... and so it is conservative with respect to the contribution of functional noncoding elements to species differentiation Previous studies have shown that the proportion of functional noncoding sequences ... function following gene duplication proposes that the reciprocal degeneration of regulatory elements after duplication (duplicationdegeneration-complementation) [13] could drive gene subfunctionalization, ... recent evolutionary pressures on ANC sequences and to detect recent population-specific patterns of selection, we calculated FST, which is a common measure of population differentiation [29], for...
... in this section and the acceleration models in next section 1.2.1.1 The Exponential Distribution The exponential distribution is the most widely used distribution in mechanical and electronic ... softening approach is on whether solution A is better than solution B (say, solution A > solution B), not on how much solution A is better than solution B (say, solution A – solution B) Barnhart et ... the following sections, we first review the basics of AT such as the commonly used lifetime distributions, the commonly used acceleration models, modeling of the degradation paths in an ADT,...
... already observed by the comparison of other hemocyanin sequences [4], most conservation among the four myriapod subunits occurs in the second domain (52% strictly conserved residues), which includes ... with the exception of the first 20–30 amino acids of subunits HcC and D, which could not be recovered The positions of the amino acids conserved among all subunits were superimposed on the model ... lower degree of conservation in domains and (30% and 27% conserved amino acids) may be explained by less selectional pressure imposed on these sequences, but also by positive selection that have...
... uni-directional alignment is the result of running GIZA++ (Och, 2000b) in one of two directions (source-to-target and vice versa) with default configurations The combined alignments that are used in this ... follows: Union of both directions (SU ), Intersection of both directions (SI ), A heuristic based combination technique called grow-diag-final (SG ), which is the default alignment combination heuristic ... modified version We realized that the publiclyavailable implementation of Pharaoh computes the lexical weights only for non-NULL alignment links As a consequence, loose phrases containing NULL-aligned...
... mixtures at different concentrations and the reactions were incubated on ice for 15 prior to addition of the 2· transcription mixture Primer extension Primer extension reactions were carried out ... L Tora, personal communication) Incubation of a nuclear extract with monoclonal antibodies against TAF135 abolished formation of the complex (Fig 5B, lanes 5–7), whereas incubation with the same ... and 1.7 lg, respectively) of monoclonal antibody towards human TAFII135 for 10 on ice prior to addition of the probe; lanes 8–10, the same as 5–7, but with monoclonal antibodies against mouse...
... from Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris were considered pseudo-laccases due to the dependence of the 2,6dimethoxyphenol oxidation on Cu2+ addition [37] This plethora of functions of ... in expression and enzymatic properties, it is likely that Lcc2 functions under different physiological or environmental conditions than Lcc1 Interestingly, Lcc2 is the only enzyme among all MCOs ... consistent among trees were assigned and named according to included sequences with known functions and ⁄ or enzymatic characteristics (Fig 1, only tree based on the JTT model shown) Based on...
... 27 Zhu JK, Damsz B, Kononowicz AK, Bressan RA & Hasegawa PM (1994) A higher plant extracellular vitronectin-like adhesion protein is related to the translational elongation factor-1 alpha Plant ... signalling pathways in cell proliferation and growth has been well studied [11] In contrast, the identification of functional homologues of integrins or adhesion proteins in plants and their biological ... no complex formation, suggesting that small conformational changes A I Simoes et al ˜ may affect this interaction (Fig 5, lane 3) To test further the specificity of the interaction, native cardosin...
... than expected conservation in this region This predicted region is the epsilon element, which is highly conserved in structure and function and is required for viral replication Specific regulatory ... show conservation due to constrains on the encoded protein CDS-Plotcon is specifically designed to look for conserved functional elements within CDSs, independent of the protein coding constraints ... variation which represents a nucleotide transition from 'A' to 'G' at nucleotide position 1896 changing a preC tryptophan to a termination codon [36] There are many functional and non-functional...
... creexpression cassette is non-functional in prokaryotes, this method would not affect the replication of the BAC DNA in bacteria Additionally, the inclusion of an intron sequence within the cre ... of the genome [11] Retention of oncogenicity of MDV (vRB-1B5) reconstituted from this clone has enabled the use of this clone in various studies to examine the oncogenic determinants using natural ... construction of pRB-1B-5, a BAC clone generated from the highly oncogenic RB-1B strain [10] of MDV by inserting the mini-F plasmid into the non-essential Us2 region of the genome [11] Retention...
... cheek contours’ positions The estimation is done in two steps First, the chin contour is estimated In the second step, the cheek contours are determined MAP Estimation of Chin and Cheek Contours ... are known after the chin contour estimation, only the position d = (dW , dV )T is unknown for a complete description of P3 d depends on another restriction Cheek contours are often covered by ... shape of chin and cheek contours, a parametric 2D model for these contours is introduced The estimation of chin and cheek contours is done by estimation of the parameters of this 2D model Figure...
... problems or medications Among those patients with more long-standing and severe SLE, reasons for non-participation have included, ‘I’m flaring and don’t want to take another medication that might make ... Available online http://arthritis-research.com/content/5/4/178 Second, studies from Toronto and Baltimore show that risk factor identification and, by implication, treatment fall short of what one ... References Conclusion HL Mencken once quipped, ‘For every complex problem, there is a solution which is simple, neat and wrong’ We have known for over 20 years of the late complications of SLE...
... [32] Available online http://arthritis-research.com/content/5/6/R329 Figure Structure of fibronectin (FN), including recognition sites for the monoclonal anti-FN antibodies used in this study The ... intrachain disulfide bonds upon conformation under nonreducing conditions Autoradiagram exposure times were hours for the 30 K and 45 K lanes, and overnight for the 170 K lanes jected to nonreduced SDS–PAGE, ... cells on fibronectin and up-regulates Bcl-2 expression Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:6161-6165 Sakai T, Johnson KJ, Murozono M, Sakai K, Magnuson MA, Wieloch T, Cronberg T, Isshiki A, Erickson...
... V3 loop was conserved among all subtype C and CRF_02 AG strains Remarkably of subtype C samples showed conservation of A residue just downstream of GPGQ motif (not observed in consensus C) and ... Recombination Identification Program (RIP) 3.0 http:// www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/RIP/RIP.html Potential N-glycosylation sites were calculated using NGlycoSite program http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/ ... subjected to sequencing as described in the text Only the V3 loop region sequences with short flanking constant regions are shown with their accession numbers, their subtype assignment and possible...
... The substitution rates were set equal among sites but different among lineages Gaps were treated by pairwise-deletion, i.e ignoring only the gaps that are involved in the comparison of a pair ... Payungporn S, Thanawongnuwech R, Amonsin A, Boonsuk P, Sreta D, Bunpong N, Tantilertcharoen R, Chamnanpood P, Parchariyanon S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y: Genetic characterization of H1N1, H1N2 ... distribution of type A influenza virus PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e5022 Gorman OT, Donis RO, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG: Evolution of influenza A virus PB2 genes: implications for evolution of the ribonucleoprotein...
... The substitution rates were set equal among sites but different among lineages Gaps were treated by pairwise-deletion, i.e ignoring only the gaps that are involved in the comparison of a pair ... Payungporn S, Thanawongnuwech R, Amonsin A, Boonsuk P, Sreta D, Bunpong N, Tantilertcharoen R, Chamnanpood P, Parchariyanon S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y: Genetic characterization of H1N1, H1N2 ... distribution of type A influenza virus PLoS ONE 2009, 4:e5022 Gorman OT, Donis RO, Kawaoka Y, Webster RG: Evolution of influenza A virus PB2 genes: implications for evolution of the ribonucleoprotein...
... Allele Allele Allele Allele Contig 0576 n.d n.d n.d n.d Contig 0395 Contig 0850 Contig 1068 Contig 2174 Contig 2043 Contig 0538 Contig 2873 Contig 2944 Contig 0131 Contig 0656 n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d ... mainly on the number of repeat motifs [20] However, the mutation rates differ among loci and among alleles, and also between species [21] The resulting mutations, which typically add or subtract one ... amplification depends on the evolutionary relatedness [57] The availability of the O sativa genome sequence provides a rich source of molecular information [58] On the contrary, this type of information...
... Methods) b One expressed EYFP gene based on unsubcloned NIH/3T3 EYFP fluorescence intensity c One expressed EYFP gene based on the Poisson distribution calculation, using the EYFP- value of non-infected ... http://www.retrovirology.com/content/1/1/5 GFP-Cre Figure Flow cytometry analysis of control cells, demonstrating GFP-Cre, EYFP, and surface envelope (Env) expression Flow cytometry analysis of control cells, demonstrating ... [24] This would likely require the high concentrations of virus maintained by the mixed culture One advantage of using GFP-Cre recombinase fusion protein was that we could monitor the population...
... National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov] Additional data files The following additional data are available with the online version of this paper Additional ... and their location (supercontig, contig) are listed along with cDNA amplicons if sequenced Transcripts that were replicated in the genome are also listed along with their corresponding gene build ... intergenic sequences on supercont1.1137 The fourth transcript had the 3' end matching up to this scaffold and the 5' end on supercont1.393 The fifth transcript was found on supercont1.1393, whereas...
... pneumococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have demonstrated even greater degrees of genomic plasticity among clinical strains [20,21] Moreover, evolutionary studies have demonstrated that pneumococcus ... kb contiguous region in Rd shows extensive deletional diversity among seven of the clinical strains, with only two of the clinical strains demonstrating the same local genomic organization (Figure ... information Figure region present in Rd KW20 shows two blocks of genomic variation among other strains A 40 kb A 40 kb region present in Rd KW20 shows two blocks of genomic variation among other...
... but our comparison tool demonstrated that it did not perform well (data not shown) In this paper we additionally develop a more sophisticated version of the second step and demonstrate important ... analysis This notion is false The reason is that the accuracy so calculated is an average of individual SNPs with corresponding variable accuracy Within this range, there will be a significant portion ... Variations on a theme: cataloging human DNA sequence variation Science 1997, 278:1580-1581 International HapMap Consortium, Frazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Gibbs RA, Belmont...