Chapter 14 - The federal reserve and monetary policy. This chapter presents the following content: The organization of the Federal Reserve System, reserve requirements, the deposit expansion multiplier, the tools of monetary policy, the feds effectiveness in fighting inflation and recession, the banking act of 1980.
Chapter 14 The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 141 Chapter Objectives • The organization of the Federal Reserve System • Reserve requirements • The deposit expansion multiplier • The tools of monetary policy • The Feds effectiveness in fighting inflation and recession • The Banking Act of 1980 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 142 The Federal Reserve System • The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created the Federal Reserve System – To provide for the establishment of Federal reserve banks, to furnish an elastic currency, to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper, to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States, and for other purposes – First United States Bank [ 1791 1811] – Second United States Bank [ 1816 1836] • The charters of both were allowed to lapse – The 1907 bank crises caused the public to demand the government do something to keep this from happening again Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 143 The Federal Reserve System • The Federal Reserve has five main jobs – Conduct monetary policy which is, by far, the most important job • Monetary policy is the control of the rate of growth of the money supply to foster relatively full employment, price stability, and a satisfactory rate of economic growth – Serve as lender of last resort to commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, and credit unions Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 144 The Federal Reserve System • The Federal Reserve has five main jobs – Issue currency – Provide banking services to the U.S. government – Supervise and regulate our financial institutions Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 145 The Federal Reserve District Banks • Each Federal Reserve District Bank is owned by the several hundred member banks in that district – A commercial bank becomes a member by buying stock in the Federal Reserve District Bank – So, the Fed is a quasi publicprivate enterprise, not controlled by the president or Congress • Effective control is really exercised by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors in Washington, D.C Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 146 The Federal Reserve System • Board of Governors – 7 appointed members – Appointed by President – Confirmed by Senate • Sets reserve requirements • Supervises & regulates member banks • Establishes and administers regulations • Oversees Federal Reserve Banks • 12 District Banks • Propose discount rates • Hold reserve balances for member institutions • Lends reserves • Furnish currency • Collects & clears checks • Handle U.S. government debt & cash balances Federal Open Market Committee (Board of Governors plus 5 Reserve Bank Presidents. This committee directs open market operations which is the primary instrument of monetary policy Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 147 The Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Districts are shaded Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Bank cities Federal Reserve Branch cities Boundaries of Federal Reserve Branch territories 12 Alaska Seattle Helena Portland Buffalo Boston Minneapolis 12 Chicago Omaha Salt Lake City San Francisco Detroit Cleveland Kansas 10 Richmond Charlotte Nashville Oklahoma City Little Rock 11 Atlanta Birmingham Dallas El Paso San Houston Antonio Jacksonville New Orleans 12 Miami Hawaii Baltimore Washington St Louis Los Angeles Philadelphia Denver New York Pittsburgh Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 148 Legal Reserve Requirements • The focal point of the Federal Reserve’s control of our money supply is legal reserve requirements – Every financial institution in the country is legally required to hold a certain percentage of its deposits on reserve, either in the form of deposits at its Federal Reserve District Bank or in its own vaults Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 149 Legal Reserve Requirements • Technical Term Meanings – Required Reserves (RR) is the minimum amount of vault cash and deposits (RD) at the Federal Reserve District Bank that must be held (kept on the books) by the financial institution – Actual Reserves (RD) is what the bank is holding (on the books) – Excess Reserves = Actual Reserves Required Reserves • ER = RD RR Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1410 How the Fed Decreases the Money Supply The FED sells U. S. Government Securities The Security firm writes a check for, say, $100 million to the Fed (this check is, in effect, destroyed) Securities Firm RD $100 DD $100 IR = IR = $80 $1000 $80 $1200 = 8% = 6.67% The money decreases by approximately $540 million over time When the Fed goes into the open market to sell securities, bond prices fall and interest rates climb Assume 10% RR 1439 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Federal OpenMarket Committee (FOMC) • Openmarket operations are conducted by the Federal OpenMarket Committee (FOMC) – This committee consist of 12 people • Eight permanent members – the board of Governors and the president of the New York Federal Reserve District Bank • The other four are presidents of the other 11 Federal Reserve District Banks – They serve on a rotating basis Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1440 The Federal OpenMarket Committee (FOMC) • The FOMC meets about once every six weeks to decide what policy to follow – To fight recessions, the FOMC buys securities • This increases the rate of growth of the money supply – To fight inflation, the FOMC sells securities • This decreases the rate of growth of the money supply Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1441 Borrowing Reserve Deposits • The discount rate is the interest rate paid by member banks when they borrow reserve deposits (RD) at their Federal Reserve District Bank • The federal funds rate is the interest rate banks charge each other for borrowing reserve deposits (RD) from each other – This is higher than the discount rate • Banks borrow to maintain their required reserves (RR) – Banks tend to borrow reserve deposits from each other because they may not like to call attention to the fact they are having to borrow reserve deposits Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1442 Changing Reserve Requirements • The Federal Reserve Board has the power to change reserve requirements within the legal limits of 8 and 14% for checkable deposits – Changing reserve requirements is the ultimate weapon and is rarely used Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1443 Changing Reserve Requirements • To fight inflation, before the Board would take the drastic step of raising reserve requirements – The District Banks would raise the discount rate – The FOMC will be actively selling securities – Credit will be getting tighter – The chairman will be publicly warning that the banks are advancing too many loans Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1444 Changing Reserve Requirements • If the money supply is still growing too rapidly – the Fed reaches for its biggest stick and raises reserve requirements – This weapon is so rarely used because it is simply too powerful – If the reserve requirement on demand deposits were raised by just onehalf of 1%, the nation’s banks and thrift institutions would have to come up with nearly $4 billion in reserves • This would drastically reduce the nation’s money supply Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1445 Summary: The Tools of Monetary Policy • To fight recession, the Fed will – Lower the discount rate – Buy securities on the open market – Lower reserve requirements • This would be done only as a last resort Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1446 Summary: The Tools of Monetary Policy • To fight inflation, the Fed will – Raise the discount rate – Sell securities on the open market – Raise reserve requirements • This would be done only as a last resort Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1447 The Fed’s Effectiveness in Fighting Inflation (Assume all the tools have been used) • Bond prices have plunged • Interest rates have soared • The growth of the money supply has been stopped dead in its tracks • Banks find it impossible to increase their loan portfolios • Buying by consumers and businesses is declining • The inflation rate has no choice but to decline Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1448 The Fed’s Effectiveness in Fighting Recession (Assume all the tools have been used) • Bond prices have increased • Interest rates have gone down • Banks will have excess reserves and want to make loans – But who wants to borrow the money? • Creditworthy individuals and business have little incentive to borrow any money • Businesses and individuals who really need to borrow money can’t because the first rule of banking is: never lend money to anyone who needs it. • Easy money has little or no effect in ending a recession Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1449 The Fed’s Effectiveness in Fighting Inflation and Recession • Federal Reserve policy in fighting inflation and recession has been likened to pulling and then pushing on a string – Like pulling on a string, when the Fed fights inflation, it get results – provided of course, it pulls hard enough – Fighting a recession is another matter. Like pushing on a string, no matter how hard the Fed works, it might not get anywhere Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1450 The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 • This Act is clearly the most important piece of banking legislation passed since the 1930s • Under this Act – All depository institutions are now subject to the Fed’s legal reserve requirements – All depository institutions are now legally authorized to issue checking deposits that may be interest bearing – All depository institutions now enjoy all the advantages that only Federal Reserve member banks formerly enjoyed –including check clearing and borrowing from the Fed (discounting) 1451 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 • Another important consequence of this law is that by the end of the 1990s, intense competition reduced the 40,000plus financial institutions that existed at the beginning of the 1980s to a little more than half that number The lifting of the prohibition against interstate banking combined with further advances in electronic banking will create greater consolidation Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1452 The Banking Act of 1999 • In 1980 the jurisdiction of the Federal Reserve had been extended to all commercial banks and thrift institutions • In 1999 it was further extended to insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, securities brokers, and finance companies • All financial firms, including banks, can now sell all sorts of investments Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1453 ... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved RD 100.000 100.000 42.800 57.200 14 14 Legal Reserve Requirements [March 1997] Checking Accounts $0 42.8 million 3% Over 42.8 million 10%... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 14 26 Cash, Checks, and Electronic Money One of the jobs of the Federal Reserve is check clearing Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 14 27 Cash, Checks, and Electronic ... the government do something to keep this from happening again Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 14 3 The Federal Reserve System • The Federal Reserve has five main jobs – Conduct monetary policy which is, by far,