Cue Bao ve N T D nam trong U y ban va Cue chiu trach nhiem thirc thi rat nhieu luat va quy dinh cua U y ban va cung co chuc nang xay dung chinh sach bao ve NTD.
' _ '
Nham thuan tien cho NTD su dung quyen lgi cua minh, ca quan nay da xay dung mot trang web ve bao ve NTD nham muc dich cong khai hoa v&n de bao ve NTD va nang cao nhan thuc cho cong dan ve quyen lgi ich cua minh khi su dung hang hoa tieu dung va dich vu.
Hien nay, Luat chinh bao ve NTD la Luat U y ban thuong mai lien bang quy dinh ve nhung hanh vi gian doi, khong lanh manh la bat hgp phap”. Nhung hanh vi khong lanh manh la nhung hanh vi gay thiet hai cho NTD ma
ban than N T D khong the tranh dugc va thiet hai do Ion hon nhung lgi ich khac cho N TD hoac doi vai canh tranh.
Uy ban thuong mai lien bang Hoa Ky cung thuc thi mot so van ban phap luat bao ve N T D khac nhu Luat nhan dang san pham det, Luat dong goi va dan nhan va Luat Trung thuc trong vay mugn.
Uy ban cung co quyen dua ra cac quy dinh chi tiet hon de bao ve NTD
' . *
vi du nhu cac quy dinh ve ban hang qua dien thoai, ban hang tai nha... Uy ban nay da dua ra nhieu quy dinh huong dan chi tiet, vi du nhu:
H uong d in doi vai nganh kim hoan, kim loai quy H uang dan chong lai hanh vi dinh gia gian doi Huang dan chong lai hanh vi quang cao sai sir that
H uang d in ve viec su dung tu “mien phi” va nhung cach dien dat tuang tu ...
Mot so ca quan lien bang khac cung co quyen han doi v a i cac hoat dong lien quan den van de NTD, vi du nhu:
U y ban An toan san pham tieu dung co chuc nang lam giam nhung rui ro gay thiet hai cho N TD khi su dung hang hoa. Tuy nhien, U y ban nay khong
? > r r •> \
eo tham quyen xu ly doi v oi tat ca cac loai hang hoa ma chi co tham quyen doi voi khoang 15000 loai hang hoa khac nhau. Cac loai hang hoa khac vi du
\ ? >
nhu xe hai, xe tai, xe may thuoc ve tham quyen cua Bo Giao thong; dugc pham va my pham thuoc tham quyen cua C o quan thuc pham va dugc pham ... Cac van phong do luong cua cac bang chiu trach nhiem thuc thi phap luat ve dan nhan, do lu a n g ...
Hoa Ky cung co nhieu to chuc NTD hoat dong tich cue va hieu qua. Mot so to chuc co the ke den nhu Lien minh NTD, lien doan N T D quoc gia, Lien doan NTD Hoa Ky.
3.2. Nhfrng quy dinh ve bao ve NTD & Hoa Ky
Phap luat hien nay cua Hoa ky trong linh vuc thuang nghiep va dich vu dang dugc dinh hinh v ai ap luc kha manh me nham bao ho NTD. Phong trao nay tra nen rong rai tir nhung nam 60-70. Lich su hinh thanh luat bao ve NTD Hoa Ky da co nhung buoc tien va dan dan dugc hoan thien. Nam 1975, Quoc Hoi Hoa Ky da thong qua Luat “Magnuson M oss” ve bao ve NTD. Luat nay con ggi la Luat v6 cac bao dam va tham quyen cua ban thuong mai Lien
Bang80. Trong do nhung yeu cau doi voi nhung nha san xuat va phan phoi. Ngoai ra con dua ra nhung danh muc chu4n t6i th ilu cua Lien Bang nham giup cho N TD co the su dung de tu bao ve minh.
Trong luat nay doanh nghiep co nghTa vu boi thuong thiet hai ton that hay d in bu, thay the hang hoa khi NTD co khieu nai ve hang hoa. Nhung nam sau do, nhung dieu khoan hop dong bat dau dugc chu y hon trong viec bao ve NTD. Trong hgp dong cam cac doanh nghiep dua ra cac dieu khoan bao luu b it lgi cho NTD, m iln trach nhiem cua doanh nghiep doi voi hang hoa cua minh hay lam giam di trach nhiem do.
Truoc day, khi phap luat con chua chat che, cac doanh nghiep thuong dua vao hgp dong mau cac dieu khoan bao hanh dugc the hien han che true tiep va ben canh do con han che hoac loai tru cac hieu luc cac bao dam duong nhien. Tuy nhien, khi phap luat bao ve NTD da duoc hoan thien, doanh nghiep khong the tir bo cac bao dam duong nhien hoac bien d6i chung cho hang hoa minh san xuat hay phan phoi.
Phap luat Hoa Ky con xem xet den kha nang ap dung the thuc thuc te giai quyet cac tranh chap theo sang kien cua nguoi ban. The thuc do can phai quy dinh trong van ban ve nghTa vu bao dam va nguoi mua phai su dung the thuc do truoc khi thua kien tai toa an de bao ve quyen lgi cua minh.
Hoa Ky con co mot he thong cac van ban phap luat bao ve NTD nhu Luat bao ho tin dung tieu dung, Luat an toan hang hoa tieu dung, Luat ve nghTa vu dong bao bi bao dam tranh sir tham nhap cua chat doc hai, Luat cam dung cac chat gay hai sue khoe con nguoi.
Trong nhung van ban luat nay, co nhung quy dinh kha chi tiet va cu the. Vi du nhu luat cac bao dam khi ban hang hoa tieu dung. Cac khai niem dugc dua ra kha d l hieu nham cho NTD co th i tu tham khao de bao ve quyln lgi cua minh.
Phap luat dieu chinh quan he hgp dong giua cac cong ty san suat hoac ban voi NTD cac san pham hoac dich vu cua cac cong ty do da dua den mot so thay d6i co ban. Cac thay doi nay co chung mot muc dich chu yeu thong qua luat cua lien bang de quy dinh nhung nghTa vu bo sung doi voi nguoi san
r f r y
xuat hoac xi nghiep dich vu, cho NTD v oi tu cach la ben yeu the hon ve kinh
80 “Regislation o f civil, com m erce and fam ily o f the capital states” - Publisher o f M oscow University
te duoc huong cac bao dam phu hop va dugc su dung nhung phuong tien khac nhau de bao ve lgi ich cua minh.
Trong phap luat Hoa Ky: Khai niem hang hoa tieu dung la bat ky dong san nao dugc dua vao luu thong thuong mai va thuong dugc dung trong sinh
_ ■»
hoat ca nhan, gia dinh hoac noi trg. NTD la nguoi mua (khong phai mua de ban lai) hang tieu dung, la nguoi dugc giao hang do trong thoi han bao dam duong nhien hoac bao dam ghi trong hgp dong... Hang hoat cac khai niem dugc dua ra kha ro rang nham huong den NTD.
Trong luat co phan biet ro hai bao dam ma N TD dugc huong khi mua hang do la bao dam ghi ro va dam bao duong nhien.
- Dam bao ghi r5 la bat ky van ban chung thuc nao ve nghTa vu do doanhnghiep dua cho N TD khi ban cac hang hoa tieu dung, la van ban chung thuc