... constant
PV
)(
1
1
)()(
2211221121
VPVPVPVP
R
C
TTnCW
V
V
1
2
0
ln
V
V
nRTWQ
4/29/2008 2
Chapter XV
The FirstLaw of
Thermodynamics
§1. Heat, work and paths of a thermodynamic process
§2. Thefirstlawof thermodynamics
§3. Kinds of thermodynamic processes
§4. Thermodynamic processes ... gas
4/29/2008 26
Summary
Thefirstlawof thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W
The change of
internal energy
The quantity
of heat added
to the system
The work done
by the system
The work done by a system:
2
1
V
V
PdVW
... energyof a system:
The internal energyof a system istheenergythatthe system owns.
We can define:
(Note thatthe internal energy does not include potential energy arising
from the interaction...
... heat engine
that converts heat completely to work, that is, an engine with 100% thermal
efficiency. This impossibility isthe basis ofthe following statement of
The second lawof thermodynamics.
2.1 ... various processes in isolated systems show that
For an isolated thermodynamic system ΔS ≥0 ,
This is a quantitative statement ofthe second law. We have expressed
the second lawofthermodynamics by ... II
Electromagnetism
&
Thermal Physics
5/6/2008 3
Thefirstlawofthermodynamics gives the quantiative relations between
the internal energyof a system and the quantities of heat and work that
the system exchange with...
... than the Report recommended.
This decision is entitled to deference.
CLF makes an additional argument thatthe EPA made the
impermissible assumption in setting the nitrogen limit that the
District's ... intervals, the Act requires reevaluation of the
relevant factors, and allows for the tightening of discharge
conditions. The Act's goal of "eliminat[ing]" the discharge of
pollutants ... predict the
level of nitrogen control needed misstates and misunderstands the
different roles that scientific models may play in informing
science-based decisions. Here, the EPA states, and the record
reflects,...
... what part the language is playing, what it isthatthe
participants are expecting the language to do for them in that situation, the symbolic
organisation ofthe text, the status that it has, ... nature ofthe social action
that is taking place: what is it thatthe participants are engaged in, in which the language is an
essential component?
+ The TENOR OF DISCOURSE concerns who is taking ... is thus a theory ofthe global distribution ofthe units ofthe grammar.
The English grammatical rank scale recognized by Systemic Functional Grammar is as follows:
In turn, each unit has their...
... and listen
to my friends. (Q)
Concerning the factors that caused the difficulties, 85% ofthe students supposed that
they were because of their low English proficiency. The subject added that ... procedure
At the moment, the number of teachers who teach English speaking skill for the first- year
students is 6. The number ofthe first- year English major students is estimated at more than 300.
They ... grouped students ofthe same sex while only 20% ofthe students chose it and
for the latter, group students of different sexes was the choice of 80% ofthe students but only of
10% ofthe teachers....
... neighbor) but more respect to the older and keep a bit distant between
them. This can be illustrated with the percentage ofthe PPS 5 - Offer, promise ofthe
informants to their new 10 year – older ... strategies used by English informants to their new friend at thefirst
encounter in a party
The table 7 isthe presentation ofthe PS used by the English informants to their new friend in
a ... agreement +
Offer, promise +be conventionally indirect).
With the discussion above, the author can conclude that there is a gender influence when the
English informants talk/ask the others about...
... It is
an agency ofthe Department of Agriculture.
The firstisthe threat of fire and fuel. This year, forest fires have burned more than three
million hectares of land. Thatis almost two times ... expect, the area of warm air will be much larger during the summer than it is now.
The impact on the jet stream will be that it will be located further north. The British Isles
will then become ... them at any time. This control is crucial, as people benefit
from feeling that they’re making their own decisions. That s one reason why children need
to choose their own hobbies, instead of...
... enter the CFL, VNU in the hope that they
would be accepted to another college using the marks they got at this exam. However, to
their surprise, they passed it. The truth was that they passed the ... in
English. The voice ofthe students was recorded and then played again for the students
themselves to find out the mistakes they had made. After the students realized the mistakes
they had ... Only when the students achieve this goal can we have good teachers of
English for the young generation ofthe country. Thatisthe reason why these students must
be made aware ofthe necessity...
... relevant to the thesis’s topic. Firstly, an account ofthe
CLT theory is made. Secondly, characteristics of communication is discussed. Finally, the
implementation of CA in the teaching of oral ...
the student know clearly thatthe table is in the classroom.
Teacher: Where isthe table?
Student: The table is in the classroom.
But if the teacher comes into the classroom and cannot see the ... Penner, 1995), isthat majority ofthe teachers in this study identified that
although CLT requires teachers to have high proficiency in English, they believe their
English knowledge is sufficient...
... until the end after
the invention of printing in the 15
th
century. Thefirst significant decline in illiteracy came with the
Reformation, when translation ofthe Bible into the vernacular became ... he often feels tired.
C. The older Mr. Pike gets, the more often he feels tired. D. Mr. Pike likes to get old so that he often feels tired.
2. I suggest turning off the air-conditioner.
This ... was of value only to clergy and aristocracy. Thefirst known reference to “literate laymen”
did not appear until the end ofthe 14
th
century. Illiteracy was not seen as a problem until the...
... one ofthe greatest
laws ofthe universe, theLawof Attraction.
You become what you think of most ofthe time but you also attract
the things you think of more often. If you understand this, ...
observe what there is, you only think of what there is and theLawof
Attraction only gives you what there is. You must find a way of
approaching what there is from another point of view. Most ... realize thatthe
Secret is present everywhere. All you have to do is open your eyes
and watch carefully. You have the proof oftheLawof Attraction in
society when you see thatthe one who has the...