IV. Nhfing yeu to chinh ciia van hoa cd truyen tac dong tieu cue den qua trinh cong nghiep
Kinh te tieu n6ng, hay con goi la kinh te cua nhi3ng ngifdi san xuat nho nong th6n la mot thanh phan kinh te
ngifdi san xuat nho nong th6n la mot thanh phan kinh te kh6ng dai dien cho mot phiJdng thiic san xuat nao trong 5 phiidng thiic san xuat ma C.Mac da chi ra, nhifng no lai ton tai trong cac phUdng thijfc san xuat. Tii khi c6ng xa thi toe bat dau tan ra chuyen sang c6ng xa n6ng th6n da c6 sU hien dien cua kinh te tieu n6ng ngifdi tieu n6ng vdi tii each la ngUdi sd hQu nho dau tien. Trong xa hoi phong kien, kinh te tieu n6ng ton tai song song vdi kinh te dia chụ T6i thai ky thuoc dia niia phong kien d niidc ta, kinh te tieu nong vin chiem ty le cao trong nen kinh
te cua x a h o i aỵ N g a y nay, k m h te t i e u nong tiep tuc t o n t a i t r o n g t h d i k y qua do len c h u n g h i a xa hoị N h i n vao lich s i i d a n toe, c6 the t h a y ro k i n h te t i e u nong da c6 ca m o t qua t r i n h p h a t t r i e n l a u d a i va t r a i qua n h i e u b i e n dong. V d i t r u y e n t h o n g canh tac nong nghiep tho sd, v d i
m o t cd sd v a t chat k y t h u a t n h u h i e n nay, s i i t o n t a i cua
n h i i n g n g i i d i sd hHu nho ve r u o n g dat con i t n h i e u p h u
hdp va p h a t h u y ditdc h i e u quạ N h U n g ben canh do, k i n h te t i e u nong cung de l a i nhiJng d i san t i e u cvfc.
N g i i d i n o n g dan V i e t N a m c6 t h o i quen song t u cap
t i i tuc. N g o a i m o t so l a n g xa gan do t h i c6 s\i giao l u u
k i n h te v d i t h i trxidng, cuoc song cua ngUdi nong d a n c6 n h i e u t h a y doi, con l a i d n h i e u v u n g , k h i difdc giao q u y e n
sd hvLu r u o n g dat t i f d n g doi l a u dai, ngUdi nong d a n l a i t r d ve v6i nep song t u cap, t\l tuc. D a n so k h o n g ngCfng
gia t a n g , r u o n g dat dUdc chia b i n h q u a n theo n h a n k h a u , bdi vay dien t i c h dat canh tac t r e n dau ngifdi ngay cang t h u hep, dac biet la v u n g nong t h o n dong bfing song H o n g . V a t r e n mot dien t i c h dat chat hep ay, ngifdi t i e u nong t r o n g t r o t d u m o i thijf cay, r a u m a u de phuc n h u cau ve thUc p h a m h a n g ngay ciia gia d i n h . Cach thijfc canh tac t a n m a n n h i i vay t h i t a t yeu n a n g suat cay t r o n g v a t n u o i k h o n g cao, Idi ich k i n h te t h a p . Do c h i n h la m o t t r o n g nhQng n g u y e n n h a n d i n t d i t i n h t r a n g doi ngheọ T r o n g k h i p h a n loai cac n h o m ho l a m nong nghiep, n h a n g h i e n c i i u H a N h i f da dua r a m o t so dac diem c h u n g cua cac ho doi ngheo nhif sau: "dac d i e m cd
ban)nh&'t cuaitinh ti-ang doi ngheo d nong thon Viet Nam
thtidng rdi vao nhom ho lam thuan nong, doc canh cay tiia v a tiịcung t i i cap, thieu viec lam nghiem trong va
mec 'lam kem: hieu qua, t h u nhap thap, khong. c6. kha
g^ng tich luy detail san xuat"^\^jrit oeiv sno-rt ahf^ snwtt
uefri fP6iig>fi^ kifift^^ti^tlii^tRiSrti; qtian he cung - ckn bien dong nhanh chong, ma cac ho nong dan dong hkng
gi^g Hong, do dien tich dat canh tac tren dau ngiidi
thap, thUdng san xuat phan tan, (my:m6 san xuat nho,
th^c Idc k i n h te yeu, dOiV^y, kho c6 kha nang canh tranh
fefgn t h i triidng. Q u a mot đt khao sat thUc te tai huyen
Kim)Thanh, t i n h Hai Difdng (nam 2001) chiing toi nhan
tjjityv nhQng heric^ kinh; ite vuCng :1a nhflng ho biet ch6p
th0i c d l a m &n.; Cung l a trong hoa quârau mau cung cap
ctoOithi trtfdng inhWng: cac hpidi trifdcbao gid cung thu
Idi nh.u^n. eao.-Gaef hOmong dan khac cung wkn gr^Qg cay, a>,! ykmi <80n;jaVjinh;iing n h u c^u t h i trvidng da b&0 hoa hoac cung W n h d n g a w d i n . t 6 i hieu qua kinh te $ M p v M u o n tien hanh t a i $an ?iu;at, ngUdi nong dan phai trao doi hang hoạ Song phiidng thiic trap d o l h a n g hoa hien thdi qua lac hau lam cho gia thanh trao doi va gia
l i ^ thong phan phoi d^i^ler^^rat c^ọ^Do san xuat phan tai|, n^n^^lac dm gia hang hoa cua ,cac ho noxig dan
t h e n o n g p h a m t h i f d n g b i ep gia, chap n h a n s i i quyet d i n h ciia g i a n t h i i d n g . N e u n h u cac ho n o n g d a n to chtfc l a i vdi n h a u , b i e n h f d n g t r a o doi h a n g hoa n h o t h a n h lUdng t r a o doi h a n g hoa 16n, tijtc la t r a n h dUdc k h a u t r u n g g i a n t r o n g viec t r a o doi h a n g hoa, dong t h d i t a n g
k h a n a n g d i n h gia t r e n t h i t r i W n g t h i ch^c chkn h i e u
q u a k i n h te se cao h d n r a t n h i e u . r • r' ' ' B a n t h a n t h a n h p h a n k i n h te t i e u n o n g l u o n b i e n dong, k h o n g o n d i n h . T r o n g lich sii, da t i f n g x u a t h i e n 4
16p n o n g d a n : c6 n o n g , b a n nong, t r u n g n o n g va p h i i nong. P h o n g t r a o hdp tac hoa m i e n Bkc n h Q n g n a m giuta
t h e k y X X , d a đn g i a n hoa g i a i cap d n o n g t h o n de c h i
con m o t g i a i cap l a n o n g d a n t a p thẹ N h U n g l i c h s\i v o n
k h o n g p h a t t r i e n giong m o t phep cong g i a n đn n h i f vaỵ
N g a y nay, t u y ngUdi t a k h o n g d u n g n h i i n g d a n h tii n h i i
b a n nong. p h u n o n g . . . n i i a n h i i n g t h i i c te, n o n g t h o n V i e t N a m c6 sU p h a n hoa g i a u ngheo k h a rọ N h i i n g ho n o n g d a n g i a u c6 t h e d i i n g r a t h u e n h a n cong, m u a l u a non, cho vay l a i n a n g . . . h i n h t h a n h m o t t a n g 16p dia c h u m 6 i d n o n g t h o n . 'uhJ gaburiq g n o d . B Q I I g n s d i6b OBii
L a ngifdi san x u a t nho, t i i h i i u nho, n g i i d i t i e u n o n g
c a n h tac diia vao t\i d u y k i n h n g h i e m la c h i n h (xem t r d i ,
x e m d a t de gieo t r o n g ) theo k i e u "lao n o n g t r i d i e n " . P h a i thCfa n h a n n h i e u k i n h n g h i e m d a n g i a n ve san x u a t n o n g nghiep la r a t quy, song do m 6 i c h i l a d i e u k i e n c^n n h a n g chifa d u de p h a t t r i e n k i n h te - x a h o i n o n g t h o n
66
h i e n naỵ Viec qua coi t r o n g t i i d u y k i r i h h g h i e m dkn den
t h a i do t h d d vdi k h o a hoc k y t h u a t , v d i giao duẹ T h i i c te cho t h a y , vdi dieu k i e n dien t i c h dat c a n h tac n h i i h i e n nay, n e u c h i doc c a n h cay l u a , t h i c i i d a n n o n g nghiep dong b a n g song H o n g k h o c6 t h e l a m g i a u difdc. Viec ap d u n g t i e n bo k y t h u a t , t h a y doi cd cau cay t r o n g v a t n u o i p h u hdp diidc x e m la n h i i n g g i a i p h a p h i i u h i e u de p h a t t r i e n n o n g t h o n . N e u c h i d i i a vao n h i i n g k i n h n g h i e m t r u y e n t i i đi n a y q u a đi khac t h i k h o c6 the t h a y doi difdc t i n h t r a n g h i e n t a i . D u a t r i t h i i c k h o a hoc vao cuoc song t h o n g qua con d i i d n g cd b a n n h a t la giao duẹ V i e t N a m dutdc x e m l a niidc c6 t y le ngifdi biet doc biet v i e t cao t r o n g k h u viic (88%) n h i f n g n g u y cd t a i m u
cha l a i d a n g gia t a n g . Cuoc each m a n g khoa hoe cong
nghe va t h o n g t i n l a m b i e n doi sau sac cd cau k i n h te, cd cau lao dong xa h o i va p h a n cong lao dong. N g u o n life lao dong d n o n g t h o n t i i d n g c h i i n g doi dao song l a i dang l a m vao k h i i n g h o a n g chat iKdng. V i the, so lao dong doi t h i i a d n o n g t h o n k h o n g the k i e m n o i viec l a m t r o n g k h i t h i
t r U d n g lao dong v&n r a t can n h a n cong. >n fob
B e n c a n h do, do t r i n h do d a n t r i t h a p , t h i e u k i e n thiie k h o a hoe k y t h u a t n e n ngUdi san x u a t nho c h i t h a y diidc cai Idi t r i i d e m d t m a k h o n g t i n h den cai h a i l a u daị P h o n g t r a o n u o i oc bifdu v a n g m a y n a m trifdc la mot v i d u . T h a y oe s i n h san n h a n h , n g i i d i n o n g d a n dua n h a u n u o i oe m a k h o n g t i n h den viec oe b i i d u v a n g p h a hoai I l i a m a u . . qe o B i - ^ r m ^ l q ? * (5o t t i
\ \ \
neb i4.3. Tdmly bdo thu, Iqe hdur:) B u p ooiV .vfin neirf ^'i ojjrrr .:)ub o x s r a i&v , : t r , u r l J v>I o o r i B o r l ^ i&v D b r i J 6b i c r l J
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chi ca site kea trau bo). D i e V d ^ cacijghiala-ho v l n e6f^ hoi d l thDatikhọi,ci|iQC.is6'ng..kh6ikh3linijneu b sv(;d)t^3ajg hieu qUa t q lieu sanbcuat cuaimiinh. I h e i nta!ngotam;i^ thu dong G i i a ngifbi sd hiiu nho d a t a o neln miotsVioiy 16n; ho k h o n g d a m viidt thoat khoi-c^i bongdtiáChfiih'MHhlb
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B V ok'A driiHo i j a i b r i i b b o o i v ^ j i o o i b v § n i j doirfJ o b riaido
that bai trong lam an, dau ô^,ị^p^}jqiit£|^l^i ^J|;o r^^Qg^Cf la do ma quy, than thanh xui khien. Kieu suy nghi "dau i*ft&íla%ifhlJi^ri^dihh'' raft'ijh#bien troilg n h ^ dan. áMmTvSbilđ^tihM ihg^idifth'd^^^.'Mbc bc6ch...cQng xua€-
b i i n nhi^d'-v^bKqUyfWiiSfftg^y e&ifig feii: Khong p h i i nh§ri id5Uá!'fttetiiM>nfe h ^ t 't^â ii6a»c^^''Xir dan hong'inghigp,' iifeiaijig trbi*^ dieUJkign đi 96ftg cua ngucti nong dan cbri 'IIhieúkh6fkhaW44hw4yieriinkyí yigc xay dang, t u b6', cong
teehb' dlrt>ieh^k daiquiri toft'Jk^itti(Trong k h i do dang c6n! («Hilti'^cdrig3ti<iAhi66!ft[g#ftg'khafc'd rat c i h dlfd^ siiá sang nhii: triidng hoc, tram xa, nha trẹ..thi l$íb'i *2lb
nhang, , , - - ,
ot/rii © i i ^ liib' ^mg^amgrniM^p^M ^nwmhkiW'h
Wgii&if'ndiig'fd&h «hQtig"eadhi<tYghil%h'Qhg = th6'i quengSy
bt'tiM'^iK) bSftitMirtlhbit4*brig fiatHqi^idri daị Do dac t h u
btrk- h-^hifrig^i^-llab'^fehg'theq: Wtía •'^^^VigtV'ngW^i-riorig
qua la ngUdi n o n g d a n c6 t h o i q u e n le me va t u y t i e n ve m a t t h d i gian, no doi lap vdi tac p h o n g cong nghiep. V i the, lao dong n o n g nghiep r a t k h o k h a n t r o n g viec d i e u c h i n h de t h i c h i l n g vdi cong viec doi h o i c h i n h xac va k h o a hoc ve t h d i gian. Cong nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa dat
nude t h u c chat la cong n g h i e p hoa, h i e n d a i hoa n o n g
nghiep, n o n g t h o n . N h a n tó con ngifdi la k h a u t h e n chot t r o n g c h i e n lifdc p h a t t h e n naỵ N h K n g tac p h o n g c h a m chap v o n c6 cua lao dong n o n g nghiep c u n g la m o t trci liic
Idn can s5m dUdc khic phuc. "^^^
uiiij . iAga w&umA -.miM i m i rfnarfJ m a m oh^i§I
B e n c a n h do, t i n h d u y c a m c u n g c h i p h o i r a t n h i e u t 6 i n h Q n g q u a n he, l i n g x i i cvia ngUdi n o n g dan. T r u y e n t h o n g t o n t r o n g t i n h cam c6 n h i e u m a t t o t dep. T u y n h i e n , n e u d u y cam m o t each t h a i qua se d i n den t i n h t r a n g t h u dong, b u o n g x u o i theo k i e u " d i hoa v i quy", n g a i d a u t r a n h , n g a i vUdn len, n h i n n h a n m o i v a n de m o t each c h u q u a n . T h i e u d i t m h d u y l y tijfc la t h i e u d i m o t h a t n h a n t i c h cUc t r o n g viec n h a n thufc va cai tao t h u c t i e n . , , ,,, ,.
X u a t p h a t t\i t r u y e n t h o n g d u y c a m m a ngifdi n o n g
d a n t h U d n g c6 t h a i do t i e u cUc t r o n g viec chap n h a n t h i i c t a i : c a m c h i u ngheo k h o v6i q u a n n i e m "cdm ba bat, ao ba m a n h " , coi thUdng k i n h doanh, b u o n b a n . Theo dieu t r a xa h o i cua V i e n X a h o i hoc (thuoc T r u n g t a m K H X H va N V Quoc gia), t h i da so ngUdi n o n g d a n deu n h a n 70
t h a y b u o n b a n , dich v u l a nghe c6 k h a n a n g l a m g i a u n h a t , tiep do l a p h a t t r i e n n g a n h nghe t i e u t h u cong nghiep va t h i i ba la c h a n n u o i . The n h U n g b a n t h a n ho
vln I l i a chon nghe n o n g l a m n g a n h nghe c h i n h . M o t
t r o n g nhQng l y do d&n t 6 i sU chon l i i a nay la do ngiJdi n o n g d a n k h o n g m u o n t h a y doi each t h i i c l a m a n von r a t quen thuoc, "cha t r u y e n con n o i " cua m i n h , tilc la x u a t p h a t tijf l y do t i n h cam. N g a y ca n h f l n g ho d a n cU m a t h u n h a p c h u yeu n h d k i n h doanh b u o n b a n hbac l a m nghe
t i e u t h u cong nghiep c i i n g vkn gifl r u o n g de canh tac. Ho
q u a n n i e m nghe n o n g l a goc, " d i nong v i b a n " , v i the k h o n g t h e bo r u o n g de theo d u o i n g a n h nghe khac m o t each t r i e t de diidc.
T h o i gia trUdng, s i i b a t b i n h dang n a m nii t r o n g xa
h o i n o n g t h o n v l n tiep tuc t o n t a i . No bieu h i e n d nhufng k h i a c a n h cu t h e n h U : Ty le t r e em gai p h a i n g h i hoc de p h u g i i i p gia d i n h l a m k i n h te n h i e u h d n t y le tre n a m .
Ty le nii m u chfl n h i e u h d n n a m gi6ị T r u y e n t h o n g
" t r o n g n a m k h i n h n i i " d&n den t i n h t r a n g s i n h de k h o n g ke hoach, dac biet d nhiJng gia d i n h chi s i n h con m o t be
la gaị N a n bao h a n h , doi x i i t h o bao v6i p h u nii vkn t o n
t a i d nhijfng gia d i n h n a n g t h o i gia trUdng...
Cong nghiep hoa, h i e n d a i hoa nong nghiep nong t h o n CO n g h i a la qua t r i n h p h i i n h a n mot each bien c h i i n g xa h o i c6 t r u y e n nong dan - nong t h o n - nong
n g h i e p d e t i e n tdi x a h o i h i e n d a i cong n g h i e p hoa, hi $ n d a i hoạ D a y l a inuc t i e u chien: lUdc ciia d a t midc t r o n g
t h d i k y q u a do l e n chú n g h i a x a h o i . Xet.tiK goc 4&ri/iain
hoa, can! p h a i p h u n h a n cac y e u tó feieu c\iG» l a c h a u : va
p h a t h t i y n h i J n g y e i i tó t i c h cUc cmal: v a n hoa doi v6ị q u a
t r i n h p h a t t r i e n k i n h te>- x a hoi n o n g t h o n nong n g h i e p
niidc t a. y u J . f f n i ^ n fiU3 " i o n n o o n'syuiJ udo" , o o u r i . t n s u p
wdi fitn ij'j riAb o f [ gxiSQrin BO yes^M .mho dnii ob y l Ihdq
iniijn ffinl ofioVl and noud dunob dárA bdn u 9 v ijdo q c r i r i 9 H .QfiJ.dnn'i 'jb i^nom iír^ rihv g n £ r o qSidgn gnoo udi ubii
orb I V ,"nr.d iv ^ n o n l b " ,oo§ c l §a6n ed^n m a i n n B u p
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sji-odi n'gyúfT .iCng m B n n b d u ' g i d n l u d o ijm f i n §1 y T g ( i o d > l 9 b dni;^ g n r r i i d n i J nob neb "isn d n i r i d mBn g n o i J "
9 d :r6m noo dnia i r i o d n i b B i g g n i u r i n 6 i f r d ohb . d o B o d '9>1
noi n'v/ u f i i f d q i&v u n d 6di iix f o b ,dmid O B d H B M . ( B g B I
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