bang song Hong
1.1. N h i n txi goc do chu the van hoa, ngifoi ta chia
van hoa thanh van hoa ca nhan va van hoa cong dong. Van hoa ca nhan la toan bo von hieu biet, kinh nghiem,
phifdng thijfc ling xxi va cac gia t r i ca nhan tich luy difOc
trong qua t r i n h hoc tap va hoat dong thiic tien cua nọ Van hoa cong dong la van hoa chung cua mot nhom xa hoi v i mo va vi mo da chung song v6i nhau lau dai tren
mot nen canh lich svL chung. Van hoa cong dong khong
phai la tong só van hoa cua cac thanh vien trong nhom cong lai, ma la tong the song dong cua cac gia t r i , chuan
mac, cac phifdng thiic ling xh difdc cong dong thufa nhan va chap nhan mot each t\l nguyen.
Cong dong la mot tap hdp ngitdi (nhom xa hoi) eo quan he mat thiet v6i nhau ve vat chat va t i n h than.
Cong dong ngifdi dufdc hinh thanh tijf nhieu cap do txi vi
mo den vi mo nhif: gia dinh, ho toe, xom ngo, toe ngUdi, dan toe, giai cap va nhan loaị Lang xa la hinh thiic cong dong trung gian giiJa cap do v i mo va v i mọ
Trong đi song xa hoi Viet Nam eo truyen, lang xa
CO v i t r i het sijfe dae biet : lang la đn v i ed ban hinh thanh quoc gia dan toẹ Na6c (quoc gia) ehi la tong so, la ket qua eiia sii lien ket cac lang xa , la "lien lang", "sieu
lang". Lang xa c6 vai tro gin ket: ca nhan - gia dinh -
lang xa - To quoc. Lang la nhan tó giQ vai tro quyet dinh
m
trong qua t r i n h diJng midc va glut nif6c cua dan toe, "con lang t h i con nifdc", k h i mat nxidc, nhifng v&n gii3 difdc
lang t h i se gianh lai diidc chu quyen cua dan toẹ Van hoa lang xa Viet Nam ma tieu bieu la van hoa lang xa viing dong bang song Hong, c6 vi t r i quan trong trong
d i l n t r i n h lich s\i phat trien cua van hoa dan toẹ No
luon luon bao ton, giii gin ban sac van hoa dan toe, nuoi diidng siie song triidng ton cua van hoa dan toẹ
Van hoa lang xa la gi ? Nht( tren da t r i n h bay, van hoa lang xa la van hoa eiia mot cong dong (nhom xa h o i ) difdc goi la lang. Theo nha nghien ciiu Hoang Anh Nhan trong cuon sach "Van hoa lang va lang van hoa" t h i : Van
hoa lang c6 the hieu mot each khai quat nhat la ban skc
rieng cua lang, la toan bo cuoe sóng cua lang v6i nhutng
dae diem mang t i n h truyen thong t\i an, d, di lai, moi hoat dong, each to chiic, nhiJng quy if6c, loi ling x\i,
nhflng phong tue, tap quan, ton giao, t i n ngufdng cho den ca tam ly cua moi thanh vien trong lang v6i nhiing dae triing rieng eua nọ
K h i diJa ra quan niem ve van hoa lang khong the khong khang dinh t i n h truyen thong cua nọ Cho nen, nha nghien cijfu Hoang Anh Nhan da nhan manh: "Trong noi dung van hoa lang, chung toi rat liiu tam den
tinh chat truyen thóng. Noi truyen thóng h day, khong
nen hieu đn gian la nhQng cai thuoc ve qua khijf, xa xlia, va do do di den cho cho rSng no t r d nen lac hau, loi thdi, khong con phCi hdp v6i hien taị.. ma ehinh la
nhQng cai da dvfdc thvf thach qua thdi gian, la chuan
muc cai toan the cong dong da l\ia chon, bao Ixiu, giQ gin
va phat trien nọ Moi s\ van dong bao gid cung tuan theo quy luat. Ma k h i noi den quy luat, tiic la phai c6 sii lap di lap laị Khong phai xUa kia con ngUdi can phai c6 nhan nghia, phai "ud'ng nUdc nh6 nguon"... con bay gid chung ta khong can nhQng t h i i do nflạ.. N h i i vay, t i n h truyen thong tiic la nhiJng gia t r i c6 tinh on dinh, nhQng 'cai thuoc quy luat, xifa cung nhii nay, can diidc bao ve va trach nhiem la phai phat huy no, lam cho no ngay mot da dang va phong phu tot dep hdn" .
Moi quan he giiia van hoa lang va van hoa dan toe ciang difde ong phan tich mot each thau dao: "Ciing nhuf van hoa Viet Nam la ban sSc cua Viet Nam (c6 nghia la
ban sic van hoa Viet Nam chinh la ban sSc cua dan toe Viet Nam), khong the la ban skc cua Trung Quoc, cua A n Dọ.. Song van hoa, nhxi chung ta biet, viifa mang dac
diem chung vvfa mang dac diem rieng. V i vay, noi den van
hoa lang khong chi noi den ban skc rieng ma eon noi den
nhiing dac diem chung giiia eac lang, khong chi giiJa lang v6i lang ciing nghe, ma eon gii3a eac lang c6 nhCng nghe khac nhau, tham chi giijfa lang v6i nii6c... Thiie ra, xet cho cung, de eo the neu difde nhiing dac diem rieng, khong the khong biet den nhiing dac diem chung, cang khong the khong diia tren sii so sanh, doi chieụ..
Co rat nhieu nha nghien ciiu van hoa Viet Nam, dua ra nhieu quan niem khac nhau ve ban sac van hoa
Viet Nam va ban sac van hoa lang xa Viet Nam, (chii yeu ho tap trung nghien ciiu van hoa lang xa viing dong
bang song Hong). Bxia tren nhiing ket qua nghien eiiu
cua ho chung ta c6 the khai quat lai thanh mot he thong eac yeu to "doc dao", "dac s^c" nhii sau:
T h i i nhat, ban sac van hoa lang xa vung dong bSng song Hong la van hoa cua vung nong nghiep trong lua
nifdc. Do dieu kien t\i nhien sinh thai hoc dong bfing song Hong nkm trong viing Dong Nam chau A, vCing
nhiet d6i gio miia nong am thich hdp v6i viee trong liia nif6c. Viet Nam la mot trung tam trong cay lua niidc dau tien cua nhan loai, nhii nhieu nha khoa hoc da ehiing minh. Dong bang song Hong la cai noi hinh thanh nen van minh liia nu:6e cua Viet Nam, dieu nay ciing da diidc eac nha nghien ciiu lich sii, khao co, nong hoc va van hoa hoc khang dinh.
Thijf hai, ban sac van hoa lang xa vCing dong bang song Hong bieu hien tinh g&n ket (tinh eó ket) cong dong sau sac tH trong gia dinh, lang xa den vung, mien va ca
na6c ciia eon ngUdi Viet Nam. ^..^
Do san xuat nong nghiep, ngiidi ta phai dinh c\i de
cham bon, thu hoaeh cay Ma, de cai tao dat dai t i i vu nay qua vu khac, tii nam nay qua nam khae, t i i do hinh thanh
nen cong dong lang xa va svf gin ket cae thanh vien trong
cong dong dap iing yeu cau ciia sii san xuat va đi song cua cong dong.
Sii gSn ket ca nhan vdi gia dinh, gia dinh nhif mot đn v i san xuat, moi ca nhan thUc hien mot cong viec cua nghe nong trong cay lua nu6c, nhieu khau, nhieu viec nhiing can c6 sU phan cong va sU hdp tac chat che:
"Tren dong can dUdi dong sdu, Chong cay vd cay, con trdu di biia"
(Ca dao) Tính thdi v u trong nong nghiep rat khan trifdng, doi hoi cac gia dinh phai lien ket lai v6i nhau, moi quan he gia dinh md rong thanh moi quan he gia toe, ho hang. Ca nhan khong chi gan vdi gia dinh ma con gan vdi ho toe "xay cha con chu", "xay me bu di" "thiia cua bo vao ho, tiing thieu nhd den ho" v.v...
De chong thien t a i dieh hoa (lu l u t , han han, giae eudp) cac gia dinh, ho toe trong mot vung lien ket thanh lang xa:
"NiCdc lut thi lut cd Idng Dap de chohg lut thiép chdng ciing lo"
(Ca dao) Co nhieu lang la đn vi quan cU cua mot ho - tan du cua che do cong xa t h i toe da ton t a i hang ngan nam trong lieh sv( (Liiu Xa, D6 Xa, Pham Xa, N g u y i n Xạ..) do vay, quan he gia dinh - dong ho - lang xa trd thanh moi quan he mat thiet d nong thon Viet Nam - va nong thon vung dong bang song Hong noi rieng.
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Cac lang xa trudc yeu eau thich iing vdi t u nhien, chong lai svt khac nghiet cua t u nhien: (bao tó, ban ban, lut loị..) dac biet la sU khai thac vung dong b i n g song Hong da lien ket lai vdi nhau thanh quoc gia dan toẹ Nude "la do mói quan he giQa cae lang tao nen" "Lang - Nude", "Nude" la "hen lang", la "sieu lang". Nhd do trong mói quan he eong dong gia dinh - ho hang - lang xa eo them mot yeu to ni3a la: "Nude" hay "To quoe". Quan he ca nhan - gia dinh - ho hang - lang xa - To quoc (Nvfdc) la mói quan he cd ban mang t m h cong dong cua ngifdi nong dan Viet Nam - chu nhan eua van boa Viet Nam.
Do dieu kien lieh s^, niidc ta nam tren nga ba eua con difdng thong thUdng quoc te (B&c xuohg Nam, Dong sang Tay, bien vao lue dia), nSm ben canh mot de quoc hung manh thdi co - trung - dai (Trung Quoc), nSm giiJa hai nen van hda Idn (Hoa - A n ). nam 117 (TCN) den nam 938 (SCN) da chien dau suót 1117 nam ehóng lai sii dong hda eua de quoc phifdng Bac (Han - Tuy - Difdng). Sau k h i gianh quyen doc lap - t\i chu (X - XVHI) ehung ta phai nhieu Ian chong lai svf xam lifde cua bon de quoc hung ac: Tong, Nguyen - Mong, M i n h , Thanh. Thdi can hien dai ehung ta phai chien dau vdi bon de quoc mdi tan bao: Phap, Nhat, Mỵ De ton tai dan toe ta phai doan ket, anh dung by sinh, nang eao long yeu nifde, y chi tU cUdng dan toe mdi vvfdt thoat khdi nan dong hda, ach do
ho cua thdi BSc thuoe, M i n h thuoe va Phap thuoc. r
N h Q n g dieu k i e n t r e n da tao n e n nhufng dac d i e m ,
nhi3ng t i n h chat "doc dao", "dac sic" cua v a n hoa V i e t N a m . T i n h t h a n c6' k e t cong dong, t i n h t h a n yeu nxidc,
t i n h t h a n a n h d i i n g , bat k h u a t . . . trci t h a n h "le song",
"dao l y " cua d a n toẹ C h u n g t h a n g hoa t r o n g t a m h o n , t a m h n h ngUdi n o n g d a n V i e t N a m , t h a n h siic m a n h t h i e n g h e n g " h o n t h i e n g song n u i " , "con t i e n c h a u rong", "dong bao cot nhuc" " m a u chay r u o t m e m " . D a t nu6c
k h o n g c h i la n d i s i n h song m a t h a n h To Quoc, t h a n h que hUdng n d i "iSng hon n u i song" Iftng dong mo h o i , x i i d n g m a u , tinh thUdng va trach nhiem l a m ngUdi cua biet bao
the hẹ C h i i n g h i a yeu nxXdc, t r a c h n h i e m cong dong da t r d t h a n h c h u a n mxic, gia t r i d a n h gia con n g i i d i : d u n g - sai, t o t - x a u , n e n - c h a n g t r o n g q u a n he xing xvL ca n h a n
v6i ca n h a n , ca n h a n v6i cong dong.
Thijf ba, g^n v6i v a i t r o cua l a n g xa t r o n g đi song
xa h o i la t m h chat dan c h u va t i n h t\i c h u cua l a n g xạ
Cong dong l a n g x a bao l i f u nhQng dac diem cua cong dong t h i toe t r o n g do c6 t i n h chat d a n c h u cua xa h o i n g u y e n t h u y va p h a t t r i e n l e n t h a n h t i n h chat d a n c h u l a n g xạ V a i t r o cua ca n h a n t r o n g l a n g xa i t n h i e u difdc c h u y va c u n g cd do dieu k i e n k i n h te (difdc chia r u p n g d a t cong) do dieu k i e n xa h o i (nghia v u , dong gop, k i n h n g h i e m , t u o i tac, dia v i gia d i n h , dong ho). L a n g xa n h i f nhQng "Nudc cong hoa t U t r i " ( D u me). No t h a y m a t cho
cac "cong d a n cua m i n h " l i e n he v6i N h a nxidc. D o n g t h d i
no t h a y m a t cho N h a nifdc de to chiic đi song cong dong
ve m o i m a t : k i n h te, c h i n h t r i , v a n hoa, xa hoị T i n h txi
c h u cua l a n g xa the h i e n t r o n g v a n hoa l a cac t h e che "le l a n g " (phep v u a t h u a le lang), la l u a t tuc " h i i d n g ii6c"
cua l a n g , la cac p h o n g tuc, t a p q u a n , cac t h i e t che va
hoat dong v a n hoa r i e n g cua l a n g . T i n h tii c h u cua l a n g
xa ve k i n h te la viec no tvf d i n h doat cac p h i i d n g thvic
p h a n chia r u d n g dat, cac n g h i a v u dong gop k i n h te cua
cac t h a n h v i e n cong dong va to chiic san x u a t , dich v u
phuc v u san x u a t cua cong dong (chd que, b u o n b a n , t r a o doi va cac nghe t i e u t h u cong phuc v u san x u a t n o n g
nghiep). N h i n txi goc do v a n hoa t h i n e n k i n h te l a n g xa
m a n g t i n h t o n g hdp, h d n d u n g g i i i a cac n g a n h , nghe san x u a t n o n g nghiep, dich v u , t h i i d n g nghiep, san x u a t , t h u cong nghiep...
TU s\i p h a n t i c h t r e n , c6 the k h a i quat b a n s^c v a n
hoa l a n g xa V i e t N a m , t r o n g do c6 l a n g xa v i i n g dong b a n g song H o n g l a : m a n g dac diem nong nghiep l u a
nMdc, t i n h t h a n cong dong, t i n h t h a n d a n c h u tvf c h u
l a n g xa gkn k e t v6i t i n h yeu que hifdng, dat nitdc. N g d a i
r a CO t h e con cac dac diem khac n h i i : t i n h t h a n sang tao (trong san x u a t , chien dau), t i n h tU chu, hon d u n g v a n hoa, t i n h can cu, t i n h te, H n h hoat t r o n g l i n g xtf v6i tU
n h i e n va xa h o i , l o i song g i a n d i , chat phac...
B a n sac v a n hoa l a n g xa V i e t N a m la yeu to cd b a n
cua b a n skc v a n hoa V i e t N a m m a coi r l l a v a n hoa l a n g
xa V i a n g dong hhng song H o n g . Hoc gia Dao D u y A n h
rang "Nude Viet Nam von lay nong nghiep lap quóc, cho
nen cd sd van hoa la nong nghiep, ma hang ngUdi d trong
nude xiia nay giQ diidc cai tinh than cua van hoa la hang nong dan... xem the t h i nong dan thUc la nen mong cua dan toe ma nong nghiep la nen mong cua van hoa ta
vay" (Dao Duy A n h - Viet Nam van hoa s\i cUdng, Nxb
Tong hdp, TP Ho Chi Minh, tr. 356-358).
Day la cd sd hinh thanh van hoa Viet Nam va ban sac van hoa lang xa vung dong bang song Hong noi rieng va van hoa Viet Nam noi chung.