The objectives of this chapter are to introduce the international trade. Learning objectives of this chapter include: Specialization and trade, domestic exchange equations, absolute advantage and comparative advantage, tariffs or quotas.
Chapter 32 International Trade Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 321 Chapter Objectives • Specialization and trade • Domestic exchange equations • Absolute advantage and comparative advantage • Tariffs or quotas Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 322 Chapter Objectives • The causes of our trade imbalance • What can we do to restore our balance of trade? • Our trade deficits with Japan and China • U.S. Trade policy: A historical view Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 323 U.S. Trade before 1975 • We ran trade surpluses before 1975 and have run trade deficits since • We faced increasing trade competition in the 1960s • We have been running large and growing trade surpluses on services and growing trade deficits on goods Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 324 U.S. Tariffs, 18202000 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 325 A Century of High Protective Tariffs • Initially the tariff was purely a revenueraising device • After the War of 1812 the tariff took on a protective tinge • During the great depression, virtually every industrial power raised its tariffs to keep out foreign goods – This caused world trade to dwindle to a fraction of what it had been and probably made the depression a lot worse Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 326 International Trade • Recent years have seen a growing consensus in the United States that we need more import protection • Economic reasoning, however, argues strongly for free trade Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 327 Specialization and Trade • Specialization is the basis for international trade – Country A specializes in making the products that it can make most cheaply; Country B does the same – When they trade, each country will be better off than they would if they didn’t specialize and trade Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 328 Production Possibilities Curves A United States 80 A 70 60 B 50 B South Korea C 40 40 30 F G 30 D 20 H 20 10 I 10 E 10 20 30 VCRs 40 10 20 30 40 50 VCRs 60 70 J 80 The U.S. has to give up 20 copiers to get 10 VCRs To get 10 copiers South Korea has to give up 20 VCRs 2 copiers = 1 VCR 1 copier = 2 VCRs Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 329 Domestic Exchange Equations U.S. 2 copiers = 1 VCR S.K. 1 copier = 2 VCRs Instinct tells us that it that it would be best for each country to produce what it does best and to trade with the other Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3210 What Are the Causes of Our Trade Imbalance • The Rise of the Dollar – A rising dollar makes our exports more expensive and our imports cheaper • Our Low Saving Rate – Americans have become notoriously poor savers averaging less than 5% of their disposable income since the mid1980s – If you don’t save, you can’t invest and thus grow – American business firms have been left with one choice, borrow from foreigners • Foreigners have come here only because of our high interest rates Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3231 What Are the Causes of Our Trade Imbalance • The High Cost of Capital – Mainly because of our low savings rate and partly because of the huge federal budget deficits, high interest rates have discouraged investment in plant and equipment as well as in technological innovation • High Defense Spending – The defense expenditures of the United States have dwarfed those of every other industrial power – In a time of diminishing military tension, should we be diverting our dollars to defense from areas where they could be used more productively? Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3232 What Are the Causes of Our Trade Imbalance • Our Failing Educational System – The American educational system, once second to none, is now second to practically everyone • About onethird of all college freshman need remedial work in reading, writing, and arithmetic • This is why we used to go to K through 12 • Almost every college has special classes for students unprepared to do college work • One million new functional illiterates every year are not exactly job candidates for today’s high tech economy Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3233 What Are the Causes of Our Trade Imbalance • The Role of Multinationals – Since the 1960s multinational corporations began to move their manufacturing operations abroad to take advantage of lower wages available in low wage countries – Capital has long been much more mobile than labor, and that capital has been flowing very rapidly to low wage nations – Our import business is dominated by our own multinational corporations that have shifted their production overseas and put their name on the goods that are produced in other nations Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3234 What Are the Causes of Our Trade Imbalance • Since 1995 we have had one of the highest rates of economic growth of any industrial nation – Countries with high economic growth rates import more goods and services than they would if they had low growth rates – At the same time demand for U.S. exports has been lagging due to low growth rates in other industrial nations Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3235 What Can We Do? • Devalue the dollar—which would make our exports cheaper while imports would become more expensive – – – – – – We need to put a lid on consumption We need to save more We need to bring back the taxfree IRA We need to decrease defense spending We need to really educate our workforce We need protectionist legislation if our foreign competitors are, in fact, dumping goods below cost on our shores Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3236 U.S. Trade Deficit With Japan and China 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1998 1999 2000 3237 Japanese Trading Practices • Japanese dumping (selling many of their products below cost) is driving out American competitors • The fundamental difference between ourselves and the Japanese is quality – Better quality also means lower prices • We sell Japan agricultural products and buy manufactured products from them – This is a colonial relationship • The Japanese picks winners and then makes sure they win Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3238 Japanese Trading Practices • The Japanese consumer has long accepted a lower standard of living because it was necessary for the greater economic good – They are willing to pay more for goods they produce when they could have them cheaper if they imported the same good – Can you imagine Americans being willing to make that kind of sacrifice • Americans would not stand for restricting Japanese imports because they are addicted to Japanese goods Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3239 Our Trade Deficit With China • We began trading with China in the mid1970s • Although exports to China have grown rapidly, our exports are only about onequarter of our imports • We import so much from China because U.S. retailers are seeking the cheapest goods available and are finding them in China • The Chinese are making unauthorized copies of American movies, CDs, and computer software Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3240 Trading with China and Japan • There are more differences than similarities – Our trading position with Japan is much like a colony and a colonial power – We send airplanes, computers, movies, compact disk, cars, cigarettes, power generating equipment, and computer software to China in exchange for toys, clothing, shoes, and lowend consumer electronics Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3241 Trading with China and Japan • Japan has never been open to foreign direct investment • China has been open to foreign direct investment since the mid1980s • Japanese gains in production have led directly to the loss of millions of wellpaying American jobs • Chinese exports so far have generally not translated into job losses in the United States Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3242 Trading with China and Japan • The Chinese and the Japanese both insist on licensing agreements and largescale transfer of technology as the price for agreeing to imports • These agreements, of course, lead to eventual elimination of imports from the United States Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3243 Murray Weidenbaum “We are consuming more than we are producing, borrowing more than we are saving, and spending more than we are earning” Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3244 A Final Word • Reducing Our Overall Trade Deficit – We need to maintain our high rate of productivity growth and keep improving the quality of American goods and services – We need to lower our dependence on oil imports by raising the tax on gasoline – We need, somehow, to reduce our trade deficit with Japan – We need to do something about our rapidly rising trade deficit with China Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 3245 ... Tariffs or quotas Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 32 2 Chapter Objectives • The causes of our trade imbalance • What can we do to restore our balance of ... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 32 4 U.S. Tariffs, 18202000 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 32 5... the United States Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 32 27 Conclusion • Economics is all about the efficient allocation of scarce resources • There is no reason why this efficient allocation