Chapter 2 - Resource utilization. In this chapter, the following content will be discussed: Đefinition of economics, central fact of economics, the four economic resources, opportunity cost, full employment, full production, productive and allocative efficiency, enabling the economy to grow, the law of increasing cost.
Chapter 2 Resource Utilization Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 21 Chapter Objectives • • • • • • • • • Definition of economics Central fact of economics The four economic resources Opportunity cost Full employment Full production Productive and allocative efficiency Enabling the economy to grow The law of increasing cost Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22 Economics Defined • Economics is the efficient allocation of the scarce means of production toward the satisfaction of human wants – The means of production are limited – Human wants are unlimited Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 23 The Central Fact of Economics Is SCARCITY • Scarcity – Resources are the things society uses to produce goods and services • These resources are scarce (limited) • The economic problem – There are never enough resources to produce all of the goods and services that people want Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 24 Four Economic Resources • • • • Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurial ability Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 25 Land – Includes natural resources such as timber, oil, coal, iron ore, soil, water, as well as the ground in which these resources are found – Is used for the extraction of minerals and farming – Provides the site for factories, office buildings, shopping centers, homes, etc. – Produces “rent” Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 26 Labor – The work and time for which one is paid is what economists call “labor” – Money received for one’s labor is called wages and/or salaries – About twothirds of the total resource cost is the cost of labor Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27 Capital – Manmade goods used to produce other goods or services is what economists call “capital” • Examples are office buildings, stores, and factories – The money owners of “capital” receive is called “interest” – Capital is the MOST important of the four economic resources Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 28 Entrepreneurial Ability • The entrepreneur – – – – Sets up a business Assembles the needed resources Risks his/her own (or borrowed) money Makes a “profit” or incurs a “loss” • Is central to the American economy – 23 million businesses are virtually all entrepreneurs • The vast majority work for themselves or have one or two employees Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 29 Our Economic Problem Revisited • Limited resources versus unlimited wants • There are NOT enough resources to produce everything that everyone wants • Therefore, CHOICES must BE MADE! • Every CHOICE has an OPPORTUNITY COST associated with it! Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 210 Production Possibilities Curve Had to give up 2 units of butter 16 A B 14 Hypothetical Production Schedule Point Units of Butter Units of Guns A 15 0 B 14 1 C 12 2 D 9 3 E 5 4 F 0 5 In this particular instance, the opportunity cost of gaining one unit of guns was two units of butter C 12 10 D E F Units of guns To gain 1 unit of Guns When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give up some of the other thing Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 222 Production Possibilities Curve Had to give up 3 units of butter 16 A B 14 Hypothetical Production Schedule Point Units of Butter Units of Guns A 15 0 B 14 1 C 12 2 D 9 3 E 5 4 F 0 5 In this particular instance, the opportunity cost of gaining one unit of guns was three units of butter C 12 10 D E F Units of guns To gain 1 unit of Guns When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give up some of the other thing Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 223 Production Possibilities Curve Had to give up 4 units of butter 16 A B 14 Hypothetical Production Schedule Point Units of Butter Units of Guns A 15 0 B 14 1 C 12 2 D 9 3 E 5 4 F 0 5 In this particular instance, the opportunity cost of gaining one unit of guns was four units of butter C 12 10 D E F Units of guns To gain 1 unit of Guns When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give up some of the other thing Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 224 Production Possibilities Curve Had to give up 5 units of butter 16 A B 14 Hypothetical Production Schedule Point Units of Butter Units of Guns A 15 0 B 14 1 C 12 2 D 9 3 E 5 4 F 0 5 In this particular instance, the opportunity cost of gaining one unit of guns was five units of butter C 12 10 D E F Units of guns To gain 1 unit of Guns When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give up some of the other thing Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 225 When you are on the line (PPF), to get more of one thing you have to give up some of the other thing If you were at point G, it would be possible to move to point D or any other point on the line (PPF) and get more butter and more guns When you are at a point that is inside the line (PPF) it is possible to get more of both 16 A B 14 C 12 10 D G E F Units of guns Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 226 Points Inside and Outside the Production Possibilities Curve Frontier Point W represents output at more than full employment and is currently unattainable 16 14 A B W C 12 10 Where we usually are A Recession A Depression D X Y E Z F Units of guns Every point on the curve represents output at Full Employment Every point inside the curve represents output at less than Full employment Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 227 Productive Efficiency • Is attained when the maximum possible output of one good is produced, given the output of other goods – Productive efficiency occurs only when we are operating on the production possibilities curve – Productivity efficiency means that the output of one good cannot be attained with out reducing the output of some other good Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 228 Allocative Efficiency • When an efficient allocation of resources is attained, it is not possible to make any person better off without making someone else worse off – No resources are wasted when allocative efficiency is attained – No society has ever come close to allocative efficiency Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 229 Economic Growth • Best available technology • Expansion of labor – More or better trained labor • Expansion of capital – More or improved plant and equipment Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 230 Economic Growth • Consumption – Americans are consuming too much and producing too little • In the last 200 years to 1970 the U.S. economy averaged over 3% growth annually • Since 1970 the U.S. Economy has averaged slightly over 2% growth annually Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 231 Economic Growth • Saving – Americans are not saving enough • In the 1960s the savings rate was 6% • In 1986 the savings rate was 2% • In 2000 the savings rate was negative – Business firms are not investing enough in new plant and equipment • Private individuals and the federal government are running up debt Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 232 Production Possibilities Curves 15 PPC3 PPC2 10 PPC1 5 10 15 Units of guns A move from PPC to PPC to PPC represents economic growth Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 233 Production Possibilities Curves Over Time Country B Country A A B 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 PPC2001 PPC2001 10 B PPC1991 PPC1991 A 10 Units of consumer goods 15 Country A represents slower economic growth than Country B Country A capital goods is 3.8 units 10 Units of consumer goods 15 Country B represents much faster economic growth than Country A Country B capital goods is 7.0 units Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 234 PPF Practical Application Saving 10 cents on every dollar earned could result in the following: If you start by the time you are around 20 years old Assume you earn $1,000,000 in your working lifetime . . . 10% of this is $100,000 Assuming an average of 7% interest annually this would be worth $385,000 in 30 years. This means that by the time you are 4850 years old, interest on the $385,000 would give you $26,950 annually ($2,246 a month) for the rest of your life Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 235 Assume you live to be 7880 years old 30 years times $26, 950 a year would be an additional income of . . . . . . . . . . $808,500 Plus the initial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $385,000 Total additional income . . . . . .$1,193,500 All you would have sacrificed was NOT spending 10 cents on every dollar for 30 years The opportunity cost of NOT doing this is approximately $1,193,000 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 236 ... Enabling the economy to grow The law of increasing cost Copyright 20 02 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2 2 Economics Defined • Economics is the efficient allocation of the scarce means of production toward ... people want Copyright 20 02 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2 4 Four Economic Resources • • • • Land Labor Capital Entrepreneurial ability Copyright 20 02 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved... alternative that could have been chosen (i.e., study economics) Copyright 20 02 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2 12 Inherit $40,000 Two choices – buy a car or go to college