Beginning C# Object- Oriented Programming ■ ■ ■ Dan Clark Beginning C# Object-Oriented Programming Copyright © 2011 by Dan Clark All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-3530-9 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-3531-6 Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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You will need to answer questions pertaining to this book in order to successfully download the code. iv Contents ■ About the Author xii ■ About the Technical Reviewer xiii ■ Acknowledgments xiv ■ Introduction xv ■ Chapter 1: Overview of Object-Oriented Programming 1 The History of OOP 1 Why Use OOP? 2 The Characteristics of OOP 3 Objects 3 Abstraction 3 Encapsulation 4 Polymorphism 4 Inheritance 5 Aggregation 5 The History of C# 5 Summary 6 ■ Chapter 2: Designing OOP Solutions: Identifying the Class Structure 7 Goals of Software Design 7 Understanding the Unified Modeling Language 8 Developing a SRS 9 Introducing Use Cases 10 Understanding Class Diagrams 18 Modeling Object Relationships 19 Association 19 Inheritance 20 Aggregation 21 Association Classes 21 ■ CONTENTS v Summary 26 ■ Chapter 3: Designing OOP Solutions: Modeling the Object Interaction. 29 Understanding Scenarios 29 Introducing Sequence Diagrams 30 Message Types 32 Recursive Messages 33 Message Iteration 34 Message Constraints 35 Message Branching 35 Understanding Activity Diagrams 42 Decision Points and Guard Conditions 43 Parallel Processing 43 Activity Ownership 44 Exploring GUI Design . 48 GUI Activity Diagrams 49 Interface Prototyping 50 Interface Flow Diagrams 51 Application Prototyping 52 Summary 52 ■ Chapter 4: Designing OOP Solutions: A Case Study 55 Developing an OOP Solution 55 Creating the System Requirement Specification 56 Developing the Use Cases 57 Diagramming the Use Cases 59 Developing the Class Model 61 Identifying the Classes 61 Adding Attributes to the Classes 63 Identifying Class Associations. 65 Modeling the Class Behaviors 66 Developing the User Interface Model Design 70 Avoiding Some Common OOP Design Pitfalls 74 Summary 75 ■ Chapter 5: Introducing the .NET Framework and Visual Studio 77 Introducing the .NET Framework. 77 Goals of the .NET Framework 77 ■ CONTENTS vi Support of Industry Standards 77 Extensibility 78 Unified Programming Models 78 Easier Deployment 78 Improved Memory Management 79 Improved Security Model 79 Components of the .NET Framework 79 Common Language Runtime 80 Framework Base Class Library 80 Data Classes 80 Windows Applications 81 Web Applications 81 Application Services 81 Working with the .NET Framework 82 Understanding Assemblies and Manifests 82 Referencing Assemblies and Namespaces 82 Compiling and Executing Managed Code 83 Using the Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment 83 Customizing the IDE 84 Creating a New Project 86 Investigating the Solution Explorer and Class View 87 Exploring the Toolbox and Properties Window 91 Building and Executing the Assembly 94 Stepping Through Code 95 Setting Conditional Breakpoints 97 Locating and Fixing Build Errors 99 Summary 100 ■ Chapter 6: Creating Classes 101 Introducing Objects and Classes 101 Defining Classes 102 Creating Class Properties 102 Creating Class Methods 103 Defining the Employee Class 105 Testing the Employee Class 107 Using Constructors 107 Overloading Methods 108 Creating and Overloading Class Constructors 110 ■ CONTENTS vii Testing the Employee Class Constructors 111 Overloading a Class Method 112 Testing the Overloaded Update Method 113 Summary 114 ■ Chapter 7: Creating Class Hierarchies 115 Understanding Inheritance 115 Creating Base and Derived Classes 116 Creating a Sealed Class 117 Creating an Abstract Class 117 Using Access Modifiers in Base Classes 117 Overriding the Methods of a Base Class 122 Calling a Derived Class Method from a Base Class 123 Calling a Base Class Method from a Derived Class 124 Overloading Methods of a Base Class 125 Hiding Base Class Methods 125 Implementing Interfaces 129 Understanding Polymorphism 130 Summary 135 ■ Chapter 8: Implementing Object Collaboration 137 Communicating Through Messaging 137 Defining Method Signatures 137 Passing Parameters 138 Understanding Event-Driven Programming 139 Understanding Delegation 139 Implementing Events 140 Responding To Events 141 Windows Control Event Handling 141 Handling Exceptions in the .NET Framework 147 Using the Try-Catch Block 147 Adding a Finally Block 148 Throwing Exceptions 149 Nesting Exception Handling 149 Static Properties and Methods 150 Using Asynchronous Messaging 155 Summary 161 ■ CONTENTS viii ■ Chapter 9: Working with Collections 163 Introducing the .NET Framework Collection Types 163 Working with Arrays and Array Lists 165 Using Generic Collections 175 Programming with Stacks and Queues 179 Summary 180 ■ Chapter 10: Implementing the Data Access Layer 181 Introducing ADO.NET 181 Working with Data Providers 182 Establishing a Connection 183 Executing a Command 184 Using Stored Procedures 185 Using the DataReader Object to Retrieve Data 186 Using the DataAdapter to Retrieve Data 187 Working with DataTables and DataSets 193 Populating a DataTable from a SQL Server Database 194 Populating a DataSet from a SQL Server Database 195 Establishing Relationships between Tables in a DataSet 196 Editing Data in the DataSet 197 Working with the Entity Framework 204 Querying Entities with LINQ to EF 206 Updating Entities with the Entity Framework 207 Summary 213 ■ Chapter 11: Developing Windows Applications 215 Windows Fundamentals 215 Introducing XAML 216 Using Layout Controls 217 Adding Display Controls 218 Using the Visual Studio Designer 219 Handling Control Events 220 Creating and Using Dialog Boxes 226 Presenting a MessageBox to the User 227 Creating a Custom Dialog Box 229 ■ CONTENTS ix Data Binding in Windows-Based GUIs 230 Binding Controls Using a DataContext 230 Creating and Using Control and Data Templates 237 Summary 242 ■ Chapter 12: Developing Web Applications 243 What Is Silverlight? 243 Creating a Silverlight Application 244 Using Layout Controls 245 Adding Display Controls 246 Handling Control Events 247 Data Binding in Silverlight 251 Validating and Converting Data 259 Summary 263 ■ Chapter 13: Developing and Consuming WCF Services 265 What Are Services? 265 Creating a WCF Web Service 266 Consuming a WCF Web Service 270 Using Data Contracts 272 WCF Data Services 279 Summary 285 ■ Chapter 14: Developing the OSO Application 287 Revisiting Application Design 287 Building the OSO Application’s Data Access and Business Logic Layers 289 Creating the OSO Application UI 300 Summary 312 ■ Chapter 15: Wrapping Up 313 Improve Your Object-Oriented Design Skills 314 Investigate the .NET Framework Namespaces 314 Become Familiar with ADO.NET and the Entity Framework 314 Learn More About WPF and Silverlight 315 Move Toward Component-Based Development 315 Find Help 315 Join a User Group 315 ■ CONTENTS x Please Provide Feedback 316 Thank You and Good Luck 316 ■ Appendix A: Fundamental Programming Concepts 317 Working with Variables and Data Types 317 Understanding Elementary Data Types 318 Integral Data Types 318 Non-Integral Data Types 318 Character Data Types 319 Boolean Data Type 319 Date Data Type 319 Object Data Type 319 Nullable Types 320 Introducing Composite Data Types 320 Structures 320 Arrays 320 Classes 321 Looking at Literals, Constants, and Enumerations 321 Literals 321 Constants 322 Enumerations 322 Exploring Variable Scope 323 Block-Level Scope 323 Procedure Scope 323 Module Scope 324 Understanding Data Type Conversion 324 Implicit Conversion 324 Explicit Conversion 325 Widening and Narrowing Conversions 325 Working with Operators 325 Arithmetic Operators 325 Comparison Operators 326 Logical Operators 327 Ternary Operator 328 Introducing Decision Structures 328 If Statements 328 Switch Statements 329 ■ CONTENTS xi Using Loop Structures 330 While Statement 330 Do-While Statement 330 For Statement 331 For Each Statement 331 Introducing Methods 331 ■ Appendix B: Exception Handling in C# 333 Managing Exceptions 333 Using the .NET Framework Exception Classes 335 ■ Appendix C: Installing the Required Software 337 Installing the Sample Databases 337 Verifying the Database Installs 338 ■ Index 383 [...]... 2008 at www.msdn.microsoft.com xvi CHAPTER 1 ■■■ Overview of Object-Oriented Programming To set the stage for your study of object-oriented programming and C#, this chapter will briefly look at the history of object-oriented programming and the characteristics of an object-oriented programming language You will look at why object-oriented programming has become so important in the development of industrial-strength... for this book is the beginning C# programmer who wants to gain a foundation in object-oriented programming along with the C# language basics Programmers transitioning from a procedural-oriented programming model to an object-oriented model will also benefit from this book In addition, there are many Visual Basic (VB) programmers who want to transition to C# Before transitioning to C#, it is imperative... how C# has evolved into one of the leading application programming languages After reading this chapter, you will be familiar with the following: • What object-oriented programming is • Why object-oriented programming has become so important in the development of industrial-strength applications • The characteristics that make a programming language object-oriented • The history and evolution of C#. .. fundamentals of object-oriented programming Because the experience level of a “beginner” can vary immensely, I have included a primer in Appendix A that discusses some basic programming concepts and how they are implemented in C# I would suggest you review these concepts if you are new to programming xv ■ INTRODUCTION Organization of the Book This book is organized into three parts: Part 1 delves into object-oriented. .. object-oriented programming methodology and design—concepts that transcend a particular programming language The concepts presented are important to the success of an objectoriented programming solution regardless of the implementation language chosen At the conclusion of this part, a case study walks you through the steps of modeling a real-world application Part 2 looks at how object-oriented programming. .. concepts of object-oriented programming methodology and design To compound the problem, most introductory programming books and training classes skim over these concepts or, worse, don’t cover them at all It is my hope that this book fills this void My goal in writing this book is twofold First, to provide you with the information you need to understand the fundamentals of programming in C# Second and... implement the solution using C# Along the way, you will learn about the fundamentals of software design, the Unified Modeling Language (UML), objectoriented programming, C#, and the NET Framework Because this is an introductory book, it’s meant to be a starting point for your study of the topics it presents As such, this book is not designed to make you an expert in object-oriented programming and UML; nor... OVERVIEW OF OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING OOP concepts started surfacing in the mid-1960s with a programming language called Simula and further evolved in the 70s with advent of Smalltalk Although software developers did not overwhelmingly embrace these early advances in OOP languages, object-oriented methodologies continued to evolve In the mid-80s there was a resurgence of interest in object-oriented. .. application Part 2 looks at how object-oriented programming is implemented in C# You will look at creating class structures, creating hierarchies, and implementing interfaces This part also introduces object interaction and collaboration You will see how the object-oriented programming topics discussed in Part 1 are transformed into C# coding constructs Part 3 covers creating NET applications You will learn... fundamentals of programming in C# Second and more importantly, to present you with the information required to master the higher-level concepts of object-oriented programming methodology and design This book provides the knowledge you need to architect an object-oriented programming solution aimed at solving a business problem As you work your way through the book, you will learn first how to analyze the business . Beginning C# Object- Oriented Programming ■ ■ ■ Dan Clark Beginning C# Object-Oriented Programming Copyright © 2011 by. Overview of Object-Oriented Programming To set the stage for your study of object-oriented programming and C#, this chapter will briefly look at the history of object-oriented programming. is the beginning C# programmer who wants to gain a foundation in object-oriented programming along with the C# language basics. Programmers transitioning from a procedural-oriented programming