... share with the reader the meaning of these newterms In particular, what is relevant here is the application ofthe concept of integrated assessment to the concept of agroecosystems Before getting ... Definition ofthe identity ofthe two matrices in termsof legends ofthe matrices Forthe matrix shown in Figure 5.4, what are the relevant criteria? What are the indicators and the target values ... define thetermsofthe bet (what can be gained, what can be lost) and the rules ofthe game (who is calling the bet and who will pay for or gain by it) Unfortunately, at present, these terms of...
... requiring some ofthe data gathered using the community indicators and vice versa Because ofthe short span ofthe project, it is difficult to assess the construct validity ofthe indicator suites ... assessment ofthe performance ofthe system The monitoring subunit integrates signals that indicate changes in either the internal or the external conditions The control subunit provides the mechanisms ... from the activities within the holon are consistent with the purposes and state ofthe larger whole in which the holon is a part of, then the criteria of effectiveness is satisfied 1.4.2 The...
... for selecting indicators, specifying the data collection and calculation methodologies and a process for synthesizing all the information into a picture ofthe system, the overall status ofthe ... lagged cumulative percentage ofthe resource T2 is the sum ofthe cross products of lagged cumulative percentage of land-use units and cumulative percentage ofthe resource The Gini coefficient lies ... evaluate the progress of individual projects The implementation ofthe action plans was the responsibility ofthe communities In addition, the communities were expected to supply all the resources...
... ofthe agenda ofthe workshop, a description ofthe steps of an action research process and ofthe objectives and proposed methods ofthe project was provided Table 3.1 shows the sequencing of ... representations of various characteristics ofthe study sites as perceived by the participants and what they perceived to be the boundaries of their community These provided reference points for data gathering, ... anything, but rather that the similarity of their orientation toward the issue at hand would allow free sharing of information and deeper insight into the issue under discussion The goal ofthe facilitator...
... and the length of a path was the number of arcs in it The impact of a path from vertex vi to another vertex vj was calculated as the effect ofthe path multiplied by the sign of vertex vj The ... Conversely, the out-degree of a vertex (vi ) is the sum ofthe row (i) in the adjacency matrix corresponding to that vertex The sum ofthe in-degree and the out-degree of a vertex is the total ... of 6–10 The number (ranging from to 10) of groups depended on the number of participants and therefore the size ofthe village A facilitator and a recorder were provided for each ofthe groups...
... opinions ofthe facilitator on the problem situation Criticism ofthe models and depictions by the community and other stakeholders were therefore directed to the facilitator and not to the group ... stakeholders There were three main competing perspectives on the causes of flooding, gully formation, and destruction ofthe access road The first was that the redirected runoff from the railway ... the causes of this The first was that the Ministry of Agriculture could no longer afford to finance such activities The second was that farmers in many ofthe villages were too resistant to the...
... suitable for many ofthe attributes in the social domains ofthe researcher-proposed suite The two suites therefore provided complementary information on the health and sustainability ofthe agroecosystem ... our forefathers had seen into the future [Kuona mbere] Of their own consideration, they decided to spare some land for a cemetery in the village There were no dairy cattle then, and no one in the ... contacted for permission to participate in the study Dates and times forthe interviews were set based on the availability ofthe inter iewees The allocation of interviewees to each ofthe three...
... time The further away the point, the more significant the deviation The significance of these deviations was assessed by comparing the proportion of LUUs in the specific category during the first ... 1992) ofthe 1999 data The correlation between the coordinates ofthe main points and the supplementary points was used to determine the presence of significant deviation of inertia between the ... indicators, the validity of some community assertions, and the impact of community goals on the agroecosystem The implications ofthe spatial and temporal trends in the indicators in termsof generic...
... sense of what is good and what is bad in termsofthe health and sustainability of their agroecosystems (evidenced in their problem analysis; Chapter 3), they did not seem to appreciate the need for or ... least one measure of performance, a criterion of what constitutes good or bad performance, and the remedial action to be taken for each ofthe possible outcomes The inability of communities to ... perspective, the objective ofthe process is to discover and characterize pathological processes and the risk factors associated with them The former focuses on the capabilities ofthe system and...
... data for two reasons: (1) the incorporation of targets and thresholds in the process of categorizing the indicators, thus providing an intuitive interpretation, and (2) projection of data from the ... fundamentally different information Because communities often lack the capacity to develop and measure quantitative indicators, while researchers and policymakers lack the knowledge and mandate ... 204 Integrated Assessment of Health and Sustainability of Agroecosystems Technical improvements, such as geographical information systems and remote sensing, self-reporting...
... degrading the quality ofthe adjacent water bodies, affecting the habitats of ecosystem, destroy fish spawning areas, increase the sediments at the bed ofthe river, and reduce the opportunities forthe ... standardized performance measure for xij, xij = the performance ofthe ith alternative against the jth criterion in real units of any type, xj max = the maximum performance score under the jth criterion, ... standardized value of xij (the performance measure forthe ith alternative against the jth criterion), wj = the weight ofthe jth criterion There are many alternative techniques for assigning weights...
... Nguyen Tien Giang et al. / VNU Journal of Science, Earth Sciences 24 (2008) 66‐78 2.7. Selection ofthe feasible measures The final stage in the decision making process is to estimate the scores for each ofthe alternatives and choose the most suitable ... In order to score for each ofthe measures with the criteria, the meaning ofthe impact levels of measures on the criteria should be defined. The meaning levels are as follows: Costs of ... implementation: The lower the score the better. Time of implementation: The lower the amount the better. Manageability by farmers: The easier the better. Economic benefits: The higher the better. ...
... human femurs previously, the FE model ofthe synthetic bone was already available to the authors, the inter-specimen uniformity ofthe synthetic Bougherara et al Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery ... obtained These ratios were close to the ratio ofthe axial loads themselves (= 2000 N/700 N = 2.9) By dividing strain values of corresponding Locations to forthe Monoblock by the strain values forthe ... allow for ease -of- comparison to future FE and experimental studies using this often-used commercially-available synthetic bone, and the ease -of- storage and lack of degradation ofthe synthetic...
... migration ofthe foramen magnum, posterior migration ofthe tongue into the pharynx and descent ofthe larynx, and shortening ofthe soft palate with loss ofthe epiglottic-soft palate lock-up The ... study The main reason for using GMMs over the cepstral domain is related to the great potential this combination of techniques has shown forthe modelling ofthe acoustic space of human speech, for ... Secondly, due to the pharyngeal anomaly, differences in formant values can be expected, since, for instance, according to [17] the position ofthe third formant might be related to the size ofthe velopharyngeal...
... the next 20 years (Table 2) therefore hardly affect the emissions of BC, OC or CO The influence ofthe CH4 and BC measures is thus the same regardless of whether the CO2 measures are imposed ... close to the Arctic, as well as to the climate impact of pollutants in the mid-latitudes ofthe northern hemisphere Much ofthe need for implementation lies within Europe and North America The identified ... methane.Itanalysesthetrendsinemissionsofthesesubstancesandthedriversofthese emissions;summarizesthescienceofatmosphericprocesseswherethesesubstancesare involved;discussesrelatedimpactsontheclimaticsystem,humanhealth,cropsinvulnerable...
... Vaccines and Therapy 2009, 7:6 Background The transfection of molecules into mammalian cells is an essential tool forthe study of gene function, the delivery of genetic therapy agents, and for cell ... cells were nucleofected and then allowed to proliferate for 48 hours before addition ofthe tetrazolium salt (AqueousOne), or the Live (GF-AFC) reagent ofthe MultiTox assay Cells were then assayed ... subtracting the mean ofthe data set from each data point and then dividing by the standard deviation ofthe data set Standardized and raw data forthe secondary optimization can be viewed in the supplementary...
... accounts for lack of toxicity ofthe resultant liquor, and seems to be a feasible way of utilizing lignin as a source of these chemicals The optimum pH for delignification is 11.5 and the loading of ... temperature of 45-50ºC of conventional enzymes As a result, the protein dosage of thermophillic enzymes required to achieve the same conversion as at 45-40 C is decreased as the specific activity ofthe ... developing lignin as renewable source of biochemicals could bring greater surpluses to the profits of a biorefinery The use of oxidative pretreatments that rely on degradation of this component would...
... written: The code shows the phases ofthe regimen, separated by a slash The letters correspond to the drugs to take during the phase This continuation phase is of months duration The number before the ... drug regimen forthe initial phase on the front ofthe TB Treatment Card Record the drug regimen forthe continuation phase on the back Under the drug combination, record the number of tablets, or ... The designations employed and the presentation ofthe material in this publication not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part ofthe World Health Organization concerning the...