which works promptly on vascular injury and tissue damage the rapid response is generated by specific molecular interactions between components in these systems thus

... act in concert with other partners. For these reasons, further accurate studies on the interactions among cagPAI compo- nents will be relevant not only to clarify the function of these proteins, ... the formation of the dimer. The surface of interaction between monomers also involves portion of chains D and E of the two monomers, which are held together not only by the S-S bridge between two ... C-terminus helices I and J. In addition, there is a lysine-rich N- and C-ter- minus, in accordance with the basic isoelectric point of CagS. However, these lysine rich unmodelled N- and C-terminal...

... Interaction between CcCac1L and CcLim15 in a yeast two-hybrid assay. The inserts in the activation domain (AD) and DNA-binding domain (BK) are shown. +, binding; ), no binding. The mild selection medium ... 2008 FEBS In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is achieved by the conjugation of genetically variable gametes, which are generated during meiosis in the parental germline. Mei- osis consists of two ... deposit histones at the site of newly synthesized DNA during replication and repair. The results above raised the novel possibility that CAF-1 is involved in chromatin assembly following recombination-associated...

... laminin–LBP interaction (Fig. 3A). The protein denaturant urea at 2 M prevented binding, i ndicating again that the in teraction is conformation-dependent. Increasing the NaCl concentration to ... binding between laminin and laminin binding protein of Leishmania is stimulated by zinc and may involve laminin zinc-finger like sequences Keya Bandyopadhyay, Sudipan Karmakar, Abhijit Ghosh and ... in their physio- logical address [5,6]. Laminin is a multidomain molecule [24], and it is known t hat there are several specific binding domains on laminin for each of the laminin binding proteins....

... difference between them is decided by total mineral degree and displayed in Table4. In thistable, the second and third(2, 3)columnsreferto the meanofconcentrationof main ions in ... be the maingroundwaterresourceforHanoi,Vinh Yen,PhucYen,HaTay,HaiDuong,HungYen, and BacNinhprovinces[4]. 3.Conclusions On the  basis of frequency distribution, the maincharacteristicsof quantitativedistribution of chemical components of groundwater in the RedRiverDeltaareindicatedasfollowing: 1. ... sodium ions concentration in dryseasonofHoloceneaquifer. Twokindsofiongroup in Holoceneaquifer in RRD can be distinguished based on the probability distribution law. The ...

... conjugation is increased in response to heat shock or oxidative stress [42,43]. By contrast, a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide induces protein desumoylation by inhibition of conjugating ... these results demonstrate that lysine 173 and 289 are involved in the SUMO-1 modification in cells and that lysine 289 is the major target for SUMO-1 conju- gation. Multiple SUMO conjugation is associated ... residue 289 in the mouse and 224 in the human LRH-1, was the major SUMO conjugation site. Sumoylation of LRH-1 is associated with the repression of transcriptional activ- ity and localization in promyelocytic...

... in binding buffer in the absence (–) or in the presence of the indicated concentrations of DNA–DNA and PDP–PDP molecules, as indicated. After this incubation period, a further 20 min incubation ... hybrid in binding to purified p52 and p50 NF-kB proteins. The double stranded PDP–PDP chimera mimicking the HIV-1 NF-kB binding sites inhibits the interactions between crude nuclear extracts and ... proteins belonging to the NF-kB family was performed by energy minimizations and molecular dynamics simulations [30,31]. Furthermore, the conforma- tional behaviour and the thermal stability of the...

... shortend by one residue, and the two helices change their rela- tive orientation consistent with hinge-bending motions. Thus, the conversion from one backbone conformation to the other of CR II induces ... 191–203) upon binding of Glc. The position of the Glc contact residues N204 and D205 is indicated by an asterisk. (B, C) Demonstrating the related changes in the backbone conformation based on the structural ... mutation. Local torsional stresses induced by Glc binding and propagation of the conformational transition From the 3D structures of hGK [12], the overall molecular motion induced by Glc binding is...

... FAD is improved on removing the aromatic shielding residue, and that differen- tial binding affinities are not the major factor in coenzyme discrimination. In conclusion, using a domain dissection ... tryptophan in the isolated FAD domain of rat nNOS (F1395W, F1395S and F1395A) and by probing the thermodynamic and kinetic consequences of these mutations. We have studied the thermodynamic and kinetic ... Clearly, the environment of Trp1395 in the mutant FAD domain is perturbed on reduction of the fla- vin, and also on subsequent disproportionation of the domain to yield the blue neutral semiquinone...

... remain only as specula- tion, this negative charge might decrease intermolecular interactions needed for promotion of a b-sheet configur- ation. If this is the case, then protonation or binding ... protonation of histidines may induce rapid Ab aggregation by altering the positive charge density at the N-terminus of the Ab polypeptide chain. This increase in charge density may, in turn, increase the ... 13 and 14). Furthermore, several studies have shown that histidine 13 and 14 are involved in metal-ion binding [19,39,40]. Therefore, one possibility is that the binding of metal ions or protonation...

... phenomenon. The fold induction by TSA above the PMA-induced level is higher in C3H10T1 ⁄ 2 than Swiss 3T3 as the response to PMA alone is greater in the latter cell line. The effect of NaB on induced ... formation of bands b and c. This suggests that band a contains Sp1, band b con- tains both Sp1 and Sp3, and band c contains Sp3. Discussion HDACs usually act as transcriptional repressors, there- fore ... this is the HDAC inhibition profiles of all these HDACi are incomplete and are generally based upon semipurified protein fractions and in vitro assays. Finally, it is interesting to note that the...

... administered 20 minutes after tracer injection. With injection of the tracer, there is bolus visualization of the inferior vena Novel Insights on Chronic Kidney Disease, Acute Kidney Injury ... Appropriate excretion is observed in the left kidney and ureter both before and after administration of furosemide. On the right side, minimal excretion is demonstrated prior to and following the diuretic. ... considerations in describing and classifying the causes of obstructive nephropathy. One of the most important and useful distinctions is the anatomic level at which the obstruction occurs – namely, the...

... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION  REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?  Many Web applications require another server  authenticate users  Examine how information is passed between the two servers  Encrypted channels  Verify that logon and password information is stored on secure places  Authentication servers introduce a second target 44 37 34 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES  COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)  Top­10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)  Remote administration flaws  Attacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interface  Web and application server misconfiguration  Any Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable  to attack  Default accounts and passwords  Overly informative error messages 32 16 WEB FORMS  Use the <form> element or tag in an HTML document  Allows customer to submit information to the Web server  Web servers process information from a Web form by using a Web application  Easy way for attackers to intercept data that users  submit to a Web server 7 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES  COUNTERMEASURES  Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)  Open, not­for­profit organization dedicated to finding  and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applications  Publishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application  Security Vulnerabilities  Top­10 Web application vulnerabilities  Unvalidated parameters  HTTP requests are not validated by the Web server  Broken access control  Developers implement access controls but fail to test them  properly 29 USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGES  Dynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting  languages  VBScript  JavaScript  PHP 18 OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY  (ODBC) (CONTINUED)  ODBC defines  Standardized representation of data types  A library of ODBC functions  Standard methods of connecting to and logging on to a  DBMS 24 WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTS  Static Web pages  Created using HTML  Dynamic Web pages  Need special components  <form> tags  Common Gateway Interface (CGI)  Active Server Pages (ASP)  PHP  ColdFusion  Scripting languages  Database connectors 6 APACHE WEB SERVER  Tomcat Apache is another Web Server program  Tomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all  Web sites  Advantages  Works on just about any *NIX and Windows platform  It is free  Requires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE,  version 5.0) 15 ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB  APPLICATION DEVELOPED?  Several different platforms and technologies can  be used to develop Web applications  Attacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the application  Footprinting is used to find out as much information  as possible about a target system  The more you know about a system the easier it is to  gather information about its vulnerabilities 45 OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY  (ODBC)  Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access Group  ODBC interface allows an application to access  Data stored in a database management system  Any system that understands and can issue ODBC  commands  Interoperability among back­end DBMS is a key  feature of the ODBC interface 23 48 UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONS  It is nearly impossible to write a program without bugs  Some bugs create security vulnerabilities  Web applications also have bugs  Web applications have a larger user base than standalone  applications  Bugs are a bigger problem for Web applications 5 DOES THE WEB APPLICATION  CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE  SERVER? (CONTINUED)  Basic testing should look for  Whether you can enter text with punctuation marks  Whether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywords  Whether you can get any sort of database error when  attempting to inject SQL 43 DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE  DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?  Static Web pages do not create a security  environment  IIS attack example  Submitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web server  IIS does not correctly parse the URL  information  Attackers could launch a Unicode exploit http://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION  REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?  Many Web applications require another server  authenticate users  Examine how information is passed between the two servers  Encrypted channels  Verify that logon and password information is stored on secure places  Authentication servers introduce a second target 44 37 34 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES  COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)  Top­10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)  Remote administration flaws  Attacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interface  Web and application server misconfiguration  Any Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable  to attack  Default accounts and passwords  Overly informative error messages 32 16 WEB FORMS  Use the <form> element or tag in an HTML document  Allows customer to submit information to the Web server  Web servers process information from a Web form by using a Web application  Easy way for attackers to intercept data that users  submit to a Web server 7 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES  COUNTERMEASURES  Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)  Open, not­for­profit organization dedicated to finding  and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applications  Publishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application  Security Vulnerabilities  Top­10 Web application vulnerabilities  Unvalidated parameters  HTTP requests are not validated by the Web server  Broken access control  Developers implement access controls but fail to test them  properly 29 USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGES  Dynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting  languages  VBScript  JavaScript  PHP 18 OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY  (ODBC) (CONTINUED)  ODBC defines  Standardized representation of data types  A library of ODBC functions  Standard methods of connecting to and logging on to a  DBMS 24 WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTS  Static Web pages  Created using HTML  Dynamic Web pages  Need special components  <form> tags  Common Gateway Interface (CGI)  Active Server Pages (ASP)  PHP  ColdFusion  Scripting languages  Database connectors 6 APACHE WEB SERVER  Tomcat Apache is another Web Server program  Tomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all  Web sites  Advantages  Works on just about any *NIX and Windows platform  It is free  Requires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE,  version 5.0) 15 ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB  APPLICATION DEVELOPED?  Several different platforms and technologies can  be used to develop Web applications  Attacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the application  Footprinting is used to find out as much information  as possible about a target system  The more you know about a system the easier it is to  gather information about its vulnerabilities 45 OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY  (ODBC)  Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access Group  ODBC interface allows an application to access  Data stored in a database management system  Any system that understands and can issue ODBC  commands  Interoperability among back­end DBMS is a key  feature of the ODBC interface 23 48 UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONS  It is nearly impossible to write a program without bugs  Some bugs create security vulnerabilities  Web applications also have bugs  Web applications have a larger user base than standalone  applications  Bugs are a bigger problem for Web applications 5 DOES THE WEB APPLICATION  CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE  SERVER? (CONTINUED)  Basic testing should look for  Whether you can enter text with punctuation marks  Whether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywords  Whether you can get any sort of database error when  attempting to inject SQL 43 DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE  DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?  Static Web pages do not create a security  environment  IIS attack example  Submitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web server  IIS does not correctly parse the URL  information  Attackers could launch a Unicode exploit http://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION  REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?  Many Web applications require another server  authenticate users  Examine how information is passed between the two servers  Encrypted channels  Verify that logon and password information is stored on secure places  Authentication servers introduce a second target 44 37 34 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES  COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)  Top­10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)  Remote administration flaws  Attacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interface  Web and application server misconfiguration  Any Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable  to attack  Default accounts and passwords  Overly informative error messages 32 16 WEB FORMS  Use the <form> element or tag in an HTML document  Allows customer to submit information to the Web server  Web servers process information from a Web form by using a Web application  Easy way for attackers to intercept data that users  submit to a Web server 7 APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES  COUNTERMEASURES  Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP)  Open, not­for­profit organization dedicated to finding  and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applications  Publishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application  Security Vulnerabilities  Top­10 Web application vulnerabilities  Unvalidated parameters  HTTP requests are not validated by the Web server  Broken access control  Developers implement access controls but fail to test them  properly 29 USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGES  Dynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting  languages  VBScript  JavaScript  PHP 18 OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY  (ODBC) (CONTINUED)  ODBC defines  Standardized representation of data types  A library of ODBC functions  Standard methods of connecting to and logging on to a  DBMS 24 WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTS  Static Web pages  Created using HTML  Dynamic Web pages  Need special components  <form> tags  Common Gateway Interface (CGI)  Active Server Pages (ASP)  PHP  ColdFusion  Scripting languages  Database connectors 6 APACHE WEB SERVER  Tomcat Apache is another Web Server program  Tomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all  Web sites  Advantages  Works on just about any *NIX and Windows platform  It is free  Requires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE,  version 5.0) 15 ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB  APPLICATION DEVELOPED?  Several different platforms and technologies can  be used to develop Web applications  Attacks differ depending on the platform and technology used to develop the application  Footprinting is used to find out as much information  as possible about a target system  The more you know about a system the easier it is to  gather information about its vulnerabilities 45 OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY  (ODBC)  Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access Group  ODBC interface allows an application to access  Data stored in a database management system  Any system that understands and can issue ODBC  commands  Interoperability among back­end DBMS is a key  feature of the ODBC interface 23 48 UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONS  It is nearly impossible to write a program without bugs  Some bugs create security vulnerabilities  Web applications also have bugs  Web applications have a larger user base than standalone  applications  Bugs are a bigger problem for Web applications 5 DOES THE WEB APPLICATION  CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE  SERVER? (CONTINUED)  Basic testing should look for  Whether you can enter text with punctuation marks  Whether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywords  Whether you can get any sort of database error when  attempting to inject SQL 43 DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE  DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?  Static Web pages do not create a security  environment  IIS attack example  Submitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web server  IIS does not correctly parse the URL  information  Attackers could launch a Unicode exploit http://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/...