Chapter 19 - Theory of consumer behavior. The main contents of this chapter include all of the following: Marginal utility, the law of diminishing returns, total utility, maximizing utility, the water-diamond paradox, consumer surplus.
Chapter 19 Theory of Consumer Behavior Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 191 Chapter Objectives • • • • • • Marginal utility The law of diminishing returns Total utility Maximizing utility The waterdiamond paradox Consumer surplus Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 192 Utility • What is utility? – Utility is NOT usefulness! – Utility means only that you think enough of something to buy it – Utility is measured by how much you are willing to pay for something Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 193 Hypothetical Demand Schedule for Hamburgers Price Units Purchased $2.75 1 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 194 Hypothetical Demand Schedule for Hamburgers Price Units Purchased $2.75 1 2.00 2 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 195 Hypothetical Demand Schedule for Hamburgers Price Units Purchased $2.75 1 2.00 2 1.00 3 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 196 Hypothetical Demand Schedule for Hamburgers Price Units Purchased $2.75 1 2.00 2 1.00 3 .25 4 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 197 Marginal Utility is the additional utility derived from consuming one more unit of a good or service Price Units Purchased MU $2.75 1 $2.75 2.00 2 2.00 1.00 3 1.00 .25 4 .25 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 198 Marginal Utility is the additional utility derived from consuming one more unit of a good or service Price Purchased MU $2.75 1 $2.75 2.00 2 2.00 1.00 3 1.00 .25 4 .25 Note: Marginal Utility is the same as the price Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 199 Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility: As we consume more and more of a good or service,we like it less and less Price Units Purchased MU $2.75 1 $2.75 2.00 2 2.00 1.00 3 1.00 .25 4 .25 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1910 Hamburgers Fries Coke Price QD MU Price QD MU Price OD MU $ 3.00 1 $3.00 $1.50 1 $1.50 $1.50 1 $1.50 2.00 2 2.00 1.00 2 1.00 .50 2 .50 1.00 3 1.00 .50 3 .50 How many burgers, fries, and cokes would you consume if burgers were $3, fries were $.50 and cokes were $.50? Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1925 Hamburgers Fries Coke Price QD MU Price QD MU Price OD MU $ 3.00 1 $3.00 $1.50 1 $1.50 $1.50 1 $1.50 2.00 2 2.00 1.00 2 1.00 .50 2 .50 1.00 3 1.00 .50 3 .50 How many burgers, fries, and cokes would you consume if burgers were $3, fries were $.50 and cokes were $.50? One hamburger; three fries; and two cokes Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1926 Hamburgers Fries Coke Price QD MU Price QD MU Price OD MU $ 3.00 1 $3.00 $1.50 1 $1.50 $1.50 1 $1.50 2.00 2 2.00 1.00 2 1.00 .50 2 .50 1.00 3 1.00 .50 3 .50 How many burgers, fries, and cokes would you consume if burgers were $1, fries were $1.00 and cokes were $1.50? Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1927 Hamburgers Fries Coke Price QD MU Price QD MU Price OD MU $ 3.00 1 $3.00 $1.50 1 $1.50 $1.50 1 $1.50 2.00 2 2.00 1.00 2 1.00 .50 2 .50 1.00 3 1.00 .50 3 .50 How many burgers, fries, and cokes would you consume if burgers were $1, fries were $1.00 and cokes were $1.50? First answer: one hamburger; three fries; and two cokes Second answer: three hamburgers; two fries; one coke This is consistent with the law of supply and demand Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1928 The WaterDiamond Paradox • Water, which is essential to life is cheap – Water is abundant – A great deal of water is consumed • Therefore the MU of the last gallon consumed is as low as its price, which is relatively low • Diamonds are not essential to life, yet they are very expensive – Diamonds are scarce – People buy relatively few diamonds • Therefore the MU of the last diamond purchased is as high as its price, which is relatively very high Muwater MUdiamonds = = Pdiamonds Pwater Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1929 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 The price of hamburgers is $0.25 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1930 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 The price of hamburgers is $0.25 You would buy 4 @ .25 = $1.00 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1931 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 The price of hamburgers is $0.25 You would buy 4 @ .25 = $1.00 You would have been willing to pay $6.00 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1932 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 The price of hamburgers is $0.25 You would buy 4 @ .25 = $1.00 You would have been willing to pay $6.00 Your consumer surplus would be ($6.00 $1.00) = $5.00 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1933 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 Price of Hamburgers is $2.00 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1934 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 Price of Hamburgers is $2.00 You would buy 2 @ 2.00 = $4.00 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1935 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 Price of Hamburgers is $2.00 You would buy 2 @ 2.00 = $4.00 You would have been willing to pay $4.75 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1936 Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is . . . the difference between what you pay for some good or service and what you would have been willing to pay Price Purchased MU TU $2.75 1 $2.75 $2.75 Hamburger 2.00 2 2.00 4.75 Schedule 1.00 3 1.00 5.75 .25 4 .25 6.00 0 5 0 Price of Hamburgers is $2.00 You would buy 2 @ 2.00 = $4.00 You would have been willing to pay $4.75 Your consumer surplus would be ($4.75 $4.00) = $0.75 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 1937 Consumer Surplus The consumer surplus in this graph would be represented by the area to the left of the demand curve (what you would have been willing to pay) and above the price line 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.25 D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved If the price of hamburger is $0.25, you would have purchased 4. The consumer surplus would be the triangle area above the price line 1938 Consumer Surplus The consumer surplus in this graph would be represented by the area to the left of the demand curve (what you would have been willing to pay) and above the price line 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.25 D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved If the price of hamburger is $2.00, you would have purchased 2. The consumer surplus would be the triangle area above the price line 1939 ... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 19 3 Hypothetical Demand Schedule for Hamburgers Price Units Purchased $2.75 1 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 19 4 Hypothetical Demand Schedule ... 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 19 5 Hypothetical Demand Schedule for Hamburgers Price Units Purchased $2.75 1 2.00 2 1.00 3 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 19 6... .25 6.00 Copyright 2002 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved TU The answer is 3 19 19 Maximizing Utility • We try to spend our money on what will give us the most utility! – Remember, as we consume more of a good or