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TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC MO TP HCM SO 5 (38) 2014 91 NHfNG HAN CH£ TRONG PHl/ONG PHAP DAY VA HOC MON Vmx TAI KHOA NGOAI NGlT TRlTOfNG DAI HOC Md TP HCM Ngaynhanbai 12/05/2014 Pftam Vd Phi Hd'''' N[.]
TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC MO TP.HCM -SO (38) 2014 91 NHfNG HAN CH£ TRONG PHl/ONG PHAP DAY VA HOC MON Vmx TAI KHOA NGOAI NGlT TRlTOfNG DAI HOC Md TP.HCM Ngaynhanbai: 12/05/2014 Ngay nhan lai: 16/07/2014 Ngay duyet dang: 18/08/2014 Pftam Vd Phi Hd' TOM TAT Phucmg phdp dgy vd hgc mdn Viet dugc cdc nhd nghien cuu tren the gidi Ididng ngimg nghien cuu nhiiu ndm Cdc khuynh hudng nhu Viit theo 'sdn phdm' hay viit iheo 'tiin trinh ludn dugc cdc nhd nghien ciru quan tdm Tuy nhien, rdt it nghien ciru dugc thuc hien tgi khoa Ngogi ngU Bgi hgc Md TP.HCM di tim hiiu nhiiTig hgn chi cua mgt sd hogt ddng dang dirge cdc gidng vien thuc hien cdc lap dgy vd hgc mdn Viit hgc thudt DH lieu dinh hrgng va dfnh tinh cua bdi nghien ciru ndy cho thay rdng mac dii cdc gidng vien da cho sinh vien thuc tap viet nhieu cdc lap hgc Viit, cdc di tdi Viil gidng vien dua chua hodn todn phii hgp vai quan tdm cua sinh viin Viic gdp y - chinh sua bdi viit aia gidng vien chu trgng qua nhieu din 'bi mat' cua bdi viit Gidng vien chua tdn dung hit khd ndng sdn cd cua sinh viin di ddo tgo vd giup hg tu gdp y~ chinh sua bdi viil cho di gidm thiiu tdi da cdng viic chdm bdi cua gidng vien Vd cudi cung, hdu nhu rdt it gidng viin cho sinh vien viit bdi ludn ddi (project) sudt khda hoc md hogt ddng ndy dd vd dang dugc nhiiu nhd nghien ciru tren thi giai dp dung vao lap gidng dgy cua ho Vai nhirng phdn tich cu thi, bdi nghiin ciru ndy gai nhitng dieu can ldm de giup sinh viin dai hgc co thi vugt qua nhiing khd khdn viec hgc mdn Viet Tit klida: gdp y- chinh sira bdi viit, md hinh, hgn che hgc nhdm, phdt trien y tuang ABSTRACT Methods of teaching and learning Academic Writing has been a heated phenomenon in research around the world during the last decades in which approaches of writing pruducls or writing process were in debates However, few research studies have been conducted at the Faculty of Foreign Languages of HCMC OV to explore the drawbacks of teaching activities employed in the writing classrooms Qualitative and quantitative analysis indicates that though the lecturers provided variety of writing practices to help students improve their writing skills, the writing topics delivered by the lecturers were not in students' interests Lecturer feedback focused much on the 'surface' of the writing Also, the lecturers did not train students to know how to provide comments on each other's essays, which might help the lecturers reduce the amount of work that they had to deal with big-size classes in the process of evaluating the students' writings Finally, almost no lecturer assigned students to writing projects during the writing courses The study points out some essential guidelines to help undergraduate students overcome their difficulties in learning Academic Writing Keywords: Feedback, model of teaching, drawbacks, learning in groups, developing ideas I XS Trirong Dgi hpe Mo TP.HCM Email: phamvuphiho@gmail.( 4i CHiNH TRI - GlAO DUC - XA HOI I Muc dich nghien cwu Nhin chung, phuong phap day Viet a Viet Nam hien chu vao kel qua cua bai viet ban la xem viec ky nang viet nhu mot ky nang can dugc cai lien moi (Tran, 2000; Nguyen, 2002; Nguyin, 2004; Kim, 2006) Khi cbo dk tai eho hoc sinh/sinb vien viet, giang vien thuang chi cho sinh vien viet mpt lan roi sau nop bai (Tran, 2000) hon la huong dan sinh vien gop y - chinh sua bai viet cho nhau, roi sua bai I^i nhieu lan truac nop cho giang vien Viec dan den kba nang viet cua hoc vien luon bi giai han, khong CO CO hOi de sua lai bai viet, Do do, sinh vien luon bi ap Iuc mon hoe Dieu xay khong chi rieng a Viet Nam, a Nhal Ban Herder va King (2012) eung eong nhan rang giang vien a cac lop day Viet khong cung cap cho hoe vien dti co hoi de tbuc tap ky nang Viet Neu sinh vien it dugc tao ca hoi de thue tap viet thi kinh nghi?m viet eua bg se rat giai ban dCi bg hgc a b^t cu nai nao Th^m cbi, Bacha va Bahous (2007) noi rang cho dii kha nSng noi tieng Anh eiia sinh vi^n co gioi di nu'a kliong cd nghTa la hp dat den trinh can thiet de viet gioi Theo kinh nghiem day mon Viet hgc thuat cua lae gia bai ngbien euu nay, de phat trien ky nang viet cua sinh vien, giang vien eSn giup sinh vien thuc tap viet bai nhieu suot khoa hoc Cho dii giang vien CO gioi den each may ma khong cho sinh vien thue tap viet bai thuang xuyen, thi ky nang viet eiia sinh vien ciing khong the hoae rat kho CO thd tien trien dugc Ngoai Hen quan den van de chinh sCra bai viet, Nguyin Thi Kieu Thu (2002) noi rang rat il giang vien sira bai viet cho sinh vien, va neu co thi viee sua bai cbo sinh vien cung dua tren sua doi ve mat ngOr phap, tu vung bon la chii trgng nhilu d^n mat npi dung Va nhu vay, sinh vien chi viet cho mgt doi tugng dgc nbat la giang vien lap, chu khong phue vu cho cgng d6ng Han nOa, Nguyin Tbi Kieu Thu (2002) cung n6i rang day la chinh sach cua Nha truong, nhan thuc eua hoc vien va ap luc ciia viec tbi cu Tom Iai phan nhieu giang vien day mon viet a Viet Nam theo khuynli buong san pham hon la qua trinh vilt Muc dich cua bai ngbien cuu la de tim hieu xem giang vien t^i Khoa Ngoai ngir (KNN) DH Mo TP HCM da va dang sir dung hgp Ie cac hoat dgng viec day mon Viet va cac ban chl cac hoat dpng/pbuang phap la gi va nen duge cai lien nhu the nao dua tbeo khuynh huong nghien cuu ehung ciia cac nha khoa hgc tien the gioi Bai nghien euu truac day ciia tac gia bai (Pham Vu Phi Ho, 2013) tim hidu mpt s6 boat dgng viec giang day mon Viet hoc tiiuat tai Khoa Ngoai ngir, DH Mo TP.HCM tim thay rang giang vien co eho sinh vien tham gia cac hoat dgng bpe nhom, va gop y- ehinh sua bai viet eho Tuy nhien, bai ngbien cuu eon gioi ban ve so lugng mlu nghien cuu (chi nghien cuu tren cac doi tupng ciia cac lap Viet va 3) va phuong phap nghien cuu Ngoai ra, cbi co so lieu mang tinh dinh lupng dugc tbu thap va phan tich Do do, nhiing thong tin sau xa ban can duge Iam ro bSng viee phan lieh eae dii lieu mang linh dinh tinh, va mau nghien euu nen dugc thue hien Ion hon tren cac doi tugng day va hgc mon Viet 1, 2, va tai Khoa Ngoai ngii Day la nhiing Iy nen tang cho mue dich eiia bai nghien cuu Cau hoi nghien ciiu chinh eho bai la "cac giang vien Khoa Ngoai ngu DH Mo TP HCM day mon Viet Hgc Thuat tbuc hien eae boat dong nao cac lop hoc Viet? Co nhiing ban che nao can dupc cai lien?" Phirong phap nghien cuu NgO- cdnh vd mdu nghien cdru Tong so sinh vien ciia eae lop Vilt 1, va hoc ky II va III cua nam hge 2011 - 2012 cua Khoa Ngoai ngii truang Dai hoc Mo TP HCM, la 996 sinh vien T6ng so mlu nghidn euu dugc lua chpn ngiu nhien tbeo danh sach eae lop la 629 sinh vidn/I4 lop hoc Viet Tuy nhien, vao phat philu khao sat, ngucri nghien ciiii chi tbu vl dugc 402 philu so 520 ban cau hoi dugc phdt ra, tiic khoang 64% so voi long so sinh vien ngir canh nghien eiiu, va 77% so vai s6 sinh vien mau ebpn nghien cuu Dilu la mpt so sinh vien khong tham gia lap hpe hom do, va mot so khong tra Iai phieu khao sat Tuy nhien, qua trinb nhap du lieu, tae gia bai chi chgn Igc dugc 399 philu tra lai hpp Iy philu chi dupc chpn mpt vai TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRUONG OAI HOC MO TP.HCM -SO (38) 2014 cau va bo ir6ng ^rong hai hpe ky nay, co tAt ca sau giang vien Iham gia giang day Vilt 1, & 3, ti'ong ??.^^^ "^91 giang vien la tac gia nghien cuu eiia bai Ba giang vien dugc moi tham gia vao viec Ihu ihap dii Heu (phong v5n), g6m co hai (02) giang vidn eo hiru va mgt (01) giang vien thinh giang Ba khoa hoc Vilt tiong su6t thoi gian dugc nghien cuu sii dung bo giao tiinh Effective Academic Writing (EAW), tam dich la Phuong phap Vilt c6 hieu qua Giao trinb EAW cua cac tac gia Alice Savage va Masoud Sbafiel dugc nha xudn ban OxfonJ University Press xuil ban vao nam 2007 Npi dung chinb duge dung dl dao tgo sinh vien viet a cdp Doan Van (Paragraphs) Giao trinb EAW nham din viec dao tao smh vien viet nhiing bai luan ngan (The short essay) ciia cac tac gia Alice Savage va Patricia Mayer dugc Oxford University Press xudt ban nam 2005; va giao trinh EAW nhdm din viee dao lao sinh vien vilt eae b^i Iu|n hoan chinh (The Essay) Hai tac gia ciia giao trinh la Jason Davis va Rhonda Liss dugc xudn ban nam 2006 Thiet ke nghien cuu Ban nghien ciiu dugc thuc bien nhu mOt nghien cuu tham (exploratory research or descriptive research) de tim bieu hien trang day va bpe mon Viet tieng Anh tai KNN DHM Tp HCM Nguoi nghien cuu cua de lai ket hgp ca phuang phap dinb tinh lan dinh lugng Xet theo khia canh dinb lugng, nhom nghien cuu thiet ke bang cau hoi khao sal theo binh thuc vua lay thong tin vira su dung Likert's scales tu (hoan toan khong d6ng y) din (hoan loan dong y) Con vl khia canh dinh tinh, nbom nghien cuu su dung phuang phap phong vdn Dung cu ngiiien cuu Cdu hdi khdo sdt vd phdng vdn DG lieu dinh luong dugc thu thap tbong qua ban eau hoi khao sal gdm 13 cau dugc phong theo ban nghien ciiu truoc eiia lac gia bai ngbien cuu (Phgm Vu Phi H6 2013) NhCtiig cau hoi duge thilt kl theo dang Likert's scale, danb gia tu (hoan loan khong dong y) den (hoan loan dong y) Hay noi each khac, tii den la khong dong y va lu den la dong y Muc dich cua cac cau boi la nham tim hieu ve cac boat dpng day va hpe mon Viet va cac boat dgng gop y-chinh sua bai viet Du lieu djnh tinh dugc tiiu thap qua mau phong van De hieu ro nhiing gi giang vien thuc hien lop va ly tai cac giang vien thuc hien nhirng boat dpng ay, nguai nghien eiiu da tien hanh phong van 03 giang vien day mon Viet, gom 02 giang vien ca hiiu va Oi giang vien thinh giang Vi muc dich ciia bai nghien cihi la de tim hieu thong tin thuc trang, nen nhung cau hoi eho viec phong van dupc chuan bi theo timg ITnh vuc Theo hinh tbiic nay, Oppenheim (1999) ggi la phong van mang linh tham (exploratory interview), hay phdng van theo phong each tu (fi-ee-style interview) Muc dich cua the loai phong van eiing la de tim hieu ve kinh nghiem ciia mau phong van de phat trien y tuang cho gia thuyet bai nghien cuu hon la de tbu thap chiing ea hoac eon so mang tinh thong ke Theo quan diem cua Wilkinson va Birmingham (2003) thi day la the loai phong van ban cau true (semi-struelured interview) Day la the loai phong van kba uyen ehuyen vi ehii de va mgt so npi dung de phong van la ngudi phdng van dua cdn nhirng ngi dung khac de thao luan la dua vao nhiing van de tiong tra ldi eua mau phdng van Ket qua eua phdng van se dugc mo la phan phan tich ket qua dinh tinh xoay quanh cae boat dpng ve \iec day va hgc mdn Viet eua bai ngbien cim Tiin trinb thu thdp die lieu Tac gia bai nghien cihi dau lien lien he vdi van phdng Khoa Ngoai ngii de lay thong tin ve cac lop hgc ciing nhu gid hgc cua timg mon Viet Khi lay thdng tin ve cac ldp hgc Viet, tac gia ciing xin sd dien thoai ciia limg giang vien phu tiach cae lop de lien he xin gid de den phat eau bdi khao sat Bang eau hdi khao sat duge phat vao eae gia giai lao de tranh mat thdi gian cho ngudi day cung nhu ngudi hpe Mpt sd ldp thi dugc giang vien thdng bao va ddng y cho phat ban cau hdi vao 15 phiit eudi gid hpe Trong CHlNH TRI - GlAO DUC - XA HCI 94 sinh vien tra ldi nbuTig cau bdi khao sat, ngudi nghien ciiu ed mat d eudi ldp hoac dau ldp de xem neu ed sinh vien nao thae mac ve nhiing cau hdi Rieng ddi vdi cac ldp Viet 1, viec thu thap du lieu dugc thuc hien vao hai tuan eudi bgc ky de sinh vien cd cai nhin kha tdng quan vl khda hoc va viee cung cap cau tia Idi cd the du tin eay ban Ket qua nghien ciru Cau hdi nghien ciru: Cac giang vien Khoa Ngoai ngii DH Md TP HCM day mdn Vilt Hge Thugt tbuc hien cae boat ddng nao cac ldp hoc Viet? Cd nhiing ban che nao can duge cai lien? Vi day la eau bdi trpng tam ciia bai nghien euu nay, phdn tra Idi dugc ket hgp ca phan dinh lugng (Bang cau hdi khao sat) va dinb tinh (phdng vdn) de tra ldi Cd 399 sinh vien khda hoc Viet hpe thuat (Academic Writing) hgc ky, hoc ky va nam bpe 2011-2012 tham gia tra ldi cau hdi khao sat Cae eau hdi bang khao sat tir den 13 nham den viec tim cau tra Idi eho phan dau cua cau hdi nghien euu Phan cdn Iai cua eau hdi ngbien cuu dugc tim hieu tir nhiing dii lieu dinh linh Phdn tich dinh lugng v l khia canh dinh lugng, ngudi nghien cuu sir dung phan mem SPSS phien ban 20 dl phan ti'eh dii lieu va lay diem trung binh (mean score) eiia mdi cau bdi bang cau hdi khao sat D I tra Idi ban khao sat, ngudi tham gia lua chpn cau tra ldi cua bg lir (hoan loan khdng ddng y) den (hoan loan ddng y) Cd nghia rdng eau tra Idi tir den tbudc ve miie khdng ddng y va tCi den the hien mue dp ddng y Ngudi ngbien euu quyet dinh chia chudn danh gia tbeo ba miic dp sau: Miic kbdng ddng y: - 2.66; Miic dong y trung bmh: 2.67 - 4.33; va Muc dp ddng y cao: 4.34 - Bang trinh bay ve sd lieu thu tbap va phan tich tir cau den 13 bang cau hdi khao sat lien quan den viee lim hieu cac hoat ddng day va hoc mdn Viet tiong cac Idp hoc Vilt 1, va tai Khoa Ngoai ngii DH Md TP HCM Bang Cac boat dong cac gid day va hoc monViet Descriptive Statistics Sau moi the loai ciia mdn viet, giao vien cho ban de tai de vilt bai t^i nha ,.- Moi viet bai, giio vien cho ban tu chon de tai de viet Nhimg de tai giao vien dua cho ban viet thudng phii hgp vdi sd thich ciia ban , Sau cho de tai viet, giao vien thudng cho ban lam viec nhdm de tim y vilt cho de tai ^g_ „ 397 4.73 Giao vien thudng hudng din ban viet dan bai (outline) trudc vilt bai essays Giao vien thudng giup ban chinh siia sudn bai trudc ban viet bai 96 TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRLIONG OAI HOC MOTP.HCM - S O (38) 2014 T'nioc nop bai viet cho giao vien, ban co thudng co ca hpi nhan dugc nhihig gop y ciia giao vien ve bai viet de sua lai cho bai vilt t6t hon 395 4.07 1.56 Giao vien thuang chinh sua bai viet cho ban, giai thich cho ban bigt ban sai ch5 nao dS chinh sua bai viet t6t hon 398 4.60 1.34 Giao viSn thucmg chinh sira 161 van pham va chinh ta sua bai cho ban 398 4.52 1.26 10 Giao vi6n thuong chu trpng vao phkn npi dung b6 cue bai viet chinh sua bai cho ban 397 4.53 1.12 Trong suot khoa hoc, giao vien co giao ban lam bai vilt dai 11 (project) theo nhom, tham khao tai lieu tir thu vien ho3c noi khac de viSt mot bii nghien ciiu 395 4.04 1.54 Giao vien co day ban each vilt trich ngudn vl cac tai lieu 12 tham khao ban ldy thong tin tir sach vd, trang web, ho3c nhung nai khac vao bai vilt cua ban 395 J ^ Giao vidn cd giiip ban dang bai vilt cua ban len tap chi sinh vien ciia trudng, hoac tren blog cua ban Du lieu duge phan tich tir Bang cho thay rang hau bet sinh vidn ddng y rdng (eau 1) sau mdi the loai cua mdn Viet, giao vien giao cho sinh vien de tai dd viet bai lai nha (M = 4.36; SD = 1,52) Khi ngudi nghidn cim/cung la giang vidn mdn hge xem tiong sach giao khoa thi thay rang mdi khda hge Vidt sinh vien thudng dugc gidi thidu trung binh the loai Viet (vidt doan van hoac bai luan) vdng 12-15 tudn (45 tilt) Nhu vay, cu mdi - tuan thi sinh vidn pbai viet mdt de tai Vide viet bai nhieu mdn Vilt cd the gdp phan rat ldp giiip eho kJ nang vilt ciia sinh vien lien trien tdt bon Herder va King (2012) khang dinh rdng vide cho sinh vien vidt bai nhilu tion§ sudt khda hpe se giup sinh vien tang ldc dp vidt, tang su ty tin va su hiing thu vide hpe tidng Anh Kdt qua cd y nghta Ion so sanh vdi kit qua nghien cuu eua Bernhardt (1985 cited in Bacha & Bahous, 2007) rdng giang vien eiia hg thudng tianh cho sinh vien Iam bai yiet nhidu vi day la mgt viec rdt mdt tbdi gian dd cham bai v l vide chgn dd tai cbo eae bai vilt luan (cau 2) giang vien cd ve gidi ban viec cho sinh \'^n ty chpn de tai dd vilt muc dp danh gia chi d mirc n-ung binh (M =4,12; SD = 1,66) De ndi ve be qua ciia vide giao vien ft eho sinh vien quydn lua chpn de tai viet, (cau 3) rat it sinh vidn cdng nhan ring nhung de tai giao vidn dua cbo ho viet phii hgp vdi sd thich cua hg (M = 3,83; SD = 1.33) Theo Hyland (2002) va Weir (1993) vide dd tai cho sinh vien Vidt ndn gan lidn vdi su quan lam ciia sinh vidn se giup sinh vidn cam thay thoai mai va lim dupc hudng di cu the bai vilt cua minh Neu ngugc lai thi hpe vien se khdng the tao mpt bai viet tdt nhat tbeo kha nang ciia minh, va tham cbi cdn khdng quan tam nhidu den chat lugng ciia bai viet (Weir, 1993) Tuy nhidn, dieu dang mimg la sau kbi cho de tai viet, (cau 4) giao vidn thudng eho sinh vien Iam vide nhdm de tim y vidt (brainstorming) cho dk tai (M = 4,81; SD = 1,29) Lam viec nbdm ludn la mdt cdng eu rat hidu qua dac biet la viec hoc cac ky nang ngdn ngii nhu dugc nhieu nha khoa hgc chung minh (Liu & Hansen, 2005; Pham Vu Phi Hd, 2010; Cinar, 2011) Trong cho sinh vidn Iam viec nhdm, (cau 5) giao vien thudng hudng dan sinh vidn viet sudn bai (outiine) tiude vilt doan/bai luan (M 4.97: SD = 1,09) Hoat ddng nhdm dl tim y va 96 CHlNH TR! - GIAO DUG - XA HOI lap dan y trudc viet bai luan ludn la nhiing budc rat can thiet tiong qua trinb viet bai luan eua sinh vidn (Hyland, 2002; 2003a; Oshima & Hogue, 2006; Ojima, 2006; Wennerstrom, 2006) Ngoai ra, kit qua phan lieh tir cau hdi eho tbay rang hau bet giang vidn thudng giup sinh vien chinh sua sudn bai trude sinh vidn bdt ddu vilt bai (M = 4,73; SD = 1,19) Didu ed the giiip sinh vien cam thay tu tin hon hg viet bai Tuy duge danh gia d miic tnmg binh d eau (M - 4,07; SD = 1,56), mdt sd sinh vidn Khoa Ngoai ngCr ddng y la hg nhan dupc nhiing gdp y eua giang vidn vd bai vidt ciia bg de chinh sira bai vidt tdt ban trudc nop bai eudi eung de lay diem Vi mirc danh gia d trung binh, lac gia bai nghidn eiiu cd thd suy rdng, mpt sd giang vidn il cho sinh vidn CO hdi chinh sira bai viet trudc nop ban cudi ciing eho giang vien Hien tugng cd the la sT sd ldp qua ddng nen giang vien rat khd chinh sira bai cho cac sinh vien, va ndu ed, cd thd la ehi chinh siia tren mgt sd bai lam mau; viec chinh sura bai vidt ma mdt sd giang vien lam cd the la hp vira chdm bai vidt cho sinh vidn, vira tim cac ldi sai bai viet, hem la vi?c giiip sinh vidn tim thay loi ciia minh de chinh sira lai trudc nop bai Phan ldn sinh vidn cdng nhan iing, (eau 8) giang vidn eua hp ehinh siia bai viet cd giai thich eho hg biet hp sai ehd nao de hp cd the chinh sua bai viet ciia hg tot ban (M = 4,60; SD = 1,34) Dilu dang thii vi la dii chi mgt sd giang vidn giiip gdp y chinb sua bai viet eho sinh vien, hg ehinh sira bg chu trpng khdng chi den cac ldi ky thuat nhu van pham va chinh ta (M = 4.52; SD = 1,26) (cau 9), ma edn chii trpng nhidu ddn phan ngi dung va bd cue cua bai viet (cau 10) (M = 4.53; SD=1.12) Ket qua cho thay viec gdp y - chinh sira bai vidt cho sinh vien cua giang vien DH Md TP.HCM cung bda nhap theo nhirng nghien cuu khae lai Viet Nam (Pham Vu Phi Hd & Usaha, 2011) va cae nha nghien ciiu khae tidn thd gidi (Rodriguez, 2003; Tuzi, 2004, Min, 2005; and Jones et al.'s (2006) Kit qua khdc vdi Montgomery va Baker (2007) va Yang va nhdm nghien cuu (2006) eae tac gia kel luan rang cac giang vien, gdp y bai vidt cho sinh vien, chi chu trgng qua nhieu vao cac loi ky thuat Trong kit qua nghidn cuu ciia bang khao sal online eiia Vyatkina (2011) hdi cac Giam doc chuang trinh day Ngoai Ngir d cac trudng Dai hpe ciia My ve viec gdp y chinh siia bai vilt cua sinh vidn thang nam 2009 cho thdy rdng hau bdt cac chuang trinb nay, giang vien ddu gdp y chinh sira bai vidt eua sinh vidn tidn nhieu ban nhap va hdu hdt vide chinh sira cila giang vidn chi ddu nham vao cae loi ky thuat Nhu vay, eae giang vien day mdn Viet tai Khoa Ngoai ngii phan nao da lam tot hon hp ehii trgng khdng chi vao eae Idi ky thuat tiong bai vidt ciia sinh vidn ma edn ca vao ngi dtmg va bd cue Vd vide chi dinh cbo sinh vien lam bai luan dai theo nhdm, tham khao tai lieu tir thu vien hoac nai khac dd vidt bai nghien cmi (library research) (cau 11), sinh vien chi ddng y d miic trung binh (M = 4,04; SD = 1,54) Cd nghia rang, khdng phai giang vien nao cung cho sinh vidn lam bai luan dai tiong mdn vidt Vide lam bai luan dai cho mdn hoc dac biel la mdn Viet nen dugc khuydn khich tdt ca cac ldp day Viet Cudn sach day Vidt hoc thuat (Academic Writing) cd ten mdi d Viet Nam ciing nhu nhiing ncri khac tren fhd gidi (Oshima & Hogue, 2006) va mpt sd sach hudng dan Viet eho sinh vidn hgc ngoai ngy nhu Bailey (2011), Murphy (2009), va Bowker (2007) deu cd it nhat mdt chuong hudng dan sinh vien viet bai luan dai (project or logner essay) Bailey (2011) edng nhan rdng nhiing bai vilt dai (longer essay) tir 800 din 2,500 hi ludn la phdn bdt budc cua khda hge Vilt bpe thugt ben canh nhirng bai vilt ngdn va ddi hdi nhidu ve ky nan^ nghidn ciiu tim tdi eiing nhu each viet theo bd cue cda bai vidt dai Do can khuyen khich sinh vien lam bai lugn dai cudi khda de sinh vien Khoa Ngoai ngii cd thi theo kip vdi chuang trinh dao tao cua nhidu nai tien the gidi Tuy nhidn, hien de thyc hien vide giao bai luan dai cbo sinh vien lam theo nhdm cudi khda hoc thi can dao tao eho sinh vien thdm ky nang viet tn'cb dan ve cac tai lieu tham khao vi cbi cd sd nhd sinh vien thira nhgn rang (cau 12) giang vien day hp each viet trieh ngudn \ e eae tai lieu tham khao hp TAP CHi KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC MO TP.HCM -S(5 (38) 2014 ay thdng tin tii sach vd, trang web, hoac ^ i b i g nai khac vao bai vilt cua minh (M = ^' , _ ~ li60) KJ nang ndn dugc dao tao ky dd giup sinh vien tranh loi chep ^ong bai lam ciia minh (Bailey, 2011; Bowker, 2007) Murphy (2010) ndi rdng ddi Khi viec ebe|3 lai Hdu la khdng chu y, atm gian ehi la kit qua ciia viec thilu ky nang Viet lgi, viet tdm ldt va tinch ngudn Do do, v]?c hudng din sinh vidn each trieh ngudn ndn ludn la mdt phdn quan trong sudt cae khda hgc Vidt Hoc Thugt tai Khoa Ngoai ngi^ Vdi mirc danb gia rdt thdp, khdng nhidu smh vien ddng f ring (c^u 13) giang vien giup bp dang bai viet cua bg len tap ehi sinh vien eiia tiirdng (EFL Joumal), hogc tien blog ea nhan ciia bp nhu facebook hogc cac blog khac ma sinh vidn hien dang sii dung nbu mdt cdng eu Hen lge vdi hdng (M = 2,95; SD - 1,55) Vide khuyin khieh sinh vien dang bai theo bdt cir hinh thuc nao dd chia se cbo nguoi khac cung giiip sinh vidn quan lam nhidu din chdt lugng ciia bai vilt ban (Pham Vu Phi Hd, 2010) Tuy nhien, Pham Vii Phi Hd va Usaha (2009) khuyin cao rdng nlu su dung blog giiip sinh vien dang bai vilt, giang vien ndn chgn blog nao dugc sinh vien ebon lua su- dung nhieu nhdt dl cd thi tao thdm biing tbii cho sinh vien qua trinh day va hgc mdn Viet Phdn kl tilp se trinb bay kit qua dinh tinh dua tren dii lieu lay tir cae eupe phdng van giang vien tham gia giang day mdn Vilt hoc that tai Khoa Ngoai ngu- DH Md TP.HCM P/idn tich &inh tinh Ve khia cgnh djnh tinh, dir lieu tir nhiing cudc phdng vSn dugc nbdm ddn (1) cae boat ddng giang dgy dua tbeo sach giao khoa ma giang vidn dang thye hien, (2) dk tai cbo vilt lap, (3) hogt dpng viet bai luan/doan van (4) hogt ddng gdp y chinb sira bai vilt, (5) cac giai han eiia smh vien, (6) each danb gia v l chdt lugng bai vilt Ba tiong sd 05 giang vien dang giang dgy cac mdn Vilt hoc thuat lgi ICNN dugc mdi dl phdng vdn: 02 giang vidn ca h&u va 01 giang vien thinh giang Cdc hogt dgng theo sdch gido lihoa Khi giang vidn duge hdi "dgy mdn Viet 97 cd theo diing trinh tu eiia cac boat ddng day Viet saeh giao khoa khdng." hai sd ba giang vien tra Idi rang hp khdng ap dung theo diing trinh ty ciia sach giao khoa de nghi vi cac boat dpng sach khdng duge bap dan lam Mpt tiong hai giang vien thudng phai ty thiet ke cac boat ddng khac cho ldp thyc hien, cdn mdt giang vien tbi thay ddi thii ly cae boat ddng tiong sach Mdt giang vidn edn lai thi van theo diing cac tiinh tu saeh Vl cd tin rang cac boat dpng da theo diing thir tu eiia qua trinb "dgy viet theo tidn trinh." Mdt giang vien md ta ve cac hogt ddng giang day cua cd nbu sau: bai dd rat la ehan eho ndn thay vi nhu vgy thi em se cho cac bgn chuan bi tranh anh hogc la nhihig cai gi dd ma Ien [Idp] minh se chia Idp hoSe nhdm mdt bdn la support va mgt ben against Iai y kien dd, cho cac bgn thao lugn trudc de eho cae ban biet Opinion Essay la phai Iam nhu thi nao Mdt giang vien khac cung cd cimg quan diem nhu tidn, khdng Iam theo thu tu de nghi ciia sach giao khoa vi cac boat ddng hai ehan va khdng duge hgp ly lam nen cd thay ddi tbii ty cua cac hogt ddng saeh; thay vi cho sinh vien doc bai dpe trudc thi giang vidn cho sinh vidn hogt dpng tim y tudng trudc, rdi tdi phan lir vung, rdi tdi phan van pham, rdi mdi tdi phdn bai dpe Cdn phdn dgy ngii phap tbi giang vien cbo sinh vien ty hpe va sir dung chinb cau tnic ngu phap dd de diln ta nhung y vira mdi Irldn khai ehii khdng lay y tudng tic cac bai dpe sach Sau dd giang vidn mdi cho sinh vidn xem lai bai dpe tiong sach de so sanh ve cau tnic cau ciia minh viet va bai dgc: Brainstorm trudc rdi cho tir vung Vi du nhu brainstorm trudc, tdi phan vocabulary, rdi tdi phdn van phgm ludn Thi du vdi cac the loai dd cac em se ap dung eau tnic eau gi va cho cac em lam tren ldp Rdi xong bdt cac phan y tudng ciia cac em, ngdn ngir cac em rdi mdi cho cae em dpe lgi essay mSu sach de cac em thay dugc cac the logi bat dau mdi quay qua day cae theories vd the loai Tdm lgi, giang vien van thyc hidn cae boat ddng ldp tbeo de nghi eiia sach giao 98 CHlNH TRI - GIAO DUC - XA HOI khoa Tuy nhidn, bai sd ba giang vien tbay ddi tbu lu eua eae boat ddng cho phii vdi phuang phap eua minh ddng tbdi ciing lu thiet ke cac boat dpng de tao thdm phan sinh ddng cho Idp hpe vi cac boat dgng sach giao khoa cd ve boi budn te Giang vidn cdn lai thyc hidn hoan toan tbeo thii ty cae hogt dpng ciia sach giao khoa vi giang vien lin rang cac boat ddng sach da dugc thidt ke theo dung phuang phap day vidt theo tidn trinb Thu ty cua cac boat ddng ma cae giang vien duge thye bien nhu: Phat tridn y tudng (brainstorming), Tii vung (Vocabulary) Cdu tnic ngii pbap (Grammar and structure), Bai dgc (Reading), Lap sudng bai (Outline), rdi viet lu (tree writing), Chinb sua bai vilt tbeo nhdm (Peer editing) Cac hogt ddng cd ve thidn kha nhidu vd mat ky thuat nhu tir vung, cau tnic ngii phap, viet ty Ngoai ra, bai doc sdch giao khoa eUng nhdm muc dich giiip sinh vien tim ty vung han la hgc vl cau tnie vidt theo the loai Cac hogt dgng dupe tdm tdt tbeo Bidu 1: Bieu I Cac boat dong day Viet De tdi viet ldp kdl qua lir eau hdi bang khao sal (sd 2) la Trong sudt khda hgc keo dai tir 12-15 sinh vidn khdng dugc ty chpn lya dl tai phii tuan (45 tiet), mdt giang vidn tiinh bay rang hgp theo sd tiiich ciia minh, ma hg chi cd the giang vien cho sinh vien vidt bai viet De tai lya chpn de tai khuon khd eho phep ciia giang vidn thi giang vien lay tir (1) de cuong mon hpe cua to trudng bg mon (2) sach giao khoa, (3) Mdt giang vidn khac thi hoan toan khdng va giang vien ty cho them mdt sd dl lai Hdn sir dung bat cii dd tai nao duge de nghi tiong quan den cupc sdng dd cac ban ty chgn tiong sach giao khoa, ma giang vien ed gdng tim khudn khd nhiing de tai dupc dd nghi Sau moi nhirng dd tai mang tinh "thdi sy" dd giiip sinh thd loai giang vidn thudng cho sinh vidn tir vidn cd kinh nghiem thyc tl ban tiong viee den de tai de chpn lua, tiiy tbeo miic khd trinb bay quan dilm cua thd logi Dieu cd the ly giai phdn nao TAP CHI KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC MO TP.HCM -SO (38) 2014 Da sd minh lay de tai tii thyc Id vi du nnir cause and effect tiii minh ldy ludn cai d i ^ " rat la shock la tgi sinh vidn hay gian lan , ' lam bai vili d nha Thi cac em se ed nhOng y tirong rdt la hay Nhu vay, mac dii giang vien da nd lyc ket hpp lay dl tai tir nhilu ngudn, va tham chi CO gang ldy nhirng dl tai sat vdi thyc tl, thi sinh vien d eau tra ldi sd ti-ong ban khao sat van chua thdy dl tai phii hgp vdi sd thieh eua minh D l tun dugc each lot nhdt vide ebpn lya d l tai, ngudi nghien cim dl nglii, ngoai mgt so dl tai dugc dl nghi syllabus, va mdt sd dl tai sat vdi tbyc t l ma giang vien cd gdng cung cdp cho sinh vidn, giang vien cung ndn cho sinh vien ca hgi tu dl nghi mdt sd dl tai dd vilt, midn la nhimg dd lai dugc sinh vien d l nghi phii hgp vdi thi loai dugc giang dgy giai doan dd Va cac dl tai dupc dua len bang cbo cac ban chpn theo tap till Theo Hyland (2002a) va Weir (1993), thi viec chgn de lai phii hgp vdi sd thich cua sitlh vidn se giiip hp cd ca hpi tgo nhihig bai vidt ldt nhdt Hogt dgng vi4t bdi Vi ldp hpe ed nhieu sinh vien, 40 sinh vien/ldp, ndn mdt giang vidn phu trach ldp thi hp cd den 80 sinh vien de cham bai hoac chinh sua bai viet Va nhu vgy, mdt tuan giang vien khong the cham khoang 80 bai luan ciia sinh vien Do dd, giang vidn giiip cho sinh vien viet tbeo nhdm trir phi sinh vidn nao cd ky nang vidt kbdng lot thi se duge giao bai viet rieng Thay tinh di neu nhu ma tuan nao em ciing phai chain 80 bai thi em se chet mat, nen la em se phan nhdm, nhung ma, ldn ddu tien em cham bai ma bai dd qua tbi em se bdt cae bgn vidt rieng, khdng lam nhdm nira ma em se tbeo ddi sau sac han ban B I bao dam cho chdt lugng ciia bai vilt chung mgt giang vidn chia nhdm theo trinh dp cCia sinh vien Nhung ban nao gidi, vilt chung vdi nhau, cdn nhung bgn nao ehua vilt tdt thi se viil rieng va duge gang vidn "cham sdc" ky han Theo Richards va Loekhart (2000) cd 99 rat nhieu each de chia nhdm giup sinh vien lam vide vdi hieu qua ban Sinh vien cd thd duge chia nhdm theo tiinh dp ve ngdn ngii khac nhau, hoae theo cimg mgt trinh dp nhu de sinh vien ed thd hpe dugc tir Vide ehia lihdm theo ba hoge bdn sinh vien mdt nhdm se giiip hg thao lugn vdi ve bai vidt va giiip bai vidt trd ndn ldt hon (Liu & Hansen, 2005) Richards va Lockliart dua mpt sd thuan lgi vd vide giiip sinh vien lam viec theo nbdm Tbii nhat, lam viec theo nhdm se giiip Iam giam viec ldp bpe chi xoay quanh mdt minh giang vien va giiip giang vien trd mdt ngudi giiip dd va tu van eho sinh \'ien ban la mdt ngudi khdng chd mpi boat ddng ldp bpe Thir hai, Iam viec nhdm giiip tang them vide sinh vidn chu ddng tham gia vao cac boat ddng ldp va giup sinh vien ed them ca bgi thyc tap ve ngdn ngii cita minh Ngoai ra, lam viec nhdm cd the giiip sinh vien tang them tinh hgp tac vide hgc Sinh vidn cd the giiip va hoc hdi Ian Hay ndi each khac, hogt ddng nhdm la mgt hinb thiic bidn ngudi hpe trd tim diem tiong qua trinh dgy va hge (studentcentered) Tuy nhidn, tac gia bai ciing mudn luu y ddn tinh than tu nguyen cua sinh vidn boat dgng nhdm Neu vide viet bai duge giao cho ca nhdm, gdm hoac sinh vien, va thyc bidn bai viet ngoai Idp bpe, thi se cd the xay trudng hgp la sinh vien se "nhudng" viec viet bai dd cho mgt vidn nbdm vidt Nhu vay, sue manh va hieu qua eiia vide lam vide nbdm se mang Igi anh hudng khdng ldt Theo mdt gdc dp nao dd, neu lam vide nhdm Idp hpe, thi hidu qua cua lam vide nbdm se tdt ban vi "'bdn ngudi se hon mgt ngudi" ca vd mat ngdn ngii, cau triic cau ldn ndi dung Cdn trudng hgp giao bai viet cho mgt nhdm Iam viec ngoai ldp hpe, tbi giang vien cdn phai day dan kinh nghiem, kiem tra thudng xuyen timg phan ciia bai viet, va cam nban dugc dau la bai vidt chi mdt ngudi dau la bai vidt ciia ca nhdm dua theo phong each vidt ciia bai viet Hogc ed mpt each khac de giang vien dgy mdn Vidt ed thd lEn dung dupc ca sire manh ciia viec lam viec nhdm va '"an toan" cho vide kiem tra tidn trinh tbi cd thd cd mgt cac boat ddng ldp, giang vien giiip sinh vidn Iam viec nhdm 100 CHiNH TR| - GIAO DUC - XA HOI ciing phat tridn y tudng (brainstorm ideas), viet sudn bai, vidt cau ehu de chinh cbo phan md bai, viet cac cau chii dd cho timg doan van, rdi ciing viet phan md bai, ciing vilt phdn than bai de ehinh sira ldp, Nhu vgy, giang vidn de kiem tra, va giiip sinh vien cam nhan duge hieu qua tdt cua vide vidt bai theo nbdm va hg cd the hgc dugctirnhau boat dgng ldp Hogt dgng gdp y chinh sua bdi viet Ve vide to ehirc giup sinh vidn gdp y chinh sira bai viet eho thi mgt giang vidn ndi rang trinh dp ciia sinh vien cdn chua tdt nen viec chinb sira bai cho la khdng dugc tbuc hidn Hoac neu cd thi ciing chi chinb sua dan y tbeo nhdm va cung ehi sir dung bang tren Idp '"Vi trinh dp ldp em nhu ihl nen em khdng cho sua bai Vi dy vdi "outline" em sd cho nhdm Idn bang ghi, roi em mdi nhiing nhdm khac lim eho cd cai Idi sai, nhdm nao tim diing CO se didm cdng Em chi sua nbu vay thdi." Va viec chinh sua bai vidt eho sinh vien la vide lam ciia rieng giang vidn moi chdm bai vidt cho sinh vien, "Em ghi la ban sai chd nao, ban can lam nhiing didu gi vd bai dd luon dd cae bgn tu dgc Ben cgnh dd, em eung ghi la neu nhu bgn cam thay khdng thda man vdi ldi phe hay didm thi bgn ldn gap cd." Va nhu vay, sinh vien khdng cd ca h^i vilt Igi sau da nhgn ldi gdp y ciia giang vidn De ly giai cho dieu nay, mgt giang vien ndi rang giang vidn da gdp y rat ky tren outline rdi, nen sinh vien khdng duge viet lgi nira Mdt giang vidn khac thi ddi cho sinh vidn chinh sua bai vidt cho d bai nhap 1, nhimg vide gdp y cua sinh vidn trdn bai viet ciia cung khdng duge giang vien danh gia cao vi each gdp y cua eae sinh vien chua cd chat lugng Tuy nhien, viet outline ludn dugc giang vien chii trpng va gdp y eho sinh vidn rat ky Dii giang vidn cd ddi cho sinh vidn gdp y thi se eho sinh vidn dya trdn mgt checklist, dgc bai eiia ban va tra ldi "yes" boSe "no" Mdt giang vidn khae tbi sdp xip vide gdp y bai viet cho bang each moi cho sinh vidn viet bai trdn Idp, phdn vilt tu (free writing), giang vien cho hoac em len bang viet Sau dd giang vidn cho sinh vien gdp y va giang vidn eiing gdp y bai vidt trdn bang Vide gdp y mang tinh lam mdu de eho sinh vidn cd the hgc dugc tir nhiing gi gdp y mlu trdn bang tat ca eae em ngdi dudi deu pbai viet bet, cd thd mdi xung phong 2-3 dua gi dd ldn viet tren bang Xong rdi minh mdi [comment] ciing nban xet sa sa thdi chii minh khdng di qua sau ve mat ngdn ngfl- hay la kia np Tdm Iai vd khia cgnh gdp y va chinh sua bai viet, hau hdt day la cdng vide ciia giang vidn vi sinh vidn chua du trinb dp dd gdp y ehinb sira bai vidt cho Nhung giang vien gdp y thi hau nhu ca ba giang vien chu trpng qua nhieu vao phdn viet sudn bai (outiine) Mae dii viet sudn bai ciing la mpt phan tiong tien trinh khai thae va phat tridn bai viet, nhung neu chiitigngqua vao phan thi san pham eudi eimg la bai viet se khdng dugc chii trgng nhidu Ngoai ra, vide sinh vidn chua dii kha nang de gdp y bai vidt cho nhu quan diem ciia cae giang vien la khac vdi nhung nghidn euu trude, va neu nhu sinh vien chua du trinh dp dd gdp y tbi vide dao tao eho sinh vien each chlnh sira va gdp y bai vidt cho se rat can thiet (Stanley, 1992; Berg, 1999; Min, 2005; Min, 2006; Tuzi, 2004; Pham Vu Phi Hd & Usaha, 2009; Pham Vu Phi Hd& Usaha, 2011) Cdc gi&i hgn cua sinh viin hgc mdn Viet Cac mat ban ehe cua sinh vien hgc mdn Viet duge eae giang vidn trinh bay nhu sau Mgt giang vidn nhan xet cae bgn sinh vidn edn nhieu ban che ve (1) each sdp xdp y tudng, (2) ky nang sir dung Van pham, (3) each diing tii noi, (4) va han che vd each dimg tir Mdt giang vidn khac tim thay han che ciia cae sinh vien la Iam sudn bai (outline), cae em khdng biet phan biet dau la y chinh, dau la y phu, cac bgn sinh vidn ehua biet each sap xdp y Giang vien thii ba eiing trinh bay cac hgn chd eua sinh vien ve mat ngdn ngii, cau true eau va ngu phap Dilu dugc giang vien ly TAP CHl KHOA HOC TRUONG DAI HOC MO TP.HCM - SO (38) 2014 §iai la sinh vien thidu kinb nghidm sdng, tnieu kidn tbiic ve xa hdi, kha nang Iy lugn chua du Id-gic vi sinh vien chua ed thdi quen