Qualifiers in english and vietnamese nominal groups a systemic functional comparison m a thesis linguistics 60 22 15

1 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ HUYỀN QUALIFIERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NOMINAL GROUPS: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON ĐỊNH NGỮ TRONG NHÓM DANH NGỮ ANH VIỆT: SO SÁNH THEO QUAN ĐIỂM CHỨC NĂNG HỆ THỐNG M.A THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HÀ NỘI – 2010 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES BÙI THỊ HUYỀN QUALIFIERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NOMINAL GROUPS: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON ĐỊNH NGỮ TRONG NHÓM DANH NGỮ ANH VIỆT: SO SÁNH THEO QUAN ĐIỂM CHỨC NĂNG HỆ THỐNG M.A THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Prof Dr Hoàng Văn Vân HÀ NỘI – 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Abstract Table of contents List of abbreviations Part 1: INTRODUCTION Rationale Research questions Scope of the study Significance of the study Methods of the study Design of the study Part 2: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Schools of grammar 1.1.1 Traditional grammar 1.1.2 Systemic functional grammar 1.2 Basis syntactical notions 1.2.1 Words 1.2.2 Phrases 1.2.2.1 Traditional grammar 1.2.2.2 Functional grammar 1.2.3 Clauses 1.3 Nominal clauses 1.3.1 Traditional grammar 1.3.2 Functional grammar 1.4 Qualifiers Chapter 2: QUALIFIERS IN THE ENGLISH NOMINAL GROUP 2.1 Structure of nominal groups (Functional grammar) 2.2 Elements that act as Qualifiers in English nominal groups 2.2.1 Words 2.2.2 Phrases 2.2.2.1 Prepositonal phrases 2.2.2.2 Adjectival phrases 2.2.2.3 Adverbial phrases 2.2.3 Clauses 2.3.3.1 Non-finite clauses as qualifiers 2.3.3.2 Finite clauses as qualifiers 2.3 Summary Chapter 3: QUALIFIERS IN THE VIETNAMESE NOMINAL GROUP IN COMPARISON WITH QUALIFIERS IN THE ENGLISH NOMINAL GROUP 3.1 Comparison of words as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal group 3.2 Comparison of phrases as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal grou 3.2.1 Comparison of prepositional phrases 3.2.2 Comparison of adjectival phrases 3.2.3 Comparison of adverbial phrases 3.3 Comparison of clauses as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal grou 3.3.1 Comparison of finite relative clauses 3.3.2 Comparison of non-finite relative clauses 3.4 Summary Part 3: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Bibliography Sources of Data LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SFC Systemic functional grammar FG Functional grammar S Subject V Verb O Object C Complement A Adverb Det / d Determiner m Modifier h Head q Qualifier pro Process F Finite P Predicate Prep Preposition RP Relative pronoun Cir Circumstance Mat Material Par Participant NG (s) Nominal group(s) VG Verb group Part 1: INTRODUCTION RATIONALE Used to distinguish between human beings and other creatures, languages can be the most wonderful thing in this world Along with the development of our society, languages were born so many that actually we not know how many languages are still being used and have existed up to now Each language has its own history and appears in a specific period It reflects relatively clearly the society, the economy, the culture of a country We have achieved a lot of accomplishments in the field of biology, information technology, astronomy and other th th fields, including linguistics In the late 19 and the early years of the 20 century, English colonies spread over many continents Therefore, it is unavoidable that English has been a dominant language since then All most of newspapers, magazines, radios, TV broadcasts use English as a main language And we may not know when it was considered as an international language in meetings, dialogues, conferences, etc In Vietnam, English is a compulsory subject in secondary, high schools and in universities as well Teachers of English worldwide in general, Vietnamese teachers of English and learners in particular always think of how to teach and learn English with easier ways We teach and learn English to fulfill the language function of communication It is argued that when we say a person has learned a new language we mean that he has learned its sound system (understanding speech and speaking well), learned to use its grammar, and learned at least a limited vocabulary Over the two centuries, English grammar has been viewed by many scholars with different schools, such as: traditional grammar, structural grammar, transformational generative grammar and systemic functional grammar Each of those schools has its own ideas, but in whatever way the term “grammar” is used to indicate syntax in a narrow sense or morphonology and syntax or, in the broadest sense, to include phonology, syntax and semantics, syntax is always the core of the grammar of a language While traditional, structural and generative grammars pay so much attention to the formal aspect of language, functional grammar is one whose conceptual framework on which the grammar is based is a functional rather than a formal one 10 Nominal group isn‟t seen as a new issue in syntax and in linguistics in general In the old and new grammar books, the description of nominal group has been relatively occupied In traditional grammar, the structure of nominal group consists of three components: the head, the premodification and the post-modification However, according to M.A.K Halliday and other linguists of the Hallidayan tradition, nominal groups can be seen in the overall relation of semantics (functional) and structure Halliday gave not only the structure of the head, the modifier and the qualifier, but also the ideational (clause as representation), the interpersonal (clause as exchange) and the textual (clause as message) Some Vietnamese researchers have considered the matter of nominal group‟s structure in the terms of traditional grammar and functional grammar An analysis of nominal groups in English and Vietnamese in light of systemic-functional grammar made by Cu Thanh Nghi (2004) is an example In his research, he gave how semantic relations between constituents of the nominal group are diversified and particularized in English and Vietnamese, and how these semantic relations could be explained from the representational points of views The other one was carried out by Cao Thi Phuong (1998): clauses of nominal status In light of traditional grammar, she found out the features and classifications of English nominal clauses, the differences and similarities between nominal clauses in English and Vietnamese Although the two above researches just view nominal group in general, they not represent structures of each part in nominal groups in detail For this reason, the author of this paper chooses qualifiers (in the light of systemic-functional grammar) as the main issue RESEARCH QUESTIONS The above – mentioned rationale shows that nominal groups need to be studied in more detail not only in structure but in use as well The aims of the study are: - To explore the nature of Qualifier and to locate it in the space of the nominal group - To describe English and Vietnamese nominal groups based on the framework of systemic functional grammar - To establish the differences and similarities between qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups 11 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The research questions mentioned above have already implied that this study focuses only on investigating qualifiers of English nominal groups The investigation of this aspect of English is conducted in comparison with that in Vietnamese to find out the similarities and differences between them; and from these findings, the investigation will suggest some implications for teaching and learning English in the Vietnamese context SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY To have a deeper understanding of functional grammar in general and nominal groups in particular, and to be aware of the mistakes made by Vietnamese students, the author chooses qualifiers as the main study The research could serve as a good consolidation of systemicfunctional grammar‟s positions about qualifiers in nominal groups, and the representation of English and Vietnamese qualifiers based on functional grammar may be a useful way for teaching and learning nominal groups Besides this, the research also includes some implications for communicative teaching and learning qualifiers in nominal groups METHODS OF THE STUDY To achieve the aims above, the study uses descriptive, contrastive and qualitative methods of language research Descriptive methods: Theoretical issues are studied Then they are re-examined to form the theoretical framework for the study Real-life illustrations along with examples extracted from different kinds of books are also exhibited comprehensively to constitute fully the understanding of the theories and the realization of them Comparative methods: The English and Vietnamese qualifiers in nominal groups will be made, which is inductive in nature Its reliability and validity will be ensured by the descriptive method Qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups will be compared in terms of position and meaning so as to search out the resembling and the distinctive features of the two languages in this linguistic aspect 12 DESIGN OF THE STUDY The study consists of three parts: part 1: introduction; part 2: development and part 3: conclusion Part 1: presents the rationale, the aims, the research questions, the scope of the study, the significance of the study, the methods of the study and the design of the study Part 2: consists of chapters Chapter 1: provides the theoretical background for the study It includes an overview of schools of grammar (tradition and systemic function), some basic syntactical notions (words, phrases and clauses), nominal groups in English and qualifiers Chapter is concerned with qualifiers in English nominal groups This chapter exhibits the analysis of English words, phrases, and clauses as qualifiers Chapter deals with qualifiers in Vietnamese nominal groups The chapter will also provide the analysis of Vietnamese words, phrases, and clauses as qualifiers and then is the comparison of English and Vietnamese qualifiers Part 3: summarizes the major findings, provides concluding remarks, gives the implications of functional grammar in teaching and learning English and makes some suggestions for further study 13 Part 2: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Schools of grammar “Within linguistics, „grammar‟ is normally used in a narrow technical sense to distinguish it chiefly from phonology and semantics” Palmer (1984) “Grammar deals with language forms and meanings and the way they are interconnected” Jacobs (1995) Grammar has been studied by many linguists and grammarians from different schools To have a better understanding of different schools of grammar, due to the limit of pace and time, this chapter will present the two major schools of grammar (traditional and functional grammars) 1.1.1 Traditional grammar Traditional grammars is a theory of the structure of language based on ideas Western societies inherited from ancient Greek and Roman sources It is not a unified theory that attempts to explain the structure of all languages with a unique set of concepts (as is the aim of linguistics) There are different traditions for different languages, each with its own traditional vocabulary and analysis In the case of European languages, each of them represents an adaptation of Latin grammar to a particular language Developed in the eighteenth century, traditional grammars bore the following characteristics which were summarized by Aitchison (1991) First, the traditional grammars are prescriptive, logical rather than descriptive Secondly, they prescribe rules of „correctness‟ in the sense of absolute and unchanging „correctness‟ Thirdly, they regard written language as primary, thus traditional grammarians have overstressed the importance of the written word Finally, they force language into a Latin-based framework, assuming that Latin provided a universal framework into which all languages fit 42 ….lifeonother planets …on a kind of table From this table, prepotional phrases in Vietnamese nominal groups and those in English nominal groups are nearly the same After the Thing, we have a prepostional phrase which qualifies the thing, of course And that prepositonal phrase often begins with a preposition Some other examples will illustrate this point more clearly ….a seaside town h ….một ven biển thị trấn nam – tây Anh …(một thị trấn ven biển nằm tây nam nước Anh.) ….took a taxi to Heathrow airport ….bắt taxi tới Heathrow sân bay (….bắt taxi tới sân bay Heathrow) h …creatures from space h …sinh vật từ không gian (… sinh vật từ không gian.) h …the centre of the wheel h 43 ….trung tâm bánh xe h …saw a small cut on her neck h … nhỏ vết cắt cô cổ (….một vết cắt nhỏ cổ cô ấy) Generally, prepositional phrases used as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups are nearly the same However, in the case of nominal groups which have adjectives as premodifiers, the structure and meaning of prepositional phrases in English and Vietnamese nominal groups are relatively different The reason is that Epithet which is a pre-modifier in English nominal groups becomes a Qualifier in Vietnamese nominal groups 3.2.2 Comparison of adjectival phrases As said above, Vietnamese adjective phrases are placed right after the noun they qualify, meanwhile English adjective phrases normally are pre-modifiers (as in traditional grammar), or post-deictic, epithet or classifier (in functional grammar), and of course, they are followed by a noun But everything has its own exceptions We look at the below examples to The boys easiest to teach were in my c Cậu bé dễ để dạy…….(Nh My neighbor has a house ………… nhà to nhà c ……looking for something cheaper ……….nhìn cho rẻ (…tìm rẻ hơn) 44 From those examples, English adjectives also become qualifiers in some cases, especially in the case of comparison The structure and meaning of adjectival phrases as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups are the same in general 3.2.3 Comparison of adverbial phrases Like English, Vietnamese adverbial phrases can become qualifiers in nominal groups The road back was dense with traffic h Con đường sau là…………… h The weather tomorrow will be better h h The people outside started to shout h Những người bên ngoài…… h Now there‟s a growing trend abroad ………….một gia tăng xu hướng nước ngoà In the examples above, we see the similarity of adverbs as qualifiers both in English and in Vietnamese nominal groups Like in 3.2.3, the difference between the two languages is in the case of nominal groups which have epithet as pre-modifier in English, but that epithet becomes a qualifier in Vietnamese Therefore, the adverbial phrases which qualify for a nominal group with epithet in English cannot be qualifiers in Vietnamese nominal groups 45 3.3 Comparison of clauses as qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups 3.3.1 Comparison of finite relative clauses In English the subject or object complement of the relative clause can be presented by different relative pronouns (who to qualify person(s), which to qualify thing(s), that to qualify both person(s) and thing(s), whose to qualify person(s) or thing(s) by its belonging thing(s) or person(s), when to qualify time, where to qualify place, and to qualify reason we have „why‟), however, in Vietnamese it is normally presented by the word „mà‟ In terms of structure, in most cases we use relative pronouns in finite relative clause to qualify, Vietnamese is nearly the same as English It means the structure can be as followed: RP (as the subject of the RC) (who, which, that, whose, when, where, why) RP (as the object of the RC) (who, which, that, whose, when, where, why) We can look at the following examples: (32) người học sinh mà gặp hôm qua Người học sinh The student Deictic Thing In this example, the relative pronoun can be omitted both in English and in Vietnamese However, in English when the relative pronoun serves as the subject of the defining, finite relative clause, it cannot be omitted, unlike in English, in Vietnamese, the relative word „mà‟ does not appear in some cases In other words, Vietnamese relative pronoun can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the nominal groups (33) … đại phận người dân có thu nhập thấp ….của đại phận ….of majority of the 46 Or as in (34) …rất nhiều học (mà) cha mẹ dạy … nhiều học ….lessons Thing Or as in other examples (35) …cái tự [[tơi mua bơ sữa bị Ông Thọ tiền xu…]] ….the liberty [[I bought with a can of pence…] (36) Anh chẳng cho biết lý mà anh lại bỏ việc Anh chẳng cho tơi He didn‟t give me (37) Tơi cịn giữ kỷ niệm nơi mà thăm thú Tơi cịn giữ kỷ niệm I still keep a lot of memories of Qualifier From these examples, it is natural when we omit „mà‟ in Vietnamese, without it, the rest becomes a verb phrase Although Vietnamese doesn‟t have markers of tense, it uses words that can help to make time of actions clearer like „đã, đang, sẽ, sắp, mới, vừa, rồi…‟ 47 Though the possibility to remove subject relative pronoun is different between the two languages, we can see the equivalence between them One exception is in the case of prepositional relative clauses According to Halliday (1994), the prepositional phase functions as Adjunct And the difference can be seen between English and Vietnamese when a preposition is placed before a RP ….a hol Deictic Th Deictic De Or as in Đây định cơng ty [[theo Anh Nguyễn Tuệ Minh bắt đầu chức vụ giám đốc từ ngày 20 / ]] However, we can still find the similarity between the two languages when comparing prepostional phrase That is in the case when a preposition is at the end of the clause and the RP can be omitted In other words, we combine a phrasal verb with a relative clause as in: Đây This is 3.3.2 Comparison of non-finite relative clauses As mentioned in the above sections, non-finite phrases or clauses, in general, doesn‟t have a finite verb, no tense, no mood or aspect In English, the clause can be „-ing‟ clause whose voice is active (in Vietnamese the meaning of aspect is „đang‟, „-ed‟ clause whose voice is passive (in Vietnamese the meaning of aspect can be „bị or được‟, or „to-‟ infinitive clause (in Vietnamese the meaning of aspect is usually represented explicitly by words such as „sẽ (introducing future, cần, phải (introducing proposal), để (introducing goal to be attained)) Both „-ing‟ and „-ed‟ clauses are reduced forms of the relative clauses Contrary to English, Vietnamese does not have a clause called non-finite clause because time is not a 48 feature of the Vietnamese verbs Instead, it is only equivalent to a verb phrase functioning as a qualifier in a nominal group For instance; (38) ….vừa đề chế, sách thu hút người có trình độ đại học… vừa đề „ve just given (39) phường, xã, thị trấn tuyển dụng là…… Các phường, xã, thị trấn Wards, hamlets, towns Thing (40) Hiện anh cán trẻ có nhiều sáng kiến cải tiến Hiện anh At he is present (41) sinh thái học khoa học nghiên cứu phát triển xã hội quần thể người… Sinh thái học Biology Qualifier From the above examples, we see the similarity between the two languages in terms of structure and meaning as well Now, we can look at more the following examples: (42) …tăng cường tuyên truyền giáo dục [[để em không hút thuốc lá]] …enhance ideogical education for children [[not to smoke]] (43) vấn đề đáng [[được quan tâm]] việc quản lý mạng internet One of the problems [[cared]] is to monitor the Internet (44)…tham mưu với uỷ ban nhân dân [[sớm có kế hoạch quy hoạch diện tích đất]] ….give advice to the people‟s committee [[to have the plan to project land area]] 49 (45) Trẻ [[được sinh ra]] phần lớn mong đợi gia đình… A child born is mainly from the expectings for long of the family… 3.4 Summary This chapter is concerned mainly with nouns in Vietnamese and to make the chapter convenient to follow, the chapter will be summarized in the form of tables In Table above, the author gave the structure of Vietnamese noun phrase To compare easily, the author will give another table which also presents the structure of Vietnamese by Diep Quang Ban Pre-modifier Tổng Số lượng lượng Table 1: The structure of the Vietnamese nominal group We can see the difference of structure between English and Vietnamese noun phrases In English, epithet and deixis are pre-modifiers for noun phrases, meanwhile in Vietnamese they become post – modifiers From above all, we can have a table which summarizes all things done in the Chapter and Chapter Words adj, adv and nouns Prepositional phrases Phrases 50 Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Non – finite Clauses Finite relative clause Table 2: English a 51 PART 3: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This thesis has attempted to find out what qualifiers are, how they are classified in English and Vietnamese, what their structures in English and Vietnamese nominal groups are and then the differences and similarities between them Qualifiers in the English and the Vietnamese nominal groups are nearly the same in terms of structure, meaning and position In Vietnamese or in English, we also have words, phrases and clauses which may be qualifiers in nominal groups And they follow nominal groups The difference is only in the following case: Vietnamese: English: The difference is quite clear The epithet and deixis functioning as pre-modifiers in the English nominal group become post-modifier in the Vietnamese nominal group (Diep Quang Ban, 2008) But according to Halliday, the part following nominal groups is called Qualifier in English However in Vietnamese, there has not been an author who mentions the part following nominal groups as Qualifiers Vietnamese linguists see this part as postmodification Above all, Vietnamese and English are not different so much This thesis is also to find how the study can be used in practical learning, teaching and translation In fact, the comprasion is done in order not only to find out the similarities and the differences in grammartical form between the two languages, but also to find how we can take advantage of it The author wants to draw out some implications of the study to help learners and teachers of English The process of teaching qualifiers, like the teaching of any other language items, needs to be based on many factors: teacher‟s theoreticcal understanding of grammar, methods employed in teaching, textbooks, learning environment, teaching aids and facilities, and students‟ learning styles and motivation However, to be successful and efficient, the teaching of any language area ought to depend on the analysis of difficulties which challenge students in learning as well As said above, functional linguistics is still a relatively new language model, even for teachers of English in Vietnam because most of them and students as well are familiar with the traditional grammar from the beginning If we say „post-modification‟, the large number of 52 them can imagine and understand what it is, and its functions But the situation is different when we say „qualifiers‟ They hardly understand what it is, if we just say the word without more explanation The research has carried out to help not only for the teachers of English, but also for learners who really want to know more about this new field, but very interesting In language learning, specifically in learning qualifiers in language, the lack of real-life input can hinder students‟ acquisition because what have been taught and acquired in class has no chance to be repeated and reinforced outside the classroom environment Therefore, materials for teaching and learning should be real and updated The examples used in teachers‟ presentation and explanation as well as designed exercises are extracts of authentic interaction from printed and broadcasted media and publication, office documents, prochures, pamphlets, everyday converstion, etc Students often encourter the diversity and unequivalence of English and Vietnamese noun phrases at first As in the above table, the structure of English and Vietnamese noun phrases with adjectives is quite different For the sake of students‟ easy and correct use of English noun phrases, teachers therefore not only have to compare the various kinds of noun phrases but also make distinctions between English and Vietnamese noun phrases The typical type of exercises for teaching and drilling the use of English noun phrases is sentence transformation in which the positions of nouns can be turned into adjectives and vice versa In the field of translation, the translation of simple nominal groups is not difficult and complicated But with nominal groups with long, and complicated qualifiers which are not easy both in meaning and in structure, translators often find it diffcult to transfer from English into Vietnamese right after the statement To make it easy, the teacher should help the students, translators analyze what the Head is, what qualifies the Head, and what its ending is In summary, the comparison of qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups basing on either elements or types of qualifiers reveals many common and distinctive features between these two languages, which constitue a reliable and informative ground for applications and pedagogical suggestions as presented Because of the scope, the limits of time and pace, and the researcher‟s ability, the study “Qualifiers in English and Vietnamese Nominal Groups – A Systemic Functional 53 Comparison” has just focused on investigating the categorization and realization of qualifiers in English nominal groups in comparison with those in Vietnamese to find out the similarities and differences between them, discovering the applications of the study in language teaching and learning Teachers of English in Vietnam may find some explanations and structures of nominal groups in detailed to be employed in their particular teaching conditions and with their particular types of students Accordingly, it is suggested that further study on the same area of qualifiers in English and Vietnamese nominal groups can go into greater details with examples from each field which learners care, for example, qualifiers in texts of engineering, mining or surveying, etc 54 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bloor, T & Bloor, M (1995) The Functional Analysis of English – A Hallidayan Approach, New York, Oxford University Press Dalrymple, Mary (1999) Syntax & Semantics in Lexical Functional Grammar, Cambridge, MIT Press Eggins, S (1994) An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics London: Continuum, Wellington House Halliday, M.A.K (1994) Introduction to Functional Grammar, Edward Arnold, London Leech, Geoffrey & Svantvik (1975) A Communicative Grammar of English, London, Longman Morley, G.D (2000) Syntax in Functional Grammar – An Introduction to Lexicogrammar in Systemic Linguistics, Wellington House, London Quirk, R et al (1980) A Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman, London Thompson, G (1996) Introducing Functional Grammar, Edward Arnold, London Diệp Quang Ban (2003) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt, Tập hai, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Giáo Dục 10 Diệp Quang Ban (2008) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Giáo Dục 11 Nguyễn Bàng (1985) Noun and Prepositional Phrases in English and Vietnamese: A Contrastive Analysis, MA thesis, Australia, Canberra College of Advanced Education 12 Cao Xuân Hạo (1991), Tiếng Việt: sơ thảo ngữ pháp chức năng, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội 13 Cù Thanh Nghị (2004) An Analysis of Nominal Groups in English and Vietnamese in light of Systemic Functional Grammar with Possible Implications to Teaching and Learning, MA thesis Vietnamese National University, Hanoi – College of Foreign Languages 14 Cao Thị Phương (1998) Clauses of Nominal Status – A Contrastive Analysis of English and Vietnamese, MA thesis Vietnam National University, Hanoi – College of Foreign Languages 55 15 Lê Thị Hiền Thảo (2007) Relative Clauses in English and Vietnamese – A Systemic Functional Comparison, MA thesis Vietnam National University, Hanoi – College of Foreign Languages 16 Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm (2007) The Projection Relationship in Clause Complexes in English and Vietnamese – A Systemic Functional Comparison, MA thesis Vietnam National University, Hanoi – College of Foreign Languages 17 Nguyễn Kim Thản (1996), Cơ Sở Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội 18 Hoàng Văn Vân (2005), Ngữ Pháp Kinh Nghiệm Cú Tiếng Việt – Mô tả theo quan điểm chức hệ thống, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Khoa học Xã hội 56 SOURCES OF DATA Toby, Creswell (2001, 2002), Sign of the Times, HQ December/January 2001-02, Australia Bruce, Forster (2001, 2002), The Spirit of Scotland, HQ December/January 2001-02, Australia Laurindo, Garcia (2001, 2002), In the Blink of an Eye, HQ December/January 2001-02, Australia HQ (2001-02), Junior School Jihad, HQ December/ January 2001-02, Australia Mark, White (2001, 2002), Behind Closed Doors, HQ December/January 2001-02, Australia Đinh Hoàng Khánh An (2010), “Chàng trai sáng kiến trị giá bạc tỷ”, Nhân Dân, (19920), p4 Đỗ Huyền Anh (2010), “Quý trọng đồng tiền”, Nhân Dân, (19920), p5 Vũ Đình Ánh (2010), “Lựa chọn sách tài chính, tiền tệ sau khủng hoảng”, Nhân Dân, (19920), p2 Xuân Đảng (2010), “ Khơi thơng nguồn vốn tín dụng trung – dài hạn”, Nhân Dân, (19920), p2 PV (2010), “Thanh Hoá khuyến khích cán có trình độ đại học làm việc xã, phường, thị trấn”, Nhân Dân, (19920), p1 10 Nguyễn Hồng Trí (2001), “Sinh thái nhân văn – Con người môi trường”, Nhà xuất Giáo dục 11 Nhân Thế (2010), “Cái ác phải bị trừng phạt‟, Thời Nay, (35), p1 12.Trần Ngọc Tuệ (2010), “Chiến tranh giới thứ hai vấn đề đấu tranh giữ vững hồ bình giới nay”, Nhân Dân, (19973), p4 13 Nguyễn Thu (2010), “Chương trình giao lưu văn hoá Thăng Long, kiện văn hoá lớn Việt Nam Mỹ”, Nhân Dân, (19920), p5 14 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_grammar 15 http://languagestudy.suite101.com/article.cfm/the_eight_functions_of_noun_clauses 16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_group_(language) 17 http://www.docstoc.com/docs/DownloadDoc.aspx ... the matter of nominal group‟s structure in the terms of traditional grammar and functional grammar An analysis of nominal groups in English and Vietnamese in light of systemic- functional grammar... such as: traditional grammar, structural grammar, transformational generative grammar and systemic functional grammar Each of those schools has its own ideas, but in whatever way the term “grammar”... Traditional grammar 1.2.2.2 Functional grammar 1.2.3 Clauses 1.3 Nominal clauses 1.3.1 Traditional grammar 1.3.2 Functional grammar 1.4 Qualifiers Chapter 2: QUALIFIERS IN THE ENGLISH NOMINAL