Tìm hiểu nhu cầu giáo dục tiếng mẹ đẻ của các dân tộc thiểu số ở Malaysia

BO GIAO DUG VA DAO TAO DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI TRL/CJNG DAI HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA NHAN VAN LE MINH HA TIM fflEU NHU CAU GIAO DUC TIENG ME DE CUA CAC DAN TOC THIEU SO d MALAYSIA LUAN VAN THAC SI NGON NGlT HOC Chuydn nganh: Ngon ngff cac dan toe Dong Nam A Ma so: 5.04.25 Hl/CfNG D A N KHOA HOC Pho Gido sii-Tien si TRAN TRI DOT NGUCJI r: i!-' i/ HA NOI, 2003 \i-vL\An Ldl CAM ON Toi xin bay to long cam an sdu sac tdi Pho Gido sK-Tien sT Trdn Tri Doi da tan tinh giiip dd vd dong gop nhieu y kien quy bdu cho ban ludn van cua toi Toi Cling xin chdn thdnh cam cfn gia dinh vd be ban dd dong vien, giup dd vd tqo mgi dieu kien de toi hodn thdnh ban ludn van ndy Ban ludn van ndy chdc chdn khong trdnh khoi khiem khuyet, kinh mong quy thdy CO vd doc gia lUdng thii, dong thdi chi nhQng thieu sot can khac phuc de nhOng cong trinh nghien cvtu sau ndy dKcfc thUc hien tot hcfn MUC LUC Trang MUC LUC BANG KE N H C N G C H O VIET TAT PHAN Md DAU Chtfdng I: NHLfNG VAN DE CHUNG VE CHINH SACH NGON N G O CUA MALAYSIA I Khai quat ve tinh hinh kinh te-xa hoi d Malaysia sau gianh doc lap (1957) den 1) Malaysia la quoc gia da dan toe, da ngon ngff 2) Tinh hinh kinh te-xa hoi d Malaysia tff 1957 den II Chinh sach Ngon ngff cua Malaysia 1) Tieng Melayu trS Ngon ngff Quoc gia a) Chinh sach Giao due Quoc gia va mot so chinh sach xa hoi khac h5 trd cho ngon ngff quo^c gia b) Chinh sach Ngon ngff Quoc gia difdc tien hanh tffng bffcfe, than va khon kheo c) Tieng Melayu diTdc md rong chffc nang xa hoi va pham vi siJ dung 2) Moi quan he giffa Ngon ngff Quoc gia va ngon ngff cac dan toe khac 3) Moi quan he giffa Ngon ngff Quoc gia va tieng Anh Chrftfng II: TINH HINH GIANG DAY N H O N G NGON N G O DA SO Cf MALAYSIA I Tie'ng Melayu vdi tuf each la ngon ngff quoc gia 1) Ngon ngff siJ dung cac ITnh viTc kiem soat cua dat nifde va su* dung cf ca'p chinh thffc 2) Ngon ngff giao tie'p giffa cac dan toe va cl cap khong chinh thffe II Tieng Hoa III Tieng Tamil IV Tieng Anh ^ Chi/(/ng HI: TINH HINH GIANG DAY MOT VAI NGON N G THIEU SO MALAYSIA L Kadazandusun 1) Cong dong Kadazandusun 2) Tieng Kadazandusun va tinh hinh giang day 3) Chuan hoa ngon ngff Kadazandusun 4) Cac van de va tu'dng lai cua giao due ngon ngff Kadazandusun 11 Iban 1) Cong dong Iban 2) Tie'ng Iban va tinh hinh giang day 5 12 13 14 16 18 19 22 26 26 26 29 33 38 44 52 52 52 53 54 55 57 57 57 3) Vai tro cua cac to chffc phi chinh phu viee phat trien tieng Iban 4) Cac van de va tufdng lai cua giao due ngon ngff Iban IIl.Bidayuh 1) Cong dong Bidayuh 2) Tieng Bidayuh va tinh hinh giang day 3) Cac van de va tiTcfng lai cua giao due ngon ngff Bidayuh IV.Murut 1) Cong dong Murut 2) Tieng Murut va tinh hinh giang day V OrangAsU 1) Ngifdi Orang Asli (tho dan) 2) Ngon ngff cua ngffdi Orang Asli va tinh hinh giang day PHAN KET LUAN T A I LIEU THAM K H A O CHINH Phu luc 1: Dan so^theo toe ngiTdi - nam 2000 - Lien bang Malaysia Phu luc 2: Thanh phan dan toe - Lien bang Malaysia Phu luc 3: Cac ngon ngff d Malaysia Phan Ban dao Phan Sabah Phan Sarawak Phu luc 4: He tho^ng giao due quo'c gia Malaysia 59 60 61 61 62 64 65 65 66 70 70 71 75 81 85 87 89 89 92 97 102 BANG KE NHLfNG C H O VIET TAT POL H L SNN DB TGK PN SIL DTDS : : : : : : : : Pupils' Own Languages - ngon ngff cua hoe sinh Bien the phu'dng ngff cao Bie'n the phu'dng ngff thap Songirdinoi Diabancfftru Ten goi khac Phu'dng ngff Vien Ngon ngff hoc Mua he Dieu tra dan so' 77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cita cac dan toe thieu so d Malaysia PHAN Md DAU L Tinh cap thie't cua de tai Ngay nay, cac quo'c gia ddn ngff, ddn dan toe da trd hien tu'dng hie'm hoi tren the gidi Qua trinh phan va sat nhap cac bo toe cung nhff lanh thd lich sff, ehu nghia de quoc, Ian song di cU at da khien hau he't cac quoc gia tren the gidi trcf da ngff, da sac toe Co chang sff khac chi ve tinh chat va mffe Trong do, Dong Nam A la khu vifc da ngff d mffe cao Ngon ngff, nhff chung ta da biet, giff mot vi tri trung tam viee xac dinh va nhan dien mot dan toe No ddi eiing vdi viee hinh dan toe va chi mat di dan toe bi diet vong hay bi dong hoa vao dan toe khac, danh mat di ban sac cua minh No luon luon la bieu tu'dng, niem tff hao va la "effu canh cuoi Cling" viee eo gang giff gin ban sac cua mot dan toe Bat ky hanh dong nao lam phffdng hai den ngon ngff deu lam ton thffdng long i\X dan toe, va la mot nhieu ly dan den nhffng xung dot sac toe dam mau Ijch suf ma ta da tffng dffde biet Ngon ngff, do, luon luon la van de nhay cam d cac quoc gia da dan toe Trong van de nay, viee giai quyet to't moi quan he giffa ngon ngff quoc gia, ngon ngff nffdc ngoai (neu c6) va cac ngon ngff khac la tieng me de ciia nhffng toe ngffdi dffde goi la thieu so' trd nhiem vu v6 cung quan trong, can phai dffde giai quyet mot each kheo leo, uyen chuyen vdi mue dich phat trien quoc gia mot each toan dien va ben vffng Dieu dffde the hien d chinh sach ngon ngff cua quoc gia, ma hien than cua no, cu the nha't d mot linh vffe, la chinh sach giao due tieng me de cho cac dan toe thieu so Viet Nam va Malaysia khong nam ngoai tien trinh tren Tuy khac ve hoan canh va each giai quyet van de, nhffng hai nffdc eiing cd chung mue dich cung c6' khoi doan ke't toan dan va phat trien quoc gia vffng manh Trong qua trinh thffe hien, ben canh nhffng cong, hai nffdc cung khong the tranh khoi nhffng thieu sot nhat dinh Malaysia la quoc gia da dan toe nhffng tinh chat phffc tap hdn nhieu so vdi Viet Nam Viee nghien cffu chinh sach ngon ngff do'i vdi cac dan toe thieu so cua Malaysia vdi tinh each nffdc lang gieng gan gui ve mat dia ly va lich sur se giiip cho Viet Nam cd mot kinh nghiem khu vffc, tff dd rut dffdc nhffng bai hoc bd ich 77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn iQc thieu so d Malaysia H Mue dich nghien cufu Bdi canh, hien trang ngon ngff cua cac dan toe thieu so mot quo'c gia da dan toe phong phu va da dang thuoe vao vi tri dia ly, so Iffdng ngffdi ndi, tinh hinh phat trien kinh te'-xa hoi va y thffe giff gin ban sac van hoa ciia dan toe Dffng trffdc mue dich phat trien da't nffdc ben vffng nham nang cao ddi song kinh te'-van hda cho cac dan toe thieu so' va xu the' phat trien da dang van hoa (trong dd CO ngon ngff) cua the gidi, mdi quo'c gia phai dam bao quyen ngon ngff cua cac cong dong va ca nhan cung nhff dieu kien kinh te' de thffe thi chung Viee de mot chinh sach ngon ngff thich hdp se la rat khd neu khong nghien cffu ky thffe cha't nhu cau giao due tieng me de cua cac dan toe Moi cd gang deu trd nen that bai hay lang phi neu khong dap ffng nhu cau thffe te' cua nhffng dan toe thu hffdng chinh sach Dd chinh la ly de ngffdi viet chon de tai: "Tim hieu nhu cau giao due tieng me de cua cac dan toe thieu so d Malaysia" cho luan van cao hoc cua minh Malaysia khong nhffng chi cd "dan toe thieu so it ngffdi" nhff d Viet Nam ma eon cd ca "dan toe thieu so dong ngffdi" (Trung Hoa, A'n Do) Do dd, nhffng cong va that bai, cai tot va ehffa to't viee thffe hien chinh sach giao due ngon ngff do'i vdi cac dan toe thieu so' d Malaysia se la mot kinh nghiem khu vffc cho Viet Nam, tff dd gdp phan vao viee danh gia lai chinh sach giao due ngon ngff cua Viet Nam do'i vdi vung dan toe thieu so^ von dang gay nhieu bffe xuc III DPI ttfrfng pham vi nghien cuTu Chinh sach ngon ngff cua quo'c gia bao gom nhieu bp phan hdp nhff hoach dinh dia vi, xay dffng ngon ngff, chinh sach giao due ngon ngff, chinh sach truyen ba ngon ngff Tuy nhien, tinh chat cua de tai, chiing toi se chi tim hieu sau ve chinh sach giao due ngon ngff cua nha nffdc Malaysia ddi vdi cac dan toe thieu so Qua dd, chung ta se hieu ro ve nhu cau giao due tieng me de cua chinh cac dan toe ay Khai niem dan toe thieu so d day khong phai chi la it ngffdi ma dffdc diing vdi y nghia do'i lap vdi dan toe chu the ndi ngon ngff quo'c gia Do dd, khai niem dan toe thieu so dffdc dung luan van cd the la dan toe thieu so' thffe sff thieu so, tffc la "thieu so it ngffdi" va cung cd the la dan toe thieu so cd so dan dong dao dffdc xep vao loai da so (Trung Hoa, An Do), tffc la "thieu sd dong ngffdi" Chung toi dffa vao tieu chi phan loai cua A H Omar (tac gia lai dffa vao tieu 77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de cua cdc ddn toe thieu so or Malaysia chi cua Ferguson 1971) de phan chia "thieu sd da sd" va "thieu sd thieu sd" Theo tac gia [23;15], d Malaysia, nhffng ngon ngff cd it nha't mot trieu ngffdi ndi cd the dffdc coi la ngon ngff chinh cua da't nffdc, eon it hdn sd dd dffdc coi la ngon ngff thieu sd CJ day, tieng Anh cung dffdc xep vao loai da sd, no khong cd cong dong ndi nang nhff mot dan toe nhffng lai dffdc sff dung rat rong rai Viee tdng hdp va phan tieh nhu cau giao due ngon ngff cua cac dan toe da sd chii ye'u dffa vao ngudn tff lieu da cong bo' va mot sd quan sat cua chung toi Tff lieu ve cac dan toe thieu sd rat han che, nen chung toi chi cd the tim hieu dffdc dan toe lam dai dien la Kadazandusun, Iban, Bidayuh, Murut va Orang Asli Ddi vdi cong dong ngffdi Hoa, tieng me de thuoe nhieu phffdng ngff khac cua Trung Qudc, nhffng ho deu coi tieng thong Trung Qudc nhff tieng me de va "mu chff Hoa cd nghia la mat gdc" [12;162] Do dd, viee giao due tieng thong Trung Quo'c dffdc chung toi xem la viee giao due tie'ng me de ddi vdi cong dong ngffdi Hoa d Malaysia Tuy mue dich cua luan van la tim hieu nhu cau giao due tie'ng me de cua cac dan toe thieu so', nhffng nhu cau dd khong the ton tai ben ngoai mdi lien he vdi cac nhu cau khac va chiu sif tac dong cua cac chinh sach khac Do dd, tim hieu ve vai trd va nhu cau tie'p nhan tie'ng Malay vdi tff each ngon ngff quo'c gia va tie'ng Anh (ngon ngff thff hai quan nha't) cung la mot noi dung cua luan van La mot bo phan quan cua ngon ngff hoc xa hoi, chinh sach ngon ngff vffa mang tinh ngon ngff, vffa mang tinh xa hoi Nhu cau tie'p nhan giao due ngon ngff lai cang mang tinh xa hoi nhieu hdn Chung khong the ton tai ben ngoai mdi lien he vdi cac van de xa hoi khac Do dd, chung toi danh mot phan chffdng dau de ndi ve tinh hinh kinh te'-xa hoi cua Malaysia va d nhffng chffdng tie'p theo, chiing toi cung tap trung phan tich mot so' khia canh chinh tri-xa hoi de tha'y ro hdn tac dong cua cac nhan to' xa hoi khac do'i vdi ngon ngff, ma theo chiing toi, la rat quan Dffa tren nhffng phan tieh ve chinh sach giao due ngon ngff va qua nhan biet tinh hinh giao due ngon ngff, chung toi se rut ke't luan ve sff tffdng thich giffa nhu cau giao due tie'ng me de cua cac dan toe thieu so' so vdi chinh sach ngon ngff da de va danh gia tinh hieu qua cua chinh sach dd Tff dd, so sanh sd bo vdi chinh sach ngon ngff cua Viet Nam de nit bai hoe kinh nghiem Chiing toi se tien hanh nghien cffu nhu cau giao due tie'ng me de cua cac dan toe thieu sd d Malaysia vong hai thap ky trd lai day, bat dau tff nam 1982 Sd di chiing toi chon mdc thdi gian vi 1982 la nam he thdng giao due -3- 77m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tQc thieu so d Malaysia Malaysia da hoan toan dffdc tien hanh bang tieng Malaysia Dd la ke't qua dau tien cua Chinh sach Ngon ngff, va tff day, nhffng van de mdi bat dau sinh IV Phrfdng phap nghien ciiTu Chiing toi ap dung phffdng phap phan tich cua ngon ngff hoc xa hoi, thong qua nhffng van de xa hoi ngon ngff de phan tich va danh gia chinh sach ngon ngff Cach lam nhff the thffe chat la dung phffdng phap quy nap V Bo cue cua luan van Ngoai phan Md dau va Ket luan, noi dung cua luan van dffdc chia chffdng nhff sau: Chffdng I: Nhffng van de chung ve chinh sach ngon ngff cua Malaysia I Khai quat ve tinh hinh kinh te'-xa hoi cua Malaysia sau gianh doe lap (1957) den II Chinh sach ngon ngff cua Malaysia: chinh sach giao due ngon ngff Chffdng II: Tinh hinh giang day nhffng ngon ngff da sd d Malaysia I Tie'ng Malay vdi tff each la ngon ngff quo'c gia II Tieng Anh vdi tff each la ngon ngff thff hai quan nha't III Tie'ng Hoa IV Tie'ng Tamil Chffdng III: Tinh hinh giang day mot vai ngon ngff thieu sd d Malaysia I Kadazandusng, Jahore, Negri Sembilan, Kuala Langat TGK: Benua, Niap PN: Beduanda (Biduanda), Belanda (Belana, Blanda, Landa, Belanas, Belandas), Berembun (Birmun), Mantra (Mentera, Mintra), Temuan, Udai PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Aboriginal Malay TONGA DB: Mui bac Kaki TGK: Mos PN: Satun PL: Austro-Asiatic, Mon-Khmer, Aslian, North Aslian, Tonga [Nguon: Vien Ngon ngvt hoc Mija he] •92- 71m hieu nhu cdu gido due tieng me de ciia cdc ddn tgc thieu sd d Malaysia CAC NGON NGtf d MALAYSLV (PHAN SABAH) ABAI SUNGAI SNN: 500 (1982 SIL) DB: Ha Imj song Kinabatangan PL: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Borneo, Northwest, Sabahan, Paitanic BAJAU, WEST COAST SNN: 40,000 (1982), 97,124 Bajau va Sama d Sabah (DTDS 1980) DB: Kuala Penyu den Kudat, vdng bac va dong, bd bien lay Sabah TGK: Land Bajaw, West Coast Bajao PN: Kota Belud, Kawang, Putatan, Papar, Banggi, Sandakan Bajau, Pitas Bajau PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sama-Bajaw, Sulu-Borneo, Borneo Coast Bajaw BAN JAR SNN: 900,000 d Sabah (1993) DB: Tawau TGK: Banjarese, Bandjarese, Banjar Malay PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay BAUKAN SNN: 1,800 den 2,100 hay hdn (1985 SIL) DB: Quan Keningau va Kinabatangan gdn thifdng nguon song Sook va Kinabatangan TGK: Baukan Murut PN: Baukan (Baokan, Bokan, Bookan, Boken, Bokun, Bukun, Bokon, Ulun-No-Bokon, Ulun-NoBokan, Pingas), Kokoroton Murut, Tengara (Tungara, Tingara, Tenggaraq, Tangara', Tanggaraq, Kinabatangan Murut) PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Borneo, Northwest, North Sarawakan, Dayic, Murutic, Northern BISAYA, SABAH SNN: 10,000 to 12,000 (1985 SIL) DB: Bd bien bSc v^ quanh vinh Brunei, chu yeu d tay Beaufort doc song Padas, nam Weston, va nam Kuala Penyu den bd bien TGK: Basaya, Besaya, Bisaia, Bisayah, Jilama Bawang, Jilama Sungai PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Borneo, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Bisaya BONGGI SNN: 1,400 (1990 UBS) DB: Dao Banggi d Kudat, 15 lang TGK: Banggi, Bangay, Banggi Dusun PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Meso Philippine, Palawan© BRUNEI SNN: 54,000 d Malaysia (46,500 d Sabah, 7,500 d Sarawak) DB: Thtfdng song Balait va Tutau, bd bien bac, khu va 5, Sarawak; Sabah d quan Beaufort, Kuala Penyu, Labuan, Labuk-Sugut, Papar, Sipitang, Sandakan, va Tenom TGK: BruneiKadaian, Orang Bukit Pn: Brunei, Kadaian (Kadayan, Kadian, Kadien, Kadyan, Karayan, Kedyan, Kedayan, Kedien, Kerayan) PL: Austronesian, MalayoPolynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Sundic, Malayic, Malayan, Local Malay BUGIS TGK: Buginese PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western MalayoPolynesian, Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Bugis CHAVACANO DB: MQt lang d Semporna PL: Creole, cd sd 1^ tieng TSy Ban Nha DUMPAS SNN: 500 to 1,000 (1985 SIL) DB; Lang Perancangan d quan Labuk-Sugut TGK: Doompas PL: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Western Malayo-Polynesian, Borneo, Northwest, Sabahan, Dusunic, Unclassified DUSUN CENTRAL SNN: 140,500 (1991 SIL), gom 50,000 Ranau (1989 UBS), 70,000 Bundu (1990 UBS), 500 Kuala Monsok Dusun (1981 Wurm va HaUori) DB: Beaufort, Kota Belud, Kota Kinabalu, Kota Marudu, Kinabatangan, Keningau, Labuk-Sugut, Penampang, Papar, Ranau, Tambunan, Tenom, Tuaran, va Tawau TGK: Dusun, •93-