Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Chapter 14 - The federal reserve and monetary policy. This chapter presents the following content: The organization of the Federal Reserve System, reserve requirements, the deposit expansion multiplier, the tools of monetary policy, the feds effectiveness in fighting inflation and recession, the banking act of 1980.
Chapter 13 Money and Banking Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 131 Chapter Objectives • • • • The four jobs of money What money is M1, M2, and M3 The demand for money Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 132 Chapter Objectives • • • • • The origins of banking The creation and destruction of money Branch banking and bank chartering The FDIC The savings and loan debacle Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 133 The Four Jobs of Money • Medium of exchange • Standard of value • Store of value • Standard of deferred payment Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 134 Medium of Exchange • The most important job of money is to serve as a medium of exchange – When any good or service is purchased, people use money – Money makes it easier to buy and sell because money is universally accepted – Money, then, provides us with a shortcut in doing business • By acting as a medium of exchange, money performs its most important function Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 135 Standard of Value • Money is a common denominator in which the relative value of goods and services can be expressed – A job that pays $2 an hour would be nearly impossible to fill, while one paying $50 an hour would be swamped with applications – Does money work well as a standard of value? You tell me Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 136 Store of Value • If you could buy 100 units of goods and services with $100 in 1982, how many units could you buy with $100 in 2000? – Answer: you could have bought just 51 units – During this period, inflation robbed the dollar of almost half of its purchasing power • Over the long run, particularly since World War II, money has been a very poor store of value – However, over relatively short periods of time, say, a few weeks or months, money does not lose much of its value 137 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Standard of Deferred Payment • Many contracts promise to pay fixed sums of money well into the future – A couple of examples are 30year corporate bonds and a 20year mortgage Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 138 Standard of Deferred Payment • When Dave Winfield signed a 10year, $23 million contract with the New York Yankees in 1980, he really got stuck – Because over the next 10 years the consumer price index went up by almost 59% – Today when a professional ballplayer, entertainer, or virtually anyone else signs a longterm contract, she or he is generally protected by an escalator clause, which calls for increased payments to compensate for any future inflation Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 139 Standard of Deferred Payment • How well does money do its job as a standard of deferred payment? – About as well as it does as a store of value – Usually quite well in the short run, but not well at all over the long run of, say, three years or more Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1310 Financial Intermediaries – Financial intermediaries channel funds from savers to borrows • Basically, they repackage the flow of deposits, insurance premiums, pension contributions, and other forms of savings into larger chunks – $10,000, $1 million, $50 million, or even more • They pay low rates of interest to their lenders and charge relatively high rates to their borrowers – Sometime business borrowers dispense with financial middlemen altogether by borrowing directly from savers • The U.S. Treasury does this every month by issuing new bonds, certificates, notes, and bills • Large business borrows by issuing relatively shortterm commercial paper and longterm bonds Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1344 The Home Mortgage Market – In the home mortgage market banks and other financial intermediaries differentiate between the relatively well off and the less fortunate • Just over two thirds of all American families own their homes – Nearly all have outstanding mortgages • The conventional market provided well off homeowners mortgages at interest rates in the seventoeight range in 2000 and 2001 • The subprime market caters to poorer home homeowners and has interest rates that are double what they are in the conventional market Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1345 Welfare Banks • “Welfare banks” are check cashing stores – You will find one in virtually every poor neighborhood • They usually charge a fee of 1 to 3% of the value of the check, but some charge as much as 20% • Why don’t poor people go to banks? There are usually no banks in poor neighborhoods If you don’t have a required minimum balance, banks also charge pretty stiff fees People receiving public assistance are not allowed to have bank accounts 1346 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Creation and Destruction of Money • Banks create money by making loans – This money is created out of nothing – This money is new money in the form of additional demand deposits • Money is destroyed when a loan is repaid – When a loan is repaid, demand deposit accounts go down – This money disappears back into nothing • The interest that was paid does not disappear • The Federal Reserve can affect the bank’s ability to create money by increasing or decreasing the bank’s reserve requirements Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1347 Bank Regulation • Branch Banking – Banking is legally defined as accepting deposits – Branch banking , therefore, would be the acceptance of deposits at more than one location Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1348 Bank Regulation • The three types of branch banking – Three types of branch banking have evolved under various state laws • Unrestricted branch banking under which a bank may open branches through out the state • Limited branch banking under which a bank may be allowed to open branches only in contiguous communities • Unit banking in which state law forbids any branching whatsoever Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1349 Bank Regulation • Automated teller machines (ATMs) – Why shift to ATMs? • Processing a teller transaction costs more than double what an ATM transaction cost • By the end of 2000 there were about 250,000 ATMs doing more than 13 billion transaction a year • This could lead to a decline in branch offices Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1350 Bank Regulation • Automated teller machines (ATMs) – Should banks be allowed to charge fees to noncustomers? • Virtually all bankers and most economists would answer “Yes!” • Six out of seven ATM users don’t pay surcharges • Fees only hit users who go to ATMs not owned by their own bank • Banning ATM surcharges would leave consumers with fewer choices • We would all have to make do with fewer machines and longer lines Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1351 Bank Regulation • State and Nationally Chartered Banks – To operate a bank you must get a charter – More than twothirds of the nation’s banks have state charters, the rest have national charters – To get a bank charter you need to demonstrate three things • That your community needs a bank or an additional bank • That you have enough capital to start a bank • That you are of good character Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1352 Bank Regulation • State and Nationally Chartered Banks – To summarize • All nationally chartered banks must join the Federal Reserve System • All Federal Reserve member banks must join the FDIC • Only a small percentage of the statechartered banks are members of the Federal Reserve • Nearly all banks are members of the FDIC Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1353 Bank Regulation • Interstate Banking • Until 1994 interstate banking was technically illegal, although banks managed to engage in this practice by buying banks in other states and operating them as separate entities • The passage of the RiegleNeal Interstate Banking and Branching Act of 1994 swept away the last barriers to opening branches in different states Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1354 Bank Regulation • The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – After the massive bank failures of the 1930s, Congress set up the FDIC • The whole idea of the FDIC is to avert bank panics by assuring the public that the federal government stands behind the bank, ready to pay off depositors, if it should fail • The FDIC would rather pay another bank to take over ailing institutions rather than pay off its depositors (the FDIC has paid several hundred million dollars to a bank to get it to take over a failing bank) Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1355 Bank Regulation • The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – Is the FDIC in any danger of running out of money? – Not really – The Congress, the Federal Reserve, the Treasury, and all of the financial resources of the U.S. government are committed to the preservation of the FDIC – More than 99% of all banks are members of the FDIC Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1356 Bank Regulation • The Savings and Loan Debacle – In early 1990, the financial press was calling the S&L debacle the greatest financial scandal in the history of the United States – Incompetence, inordinate risktaking, poor supervision, and outright fraud all played prominent roles in the decline and fall of the savings and loan industry – The S&L mess will cost hundreds of billions of dollars to clean up – Guess who gets stuck with the bill? Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1357 Bank Regulation • Will the Commercial Banks Go the Way of the S&Ls? • From 1987 through 1989 the nation’s commercial were in big trouble – Nearly 200 banks were going under each year – Back in the midand late 1970s only about 10 a year failed • More banks will fail, but of the nation’s 8,000 commercial banks, there were less than a dozen bank failures from 1998 to 2000 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1358 .. .Chapter Objectives • • • • The four jobs of money What money is M1, M2, and M3 The demand for money Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 13 2 Chapter Objectives... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 13 12 Our Money Supply Federal Reserve Statistical Release, April 5, 2001 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 13 13 Our Money Supply: M1, M2, M3... 1970 Large-denomination time deposits 797 Other less liquid assets 550 Small-denomination time deposits 1049 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved M2 5111 13 17