huong - ciing khong c6 nghia rang ta biet CUQC du hanh Se clan den dau Va nen theo con duong nao. C6 nguoi giai thich rang do la vi giao dt;tc la cong vi�c lien-chu the chu khong phai quan h� chu the - doi tu'.Q'ng, Va vi tien trinh giao dt;tc kho CO the du'.Q'C dieu khien, kiem soat theo y muon. Nhu con chim cu chi cat canh luc hoang hon - theo each n6i noi tieng cua Hegel -, triet h9c qua tht;ic c6 khi den qua "muc)n", chi de nh�n di�n va phe phan nhung sai lam, khuyet diem da xay ra, thu d9n nhung dong rac cua qua khu, nhung chu'.a chac biet cat chung vao dau ! Nels on Goodman ( trong
TRO CHUY(N TRlrT HOC • 331
The Structure of Appearance, 1951) c6 nh�n xet kha vui rang no l\ic khai minh cua triet h9c thliong dan den hai ket qua khong may vui: neu that b�i, cang lam r6i them van de, neu thanh cong, thi tro nen tam thuong. Nhfing giai phap som to ra nham chan, va, t� hdn nfia, tr6i bu9c tu duy! Tuy nhien, cong bang ma noi, no ltjc ay khong hoan toan VO ich! ft ra 6' cho giup ta nh�n ra hai dieu: thu nhat, tli duy m\1.C dich-phlidng ti�n trong giao d\1.C va sli ph�m ( muon d�t ducjc x, thi hay lam y) chi la tli duy "cong ngh�" rat gioi h�n va co dieu ki�n; n6 van can ducjc bo sung bang stj phan tli triet h9c, thong qua vi�c de nghi m9t ngon ngfi hay m9t h� khai ni�m de co the suy tliong Ve cac hi�n tliQ'ng Va van de giao d\1.C m9t each da d�ng, da sac, da thanh. Thu hai, trong khi bu9c phai ch9n hja va t�m thoi chap nh�n m9t vien tliQ'ng, m9t anh sang, m9t "triet ly giao d\lc" nao d6 de dtnh huong cho ho�t d<)ng giao d\1.C, luon ghi nho rang ta khong tai nao r9i anh sang vao bong t6i tu du m9i huong, m9i vien tliQ'ng. Chi c6 slj kieu ng�o giao dieu moi barn ch�t vao m9t vien ttiQ'ng, va tliong rang anh nen le 16i cua minh xuyen thung dliQ'c man dem.