Water resource management and utlization for phu quoc islands tourism

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION FOR PHU QUOC ISLAND’S TOURISM A Project Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Environmental Studies By Nguyen H Le Approved by: Professor Jeff Kuo, Ph.D., P.E Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Date ABSTRACT Phu Quoc Island lies in southwest Viet Nam, 40 km offshore from Ha Tien, 2.6 km from Cambodia, 700 km from Malaysia, and 540 km from Thailand With such a strategic location, Vietnamese government has been aware of Phu Quoc Island’s role in the process of development and integration of Viet Nam in particular and Asia – Pacific Ocean in general into the world The strategy of Vietnamese government is that by 2020, Phu Quoc Island must become open economic zone, a new Singapore of Viet Nam The strategy has been a special concern for scientific researchers, foreign and domestic investors, and business people Phu Quoc is located in the Gulf of Thailand and surrounded with seas At present, the ecological environment of Phu Quoc Island is still deserted and thus Phu Quoc Island’s tourism starts to gain more attention Water resource for its tourism has been an exigent issue The project named “Water Resource Management and Utilization for Phu Quoc Island’s Tourism” is, therefore, a priority in the author’s choice in such a setting of Phu Quoc Island ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF GRAPHS viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix Chapter INTRODUCTION AND SOME CONCEPTS RELATED TO WATER MANAGEMENT Introduction The rationale for the project The objective of the project Meaningfulness of the project Framework of the project Literature review Approach theory and methodology Basic Concepts About Environmental Management Environmental management Some fundamental issues in environmental management Organizing environmental management Scientific Foundation of Environmental Management Philosophical foundation of relationship between human, society, and nature Scientific and technological foundation of environmental management Tools for Environmental Management Concept about environmental management tool Categorizing environmental management tool 1 2 5 6 8 10 10 10 NATURAL GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ECONOMICS OF PHU QUOC ISLAND 13 iii Natural Geography of Phu Quoc Island Geographical position/topography River system and vegetation Climate Social Economics of Phu Quoc Island Demographics Economy Transportation 13 13 15 15 16 16 17 19 CURRENT STATE OF MANAGEMENT AND USING WATER RESOURCE FOR TOURISM ON PHU QUOC ISLAND 21 Tourism on Phu Quoc Island Tourists Facilities for tourism Tourism products Water Quality of The Area Local water demand Water quality of the area Some criteria for water standard Water Capacity of The Island Activities That Can Pollute Water Resource and Decrease Water Capacity Fishery Tourism Seafood processing Not treated waste water Groundwater over-extraction Cua Duong disposal site 21 21 23 25 26 26 28 30 34 34 34 34 36 36 37 37 CONCLUSION, SOME SOLUTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THIS ISSUE 39 Conclusion Water capacity Water quality Other problems that affect water resource Solutions and Suggestions Policy tool Technological tool Economic tool Supporting tool Further Researches 39 39 39 40 40 40 41 42 42 43 iv APPENDIX 44 Maps of boring locations Hydro-geological map of Phu Quoc Island Hydro-geological cross section CD line Chemical characteristics of water Vertical electrical sound (VES) measure results Geological cross section of borings 44 46 48 49 51 63 REFERENCES 64 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table Population on Phu Quoc island 17 Productivity value of Phu Quoc 19 Number of tourists to Phu Quoc 1995-2005 22 Residency of visitors at Phu Quoc (1999-2004) 22 Number of hotels and motels at Phu Quoc 1995-2005 23 Number of wells at Phu Quoc 27 Chemical components of rainwater in 2005 28 Analyzing result of groundwater samples 29 Categories of water based on TDS 31 10 Categories of water based on pH 31 11 Categories of water based on hardness level 32 12 Water quality standard for drinking and eating 32 13 Safe drinking water standard for nitrogen compounds 33 14 Reasons of trash pollution 36 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure Location of Phu Quoc 13 Map of Phu Quoc Island 14 Distribution of hotels and resorts at Duong Dong 24 Trash at the port and oil leakage on the river 34 Trash at Da Ban Fall 35 Cua Duong disposal site 38 vii LIST OF GRAPHS Graphs Page Rainfall on Phu Quoc Island from 2002-2005 16 Comparison amongst samples 30 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project could not have been completed without Professor Jeff Kuo, who worked as my project advisor and guide me through the process Besides, Professor Nguyen Phat Minh of Department of Geology, University of Natural Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City is the person who help me to acquire the data for this project I want to thank them all REFERENCES Becken, S & Patterson, M (2006) Measuring National Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Tourism as a Key Step Towards Achieving Sustainable Tourism Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(4), 323-338 Collier, A (1999) Principles of Tourism A New Zealand Perspective Auckland: Addison Wesley Longman Dang Mong Lan (2001) Environmental management tools Ha Noi: Science and Technology Publishing House Department of Geography (2007) Brief report on general view of residential conditions, tourism economic and environment at District of Phu Quoc HCMC: Department of Geography, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Geography (2007) Orientation of strategies of sustainable development of tourism in Phu Quoc Island to 2020 HCMC: Department of Geography, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam (2003) Annual report 2003 ix Dinh Hong Hai (2007) Kien Giang tourism HCM: Van Nghe Publishing House Doan Thi Thu Ha, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Huyen (2001) Management science textbook - part one Ha Noi: Science and Technology Publishing House Le Huy Ba (2000) General Environmental Management HCMC: National University Publishing House Le Huy Ba, Lam Minh Triet (2000) Basic environmental ecology HCMC: National University Publishing House Le Trinh (1997) Observing and controlling water environment pollution Ha Noi: Science and Technology Publishing House Luu Duc Hai, Nguyen Ngoc Sinh (2000) Environmental management for sustainable development Ha Noi: National University Publishing House National Coporation of General Construction Consultants (2005) General construction planning of Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang Province Ministry of Construction, Vietnam Nguyen Duc Khien (2001) Environment and development Ha Noi: Science and Technology Publishing House Nguyen Khac Cuong (2000) Textbook of environment and environmental protection HCMC: University of Technology Nguyen Phat Minh (2004) Solution for groundwater recharging in Ho Chi Minh City HCMC: Department of Geology, University of Natural Sciences Nguyen Thu Cuc, Son Thanh Tung (2007) Report on current situation of Phu Quoc environment using DPSIR framework HCMC: Department of Geography, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Nguyen Van Anh, Ngo Minh Kiet, Tran Ngoc Thanh (2005) The prospect of water supply for Duong Dong Commune, Phu Quoc District, Kien Giang Province University of Natural Sciences: Department of Geology Phan Thanh Dinh (2002) Researching and promoting procedure for water environment management at District of Binh Chanh, Ho Chi Minh City HCMC: Department of Geography, University of Social Sciences and Humanities x Water quality of the area Characteristics of surface water Surface water has a pH of 5.0-5.6, weakly acidic Total dissolved solids are lower than 0.1 g/l, and hardness is lower than 300 mg/l There is very little nitrate and ferric compounds in the water Part of some streams connect to the ocean and experience saltwater intrusion Characteristics of rainwater Rainwater pH is from 4.77 to 6.63 (average 5.485), making rainwater weakly acidic Chloride level in water is 1.3-3.36 mg/l Bicarbonate has highest concentrations, second is sodium, and then chloride Table 7: Chemical components of rainwater in 2005 Month Ca 2+ mg/l Clmg/l CO3mg/l HCO-3 mg/l Mg2+ mg/l SO42mg/l Na+ mg/l pH Hard ness 2.0 3.7 0.7 0.3 1.5 5.51 2.5 3.7 0.3 3.4 5.36 0.06 1.6 2.44 0.06 0.3 1.8 5.88 0.008 0.06 1.6 1.22 0.06 0.37 1.6 5.05 0.008 0.06 2.34 0 0.01 0.391 1.8 4.77 0.004 10 0.06 0.06 1.22 2.1 0.457 2.0 4.87 0.008 11 0.04 0.17 1.83 1.23 0.326 1.4 5.12 0.016 12 0.06 0.13 1.83 1.48 0.239 1.5 5.61 0.014 Average 0.0425 1.3 1.925 0.705 0.34 1.875 5.27 Source: Geology Department – University of Natural Sciences 0.007 lxiii Characteristic of groundwater In order to identify water quality, this author collected water samples The water was analyzed by Geology Department of University of Natural Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City Table 8: Analyzing result of groundwater samples HCO3(mg/l) Mg 2+ (mg/l) Cl(mg/l) 0.11 0.02 0.48 52.98 3.2 4.5 0.202 0.1 0.44 3.36 28.24 6.1 59 5.34 0.081 0.04 0.09 0.48 28.24 3.2 TSDB 4.37 0.256 0.18 0.07 5.04 13.75 53.4 5.5 TS4Đ9 6.62 0.186 0.08 0.31 3.12 34.74 6.9 57 TS5Đ11 5.46 0.1005 0.06 0.02 0.24 25.37 3.1 11 TS3Đ5 5.68 0.4065 0.38 0.1 0.84 13.5 7.8 11 pH TS2Đ3 4.87 0.17 TS6Đ13 6.65 TS8Đ19 Na++K+ (mg/l) SO42(mg/l) Ca 2+ (mg/l) TDS (g/l) Sample Source: Geology Department – University of Natural Sciences Graph 2: Comparison amongst samples lxiv COMPARISON AMONGST SAMPLES mg/l 500 pH 400 TDS Na++K+ 300 Ca 2+ Mg 2+ 200 ClSO42- 100 HCO3 TS2Đ3 TS6Đ13 TS8Đ19 TSDB TS4Đ9 TS5Đ11 TS3Đ5 Samples Graph shows the compounds in the water samples As you can see, TS3D5 has the highest TDS content However, all samples meets the standard of clean water Relationship between groundwater and surface water, rainwater According to analysis results of groundwater, surface water, and rainwater, they all contain these main ions: chloride, bicarbonate, and magnesium Some criteria for water standard Regulation 1329/2002/QĐ-BYT published by the Minister of Health, “Water quality standards for drinking and eating” is used to assess water quality This standard applies to water treated by any treatment plant Water quality is defined by the limit content of the components in water If this limit is surpassed, it can harm human health lxv Total dissolved solids (TDS) This is an important norm to evaluate water because when it changes, chemical content of water will change Based on the TDS, water will be categorized into six groups Table 9: Categories of water based on TDS Super insipid water TDS < 0.1 g/l Insipid water 0.1 g/l < TDS < g/l Brackish water g/l < TDS < g/l Light saline water g/l < TDS < 10 g/l Saline water 10 g/l < TDS < 35 g/l Brine TDS > 35 g/l According to the Regulation 1329, water that has TDS below g/l is safe to drink pH pH is another important norm for water assessment because many chemical reactions depend on the pH of water Table 10: Categories of water based on pH Strong acid water pH < Acid water pH = – Weak acid water pH = – 6.5 Neutral water pH = 6.5 – 7.5 Weak base water pH = 7.5 – 8.5 Strong base water pH > 8.5 According to the, water that has pH level from 6.5 to 8.5 is safe to drink lxvi Hardness Hardness is defined by the content of calcium salts and magnesium salts dissolvable in water and is measured in mgdl/l In terms of hardness, there are five types of water Table 11: Categories of water based on hardness level Type of water Hardness (mgdl/l) Hardness (mgCaCO3/l ) 450 Very soft water Soft water Carbonate hardness is the measure of calcium and magnesium and other hard ions associated with carbonate (CO32-) in water According to the Regulation 1329, hardness can not be over 300 mg/l CaCO3 (6 mgdl/l) However, based on the intended use of water, the hardness requirement may be different Table 12: Water quality standard for drinking and eating (Regulation 1329/2002/QĐ-BYT by the Minister of Health) NORM STANDARD NORM STANDARD 6.5-8.5 NO3- (mg/l) 50 Hardness 300 Pb++ (mg/l) 0.010 M (TDS) (g/l) 1000 Zn++ (mg/l) pH lxvii Cl- (mg/l) 250 Hg++ ( mg/l) 0.001 SO4 2- ( mg/l) 250 Cd++ (mg/l) 0.003 Na+ (mg/l) 200 CN- (mg/l) 0.07 Al 3+ (mg/l) 0.2 Cr (mg/l) 0.05 Total Fe (mg/l) 0.5 As 5+ (mg/l) 0.01 NH4+ (mg/l) 1.5 Mn++ (mg/l) 0.5 NO2 - (mg/l) F- (mg/l) 0.7-1.5 Chemical content of water It is defined by some ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, and CO32-) that usually appear in water with different concentration In addition, there are nitrogen compounds, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ and some other ions such as Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+ Groundwater at Phu Quoc is insipid because the TDS is within the insipid water limit (0.1g/l