The objectives of this chapter are to introduce perfect competition. After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: The characteristics of perfect competition; the perfect competitor’s demand curve; the short run and and the long run; economic and accounting profits; decreasing, constant, and increasing cost industries.
Chapter 22 Perfect Competition Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 221 Chapter Objectives • • • • • The characteristics of perfect competition The perfect competitor’s demand curve The short run and and the long run Economic and accounting profits Decreasing, constant, and increasing cost industries Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 222 Perfect Competition • Is the first of four competitive modes • It is a theoretical model that does not exist in the real world • This will serve as the standard by which we will measure the next three competitive models – Monopoly – Monopolistic Competition – Oligopoly Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 223 Definition of Perfect Competition • There are so many firms that no one firm is large enough to influence price – Either by withholding output from the market or by increasing its output • The firms are selling an identical product – A product is identical, in the minds of the buyers, if they have no reason to prefer one seller over another Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 224 Definition of Perfect Competition • The market has perfect mobility – No barriers to entry such as licenses, long term contracts, government franchises, patents, control over vital resources, etc – One possible exception is money • Perfect knowledge about the market exist – Everyone knows about every possible economic opportunity Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 225 The Perfect Competitor’s Demand Curve Firm Industry S D,MR 5 4 3 2 1 10 15 20 25 Output 30 D Output (in millions) The intersection of the industry supply and demand curve set the price that is taken by the individual firm, in this case $6 226 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Perfect Competitor’s Demand Curve Firm Industry S D,MR 5 4 3 2 1 10 15 20 25 Output 30 D Output (in millions) The perfect competitor faces a horizontal , or perfectly elastic, demand curve A firm with a perfectly elastic demand curve has an identical MR curve (MR=P) Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 227 The Perfect Competitor’s Demand Curve Firm Industry S D,MR 5 4 3 2 1 10 15 20 25 Output 30 D Output (in millions) The perfect competitor has to take the market price (it is a price taker!) Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 228 The Perfect Competitor’s Demand Curve Firm Industry S D,MR 5 30/4,000,000 = .0000075 75 10,000,000 D 1 10 15 20 25 Output 30 Output (in millions) Why is the individual firm’s demand curve flat instead of sloping down to the right? The individual firm’s output is between 0 & 30 units. The industry’s output in the millions. It is impossible for the individual firm to increase output enough to change the price even one cent. Theoretically, the individual firm’s demand curve slopes down and to the right ever so slightly. But we can’t see the slope, so we draw it horizontally and consider it perfectly elastic Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 229 The Perfect Competitor in the Short Run 20 MC 18 16 14 12 ATC 10 D,MR 0 10 12 Output 14 16 18 20 In the short run the perfect competitor may make a profit or lose money 2210 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Perfect Competitor in the Long Run 24 MC 23 22 ATC 21 20 19 Price = ATC D,MR 18 17 The most profitable level of output is 11.1 16 15 10 Output 15 20 In the long run the firm breaks even The ATC curve is tangent to the demand curve at the point where MC = MR ATC will equal price at the breakeven point (the minimum point on the ATC curve) 2222 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Perfect Competitor in the Long Run 24 MC 23 22 ATC 21 20 19 Price = ATC D,MR 18 17 The most profitable level of output is 11.1 16 15 10 Output 15 20 A firm operates at peak efficiency when it produces at the minimum point of its ATC. For the perfect competitor in the long run, the most profitable output is at the minimum point of its ATC because this is also where MC=MR Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2223 Efficiency • A firm operates at peak efficiency when it produces at the lowest possible cost – That would be the minimum point of its ATC curve ( the breakeven point) • For the perfect competitor in the long run, the most profitable output is at the minimum point of is ATC curve because this will be where MC=MR • Because of the degree of competition, the perfect competitor is forced to operate at peak efficiency – Other forms of competition do not force firms to operate at peak efficiency Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2224 Economic and Accounting Profits • Accounting profits are what is left over from sales (revenue) after a firm has paid all of its explicit cost – Explicit cost is the cost of doing business • rent, wages, cost of goods sold, fuel, taxes, etc Sales $200,000 Explicit cost 115,000 Accounting Profit 85,000 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2225 Economic and Accounting Profits • Economic profits are what is left over from accounting profits after a firm has subtracted its implicit cost – Implicit cost are a firm’s opportunity cost • the opportunity cost of any choice is the forgone value of the next best alternative Suppose you have invested $100,000 of your own money in your business. You could have earned $15,000 interest on this money. Instead of you and your spouse working 12 hours a day , seven days a week, you both could have earned $70,000 working for some one else. ($15,000 + $70,000 = $85,000 implicit cost) Accounting profit $ 85,000 Explicit cost 85,000 Economic Profit 0 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2226 Economic and Accounting Profits • Why stay in business if your economic profits are zero? – You are still making accounting profits – You wouldn’t do any better if you invested your money elsewhere and worked for someone else – You are your own boss by having your own business Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2227 Economic and Accounting Profits • When economic profits become negative, particularly if those losses are substantial and appear they may be permanent, more and more people will close their business – They will go to work for some one else – They will go into a different business • Market supply decreases and forces prices up – This process continues until people stop getting out Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2228 Economic and Accounting Profits • When economic profits become negative, particularly if those losses are substantial and appear they may be permanent, more and more people will close their business – They will go to work for some one else – They will go into a different business • Market supply decreases and forces prices up – This process continues until people stop getting out S2 S1 P2 P1 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2229 Economic and Accounting Profits • When there are economic profits (short run) more people are attracted into this type of business • Market supply increases and forces prices down – This process continues until people stop getting in – Economic profits are zero at this point (long run) – No one else wants to enter or leave Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2230 Economic and Accounting Profits • When there are economic profits (short run) more people are attracted into this type of business • Market supply increases and forces prices down – This process continues until people stop getting in – Economic profits are zero at this point (long run) – No one else wants to enter or leave S2 S1 P2 P1 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2231 Decreasing, Constant, and Increasing Cost Industries 200 180 ATC Decreasing costs 160 Increasing costs 140 Constant costs 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Output (in thousands) 60 65 70 75 80 85 Decreasing cost industries are characterized by firms operating on the declining segments of their ATC curves They can take advantage of economies of scale (discounts for buying larger quantities, declining AFC as output expands, lower cost from specialization, etc.) Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2232 Decreasing, Constant, and Increasing Cost Industries 200 180 ATC Decreasing costs 160 Increasing costs 140 Constant costs 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Output (in thousands) 60 65 70 75 80 85 Constant cost industries are where ATC does not change as output expands Economies of scale & diseconomies of scale are in balance (improvements in technology can help keep cost declining as output expands; improvements in production processes can increase quality and lower cost at the same time) Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2233 Decreasing, Constant, and Increasing Cost Industries 200 180 ATC Decreasing costs 160 Increasing costs 140 Constant costs 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Output (in thousands) 60 65 70 75 80 85 Increasing cost industries are where diseconomies of scale overwhelm economies of scale Examples of diseconomies of scale are managerial inefficiencies (the cost of maintaining a huge bureaucracy, increased difficulties of communication, duplication and waste, etc.) Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2234 Decreasing, Constant, and Increasing Cost Industries 200 180 ATC Decreasing costs 160 Increasing costs 140 Constant costs 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 Output (in thousands) 60 65 70 75 80 85 Factor cost wages, rent, and interest are by far the most important determinants of whether cost are falling, constant, or increasing Usually, factor cost will eventually rise, which ultimately makes every industry an increasing cost industry (but the range of output within which they often operate is one of decreasing or constant cost) Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2235 The Perfect Competitor’s Demand Curve Firm Industry S D,MR 5 30/4,000,000 = .0000075 75 10,000,000 D 1 10 15 20 Output 25 30 Output (in millions) The individual firm’s output is between 0 & 30 units. The industry’s output is in the millions. This firm would have to grow and expand output to between 80,000 units and 150,000 units to have any influence on price. Once it did, perfect competition would no longer exist in this industry Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 2236 ... ATC will equal price at the breakeven point (the minimum point on the ATC curve) 22 22 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Perfect Competitor in the Long Run 24 MC 23 22 ATC 21 20 19 Price = ATC D,MR... Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22 21 The Perfect Competitor in the Long Run 24 MC 23 22 ATC 21 20 19 Price = ATC D,MR 18 17 The most profitable level of ... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 22 9 The Perfect Competitor in the Short Run 20 MC 18 16 14 12 ATC 10 D,MR 0 10 12 Output 14 16 18 20 In the short run the perfect competitor may make a profit or lose money 22 10