... of GSK3 (using Li or SB-415286)
appears to be sufficient for inducing activation of GS in
muscle and fat cells, and that inhibition ofthe kinase
potentiates insulin action in muscle of insulin-resistant ... increases in glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis
allowing for more effective ÔchannellingÕ of glucose into
glycogen in response to insulin. However, one of the
potential difficulties in interpreting ... phosphatidylinositol
3-kinase, p70, S6 kinase and glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity in
L6 muscle cells: evidence for the involvement ofthe mammalian
target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the
L
-leucine-induced
up-regulation...
... phenylalanine was therefore
mutated to Ala, Leu, Trp or Tyr. These mutations may
in uence the shape and volume ofthe acyl binding pocket
and thereby alter the binding mode and affinity of the
enzyme ... PAA and derivatives thereof, while maintaining
the hydrophobicity ofthe binding site.
To test the effect ofthe mutations on the specificity for
phenylacetylated substrates, the steady-state kinetic ... k
cat
represents
the rate of acylation and K
m
equals the binding constant of
the substrate to the free enzyme. The results then indicate
Ó FEBS 2002 Roleof active-site phenylalanines in penicillin acylase...
... or
avoiding unnucessary laparotomy [17]. The guideline
also recommends PET for evaluation of therapy
response and to make the decision of continuing the
ongoing therapy or stopping and redirecting the ... chemotherapy programme again.
Lesions inthe lung in 1 patient andinthe proximal
jejunal segments ofthe intestine in another patient were
not FDG avid. So they were accepted as non malignant
and ... important limitation th at the number of patients is
small especially inthe first group, the number of studies
intheliteratureinvestigatingtheroleofPETinthe
diagnosis of distant metastasis preoperatively...
... create signiịcant changes in
the genetic makeup of plants and animals due to the random recombination
and sorting of thousands of genes. As a result of intervention by people, the
hybrid seed corn ... throughout the world bears little resem-
blance to teosinte, the original ancestor of corn. The newer techniques involv-
ing genetic engineering, on the other hand, allow for the transfer of a few
genes ... commercially introduced in the
U.S. in 1996 and have been rapidly adopted by farmers. It has been estimated
that 24% ofthe corn and almost 70% ofthe soybeans and cotton grown in
the U.S. in 2001...
... amounts of protein
from 3Y1-Ad12 cell lysates confirmed the absence of
cathepsin D in nontransfected cells, andthe presence
of both the 31 kDa mature cathepsin D and the
45 kDa procathepsin D in cathepsin ... bafilomycin andthe cathepsin D inhibitor pepstatin A
partially inhibited, both in vivo andin vitro, the cAMP response to cholera
toxin. This cathepsin D-dependent action of cholera toxin under the con-
trol ... decrease of 3–10-fold in the
apparent affinity ofthe toxin for the enzyme [6]. More-
over, both chloroquine and monensin interfered with
the ATP-dependent intraendosomal degradation of
internalized...
... binding properties
The affinity of wild-type and mutant forms for the
cofactor was measured to evaluate the impact of the
mutations on the structure ofthe PLP binding site.
Because PLP binding ... interacts with the phosphate moiety of
PLP; E57Â is crucial inthe binding ofthe l-serine
hydroxyl group [15] andinthe catalysis ofthe hydrox-
ymethyltransferase reaction [16]; and Y65Â interacts
with ... to
explain the increase ofthe dissociation constant of the
monomer–dimer equilibrium determined by the muta-
tions. The results obtained inthe present study also
show that the monomeric form of...
... likely
that the increased rate of
13
C label incorporation into the C6
position of glycogen inthe ADM group is indicative of
activated 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase, which can lead to
increased
13
C labeling ... concentrations. There-
fore, an understanding ofthe regulation of these fluxes can
provide important insights into the mechanisms and poten-
tial treatment of diabetes.
The rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis ... C1, the C6
and C2–C5 signals were measured simultaneously for the
first time in vivo, which provide the basis for the estimation of
direct and indirect synthesis of glycogen inthe liver. The...
...
Russell Investments // Roleof bank loans in a rising rate environment / p 7
Bank loans in rising interest rate environments
In the past 20 years (since 1992), there have been three periods of significant ...
surprise. The duration ofthe Credit Suisse Leveraged Loan Index is significantly lower than
durations inthe traditional fixed income asset classes, reflecting the prevalence of floating
rate instruments ... price movements. The default rate is the default
rate of a bank loan portfolio (historically, 2%–3%), andthe recovery rate is the amount of
principal recovered inthe event of default (historically,...
... [16–18].
Interestingly, the sum of ATP and UTP was two-fold
higher than that of CTP and GTP, andthe ratio of
dATP and dTTP to dCTP and dGTP was also 2 : 1
[16,17]. This fact is in accordance with the ... after 3 min and then
declined, while the formation of [
3
H]ATP was increased
linearly with time within the first 15 min. After 30 min,
the reaction reached equilibrium (Fig. 4A). Further
experiments ... substrate in a total
volume of 20 lL. The reaction was initiated by the addition
the enzyme (100 ngặreaction
)1
for the determination of
NTP synthesis rates and 0.51 ngặreaction
)1
for the deter-
mination...
... heparin-binding site, a region of
positive surface charge extending along the left- and right-
hand sides ofthe ring in Fig. 10A [23]. This region is
comprised of five histidines, nine lysines, and ... were incubated with the filters for
45 min at a concentration of 5 lgặmL
)1
,andtheblots
washed and incubated with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen
peroxide. A combination ofthe biotinylated lectins ... lgặmL
)1
heparin.
Fig. 8. Mathematical modeling ofthe behavior of a mixture of isoforms
of an enzyme. (A) Hanes plot of a theoretical mixture of 5 isoforms of
an enzyme for the following cases:...
... rhadinoviruses
belonging to the RV2 lineage of KSHV-like
rhadinoviruses. The primers and probe for this assay were
based on sequences within the 3' end ofthe ORF 60 cod-
ing sequence andthe ORF 59/60 intergenic ... assay in this study. Dots represent residues identical to those inthe RRV sequence, and highlight the similarity of
the primer sequences within the RV2 lineage of rhadinoviruses andthe dissimilarity ... divergence ofthe Old World primate rhadinoviruses
and their hosts [26]
Identification of a novel RV2 rhadinovirus inthe baboon,
Papio cynocephalus, using the RV2 QPCR assay
To further determine the...
... between the questionnaire and observation ratings
of 0.49 for frequency of lifting, carrying, and transferring
6–15 kg. Concerning the frequency of lifting, carrying,
and transferring 6–15 kg, the ... 1.1–6.1
Kneeling/squatting and lifting/carrying combined
c
Both no kneeling/squatting and no lifting/carrying 65 22.0 137 41.9 1.0 - 1.0 -
Kneeling/squatting >0 – <870 hrs. or lifting/carrying >0 ... number of squatting andthe duration
of kneeling work. D'Souza et al. [20] examine the relation-
ship between the daily amount of kneeling and knee oste-
oarthritis inthe subset of participants...
... divergence ofthe Old World primate rhadinoviruses
and their hosts [26]
Identification of a novel RV2 rhadinovirus inthe baboon,
Papio cynocephalus, using the RV2 QPCR assay
To further determine the ... assay in this study. Dots represent residues identical to those inthe RRV sequence, and highlight the similarity of
the primer sequences within the RV2 lineage of rhadinoviruses andthe dissimilarity ... regions of identical sequences
within both the ORF 59 and ORF 60 coding regions and
the ORF 59/60 intergenic region. As shown in Figure 2, a
region of 71 identical nucleotides inthe MneRV2 and RRV
sequences...