Chapter 17 - Demand, supply, and equilibrium. Learning objectives of this chapter include: Individual and market demand, changes in demand, individual and market supply, changes in supply, graphing supply and demand curves, finding equilibrium price and quantity.
Chapter 17 Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 171 Chapter Objectives • • • • • • Individual and market demand Changes in demand Individual and market supply Changes in supply Graphing supply and demand curves Finding equilibrium price and quantity Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 172 Demand Defined • Demand is the schedule of quantities of a good or service that people will purchase at different prices – The law of demand: when the price of a good is lowered, more of it is demanded; When it is raised, less is demanded Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 173 Individual and Market Demand • The law of demand holds for both individuals and markets • Individual demand is the schedule of quantities that a person would purchase at different prices • Market demand is the schedule of quantities that everyone in the market would buy at different prices Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 174 Table 1 Hypothetical Individual Demand and Market Demand Schedules Quantity demanded by Venus 30 Price QD $30 0 P 24 25 2 r 20 3 15 3 i 10 4 c 5 5 e 18 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Quantity 175 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Table 1 Hypothetical Individual Demand and Market Demand Schedules Quantity demanded by Martina 30 Price QD $30 1 P 24 25 1 r 20 2 15 3 i 10 5 c 5 6 e 18 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Quantity 176 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Table 1 Hypothetical Individual Demand and Market Demand Schedules Quantity demanded by Serena 30 Price QD $30 2 P 24 25 3 r 20 5 15 6 i 10 7 c 5 7 e 18 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Quantity 177 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Table 1 Hypothetical Individual Demand and Market Demand Schedules Quantity demanded by Lindsay 30 Price QD $30 1 P 24 25 3 r 20 4 15 6 i 10 7 c 5 8 e 18 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Quantity 178 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Price Venus Martina Serena Lindsay Total $30 0 1 2 1 4 30 P 24 r i c e 18 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Quantity 179 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Price Venus Martina Serena Lindsay Total $30 0 1 2 1 4 $25 2 1 3 3 9 30 P 24 r i c e 18 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Quantity 1710 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved What Causes Changes in Supply – Expectation of price decreases • Suppliers will try to sell all they have before the price drops • The effect is that of increasing supply S2 S1 P2 P1 D Q2 Q1 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1756 Graphing the Demand and Supply Curves Hypothetical Demand Schedule Price Quantity Demanded(QD) $10 1 $ 9 2 $ 8 4 $ 7 7 $ 6 12 10 D Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Quantity 10 12 14 1757 Graphing the Demand and Supply Curves 10 Hypothetical Supply Schedule Price Quantity Supplied (QS) $10 14 $ 9 12 $ 8 9 $ 7 5 $ 6 1 S 6 10 12 14 Quantity Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1758 Graphing the Demand and Supply Curves Hypothetical Demand and Supply Schedules Price QD QS $10 1 14 $ 9 2 12 $ 8 4 9 $ 7 7 5 $ 6 12 1 10 S D 6 Quantity 10 12 14 The equilibrium point is where the demand and supply curves cross Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1759 Graphing the Demand and Supply Curves Hypothetical Demand and Supply Schedules Price QD QS $10 1 14 $ 9 2 12 $ 8 4 9 $ 7 7 5 $ 6 12 1 10 S D Equilibrium price is about $7.20 Quantity 10 12 14 Equilibrium quantity is 6 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1760 Graphing the Demand and Supply Curves Above equilibrium price there are surpluses Price always tends toward equilibrium. If price is above equilibrium, sellers will lower prices until the price declines to the equilibrium price 10 Price Price Price S D Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Quantity 10 12 14 1761 Graphing the Demand and Supply Curves Below equilibrium price there are shortages 10 S Price always tends toward equilibrium. If price is below equilibrium, buyers will bid prices up until the price rises to the equilibrium price Price Price Price D Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Quantity 10 12 14 1762 Finding Equilibrium Price and Quantity If we draw our graphs accurately, we can usually find equilibrium price and quantity in a couple of seconds, especially if we’ve used graph paper. But sometime we need to do further analysis to find really accurate equilibrium prices and quantities Hypothetical Demand and Supply Schedule Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied $15 2 19 $14 4 17 $13 7 12 $12 12 6 $11 20 3 How much is the equilibrium price? Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1763 Finding Equilibrium Price and Quantity Hypothetical Demand and Supply Schedule Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied $15 2 19 $14 4 17 $13 7 12 $12 12 6 $11 20 3 How much is the equilibrium price? First we add a “Units apart” column Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1764 Finding Equilibrium Price and Quantity Hypothetical Demand and Supply Schedule Price Quantity Demanded Units Apart Quantity Supplied $15 2 17 19 $14 4 13 17 $13 7 5 12 $12 12 6 6 $11 20 17 3 How much is the equilibrium price? First we add a “Units apart” column Equilibrium price is closer to $13 than to $12 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1765 Finding Equilibrium Price and Quantity Hypothetical Demand and Supply Schedule Price Quantity Demanded Units Apart Quantity Supplied $15 2 17 19 $14 4 13 17 $13 7 5 12 $12 12 6 6 $11 20 17 3 How much is the equilibrium price? First we add a “Units apart” column Equilibrium price is a little closer to $13 than to $12 Therefore, equilibrium price has to be something greater than $12.50 and less than $13 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1766 Hypothetical Demand and Supply Schedule Price Quantity Demanded Units Apart Quantity Supplied $15 2 17 19 $14 4 13 17 $13 7 5 12 $12 12 6 6 $11 20 17 3 How much is the equilibrium quantity? Equilibrium quantity demanded is closer to 7 than 12. The midpoint between 12 and 7 is 9.5. Therefore, we know the equilibrium quantity demanded must be something less than 9.5 Equilibrium quantity supplied is closer to 12 than 6. The midpoint between 12 and 6 is 9. Therefore, we know the equilibrium quantity supplied is something more than 9.0 The equilibrium quantity has to be between 9.0 and 9.5. Anything between 9.1 and 9.4 would be acceptable. I would split the difference and say 9.2 or 9.3 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1767 Graph of the Previous Demand and Supply Schedule S 15 14 13 $12.60 plus or minus .05 is about the best you can do 12 D 11 12 16 20 Quantity Remember, equilibrium price has to be something greater than $12.50 and less than $13 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1768 Graph of the Previous Demand and Supply Schedule S 15 14 13 $12.60 plus or minus .05 is about the best you can do 12 D 11 12 16 20 Quantity Remember, the equilibrium quantity has to be between 9.0 and 9.5. Anything between 9.1 and 9.4 would be acceptable. I would split the difference and say 9.2 or 9.3 In this instance, this technique proved useful Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1769 Is This Type of Analysis Necessary? • It isn’t when you’ve got an equilibrium price or quantity that is clearly closer to one figure than to another – You will be able to spot this when you draw your graph • But when the demand and supply curves cross about halfway between two figures, then you will need to go back to the original schedule to figure out more precisely where the equilibrium point lies Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1770 ... 30 40 50 Quantity Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 17 17 An Increase in Demand An increase in demand is an increase in the quantity people are willing to purchase at all prices... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 17 23 Changes in Demand As long as we remain on the same curve, there is no change in demand E G I F H Move from point H to point I A change in quantity in demanded 17 24 Copyright ... raised, less is demanded Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 17 3 Individual and Market Demand • The law of demand holds for both individuals and markets •