INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Books are a treasure trove of human knowledge, providing us not only with knowledge, but also with life lessons and life experiences, as well as an effective means of entertainment More and more knowledge, new research is discovered, combined with the influence of globalization, the need to find and read foreign books is increasing, but not everyone can read and fully understand a book with content in a foreign language Therefore, it can be said that translation plays an extremely important role in bringing knowledge to mankind.
The reason we choose this story are to see it as our first step of being able to work with more literary translations from now and in the future, and at the same time we want to show readers will learn about the Australian identity Strong and long literary, artistic, and performing arts traditions; film industry talent; and the power of media in a sparsely populated country.
Aims and Objectives
- To translate text smoothly and naturally
- To analyze complicated words, phrases, structures, contexts, etc.
- To give some inplications and solutions for teaching and learning English, especially translation.
- To have skills to analyze difficult pointsor somthings thatis easy to make misunderstand.
Scope of the Study
There are a lot of sectors of the book to study, such as lying words, the language of custom and culture, etc However, within the scope of the paper and due to time limitation, this paper only focuses on some first parts of the chapter 7 with 4443 words.
The paper will also show and analyze the difficulties with which I met when translating, for example psychology and languistics terms, the way to use English grammar and syntactic structures as well as word’s semantics.
“Culture and Customs of Australia” is written by Laurie Clancy – one of the most popular speakers on customs and culture of Australia
This book includes 10 chapters with 191 pages, but the time is limited so I have translated only some parts in the chapter 7 with 4443 words in length The name of chapter 7 is “The Media and Cinema”.
“Culture and Customs of Australia” by Laurie Clancy “The Media and Cinema” is a book about the
Chapter 7: The Media and Cinema
The text is in chapter 7 of the book “Culture and Customs of Australia” written by Laurie Clancy I found this book in the link:http://www.tdgjar.edu.pl/stronastara/images/_Laurie_Clancy Culture_and_Custo ms_of_Australia _Bookos.org_.pdf
Method of the study
There are two main kinds of studying: translating method and analyzing method
Methodology for this article will be shown in three ways; translations;analyses; interpretations.
The main finding of this study is that using different methods of research- thesis writing will benefit students in own language learning process from now on Based on the findings of this study it can be said that a language exam or an essay In addition, consultation with teachers and external sources of information is also available.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Translation theory
These days there are more and more definitions of translation by different authors and each of them have their own thinking about the translation Here are some definitions of translation given by some well-known linguistic experts:
“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language)”
(Catford, J.C (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford)
“Translation is a process of conveying messages across linguistic and cultural barriers”
(Tudor Ian, Dr, (1965), About Translation Theory, Cambridge)
“Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies.”
(Roger T Bell (1991), Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice)
In conclusion, in my point of view, translation is the direct transition between at least two languages: source language (SL) and target language (TL), based on learned theory and practical experience.
There are several types of translation defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks of translation.
According to J.C Carford (Carford, J.C (1965)), there are two categories of translation: full and partial.
(i) Full translation: in the process of translation, every part of the entire text in the SL is submmitted by the equivalent in the TL.
Example: There has beena dramatic rise in house prices this year.
Đã có một sự gia tăng về giá nhà ở trong năm nay.
(ii) Partial translation: there are some parts of the SL that are not translated but only put into the TL.
Chẳng còn nghi ngờ gì nữa.
(i) Total translation is defined that all levels of the SL text are replaced by TL material However, actually, there is a misunderstanding here because of the term “total translation” I can’t replace all the levels of the SL to the TL, though total replacement is involved.
Example: What is your name?
Tên của bạn là gì?
(ii) For J.C Catford, restricted translation means the replacement of SL textual material by equivalent TL one, but only in one level Maybe it is performed only at the phonological or at the graphological level, or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis.
In the translation process, the translators also meet up with many problems that make them difficult to solve, for example phonological translation.
Phonological translation belongs to restricted translation, but in the phonological translation, the SL phonology of text is replaced by equivalent TL phonology In this kind of translation, the grammar and lexis of the SL text are often remained in the TL text, except some special grammatical or lexical deviations entailed in the process.
In phonological translation, sometimes changes in the grammar or lexis may result accidentally For example, it’s difficult to determine that it means “singular table” or “plural dog” for the English plural word “tables” when translating into the target language having no morpheme for plural meaning.
Example: karate ka-ra-tê
In graphological translation, SL graphology is replaced with equivalent TL graphology with no other replacements, except, again, accidental changes.
In transliteration, SL graphological units are replaced by TL graphological units; but these are not translation equivalents, since they are not selected on the basis of relationship to the same graphic substance.
Example: Washington Oa-sinh-tơn
2.1.2.6 Free, Literal and Word-for-Word translation
A “free” translation is always unbounded while “word-for-word” translation generally means what it says “Literal” translation lies between these extremes It may start from a “word-for-word” translation, but changes in conformity with TL grammar (inserting additional words, changing structures, etc) This may make it a group-group or clause-clause translation. Example: She is second to none.
Cô ấy không bao giờ chịu lép vế ai (Free)
Cô ấy là thứ hai đến không ai (Word-for-word)
Cô ấy không là thứ hai đối với bất kỳ ai (Literal)
Principles and Methods of Translation
Mr Alan Duff gave some general principles of translation in the book
“Translation” (1989) These principles will help the students as well as the translator translate better.
According to Alan Duff [2] in “translation”, the translation means the exact reflection of the original text meaning Therefore, one must not arbitrarily make any removal or addition to the translation A good translator must always go by these rules:
The meaning of original text must be clear, if not, I must find out the uncertain points.
Some words are “loaded”, that is, are they containing underlying implications? (“correct me if I’m wrong…”suggests “I know I’m right”)
Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one. Anything in the translation sounds unnatural or forced.
Also in translation of A Duff [2], a translator must always be aware of the order and placement of all the words and ideas in the translation to make sure that the translation will be the nearest and equivalent in TL.
Levels of formalities in a given context result in some greatly diffirences in languages Therefore, for the sake of a better translation, translator must also pay attention to the way the writer or speaker sets the tone with the purpose of diguishing between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions
Idioms is one of the most difficult parts in the translation due to cultural differences According to A.Duff [2], “Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphor, proverbs, sayings (as good as gold), jargons, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs.”
If translators cannot directly translate the expressions, they should consider some of the following notes:
Preserve the original word, in inverted commas.
Keep the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets.
Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation.
Moreover, A Duff, in his Translation [2], also gave many hearty advices for the translator to retain the style of the original Nontheless, if there are the written negligence or tedious repetition in the text without implications, the translator may, for the readers’ sake, right the shortcomings.
“It doesn’t sound natural.” is one of the most frequent criticisms of translation. This is because the way translator thinks and chooses words is too strongly molded by the original text A good method of ridding of the source language effects is to set the text aside, then only translate a few sentences aloud, from memory This will suggest natural patterns of thoughts in the first language, which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.
Word-for-word translation is often meant by an interlinear translation with the
TL immediately below the SL words In the word-for-word translation, the word order of the SL will be preserved into the TL and all the words in the SL will be translated directly with the most popular meaning that don’t depend on the context.
In this case, we just translate cultural words literally Word-for-word translation is often used in the pre-translation process.
Example: There is a man at the end of the road.
Có người đàn ông ở cuối đường.
This kind of translation is also consider as a pre-translation process In the literal translation, I translate the SL grammatical constructions to the nearest TL equivalent However, the lexical words are again translated singly, don’t depend on the context.
Example: She is deaf to all his advice.
Cô ấy lờ đi tất cả lời khuyên của anh ta.
A faithful translation makes an effort to reconstructure the accurate meaning of the original context within the way that the TL grammatical structures is binding. Cultural words are “transferred” and the degree of grammatical and lexical
“abnormality” are preserved in the translation Faithful translation attempts to faithfully transfer the SL writer’s intentions and text realiztion to the TL.
Example: He was a fast as a kangaroo.
Anh ấy nhanh như một con kangaroo.
Semantic translation requires the high value of aesthetic in the SL text It means in the translation process, translator must refine the completed version to avoid assonance, word-play or repetition jars In this cases, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents, and it may make other small concessions to the readership.
Example: A serene feeling pervaded my soul.
Một cảm giác thanh tịnh lẻn vào hồn tôi.
I usually use adaptation in translating plays (comedies) and poetry because it is the “freest” translation form With adaptation, although the themes, characters, and plots are usually preserved, the SL cultures are converted to the TL culture, and the text is rewritten.
Gái tơ mà lấy chồng già.
Applying this kind of translation, I don’t need to notice the manner the form of the original I only express the content through paraphrase that may be much longer than the original It’s also called “intra-lingual translation” Prolixity,pretentiousness are not often translated at all.
Chúc thượng lộ bình an!
This method reproduces the “message” of the source text by using an equivalent in the TL However, in this translation, I must use idioms in the TL to express for the TL Idiomatic translation tends to distort nuances of meaning by favoring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original.
Example: Beauty is only skin deep.
Tốt gỗ hơn tốt nước sơn.
In this method, translators try their best to transfer both content and language. Translators are required to translate the exact contextual meaning This method is often applied to translate on radio or in newspapers Sometimes communicative and semantic translation may coincide with each other.
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
The Media and Cinema Truyền thông và Điện ảnh
[P.1] The media have always exercised considerable power in Australia, partly because a small number of people in a vast geographical space can only be reached by forms of mass media and partly because there are relatively few major players.
Các phương tiện truyền thông luôn có ảnh hưởng đáng kể ở Úc, một phần vì một số người trong một lãnh thổ rộng lớn chỉ có thể tiếp cận được bằng các hình thức truyền thông đại chúng và một phần vì có tương đối ít người sử dụng phương tiện truyền thông.
[P.2] Politicians in particular display intense nervousness toward the media, whether it is newspaper editorials, television discussion shows, or the
“shock jocks” of talk radio (or “talkback radio,” as it is known in Australia), aggressive, mostly openly conservative hosts of radio talk shows who command a wide and intensely loyal following in some parts of the community. Đặc biệt, các chính trị gia thể hiện sự lo lắng tột độ đối với giới truyền thông, cho dù đó là các bài xã luận trên báo, các chương trình thảo luận trên truyền hình hay “những chương trình có phát ngôn gây sốc” của đài phát thanh (hoặc
“đài đàm phán”, như nó được biết đến ở Úc), những người dẫn chương trình hung hăng, chủ yếu là bảo thủ công khai của các chương trình trò chuyện trên đài phát thanh có lượng người theo dõi rộng rãi và cực kỳ trung thành ở một số bộ phận trong cộng đồng.
[P.3] So loyal is it, in fact, that not even the revelation that some of them took money in order to promote what were essentially advertisements in the form of news items, did anything to destroy their
Trên thực tế, nó trung thành đến mức ngay cả khi tiết lộ rằng một số người trong số họ đã lấy tiền để quảng bá những gì về cơ bản là quảng cáo dưới dạng các mục tin tức, đã làm bất cứ popularity điều gì để hủy hoại sự nổi tiếng của họ.
Australians are avid consumers of magazines.
The Australian Bureau of Circulation lists some 70 magazines with large circulations, ranging from about 20,000 to well over half a million; the
Australian edition of the weekly
Woman’s Day, for instance, at last count had a circulation of 536,074 while the top-selling Australian Woman’s Weekly
Người Úc là những người thích đọc tạp chí.
Cục Lưu hành Úc liệt kê khoảng 70 tạp chí có số lượng phát hành lớn, từ khoảng 20.000 đến hơn nửa triệu; chẳng hạn, ấn bản Úc hàng tuần của
Woman’s Day, số lượng phát hành ở lần đếm cuối cùng là 536.074 trong khi
Australian Woman’s Weekly bán chạy nhất (thực tế là một tháng) bán được hơn 700.000.
[P.5] Like many other Australian magazines, however, especially those aimed at young women, their circulation has been steadily declining, and several magazines have closed since the turn of this century.
Tuy nhiên, giống như nhiều tạp chí khác của Úc, đặc biệt là những tạp chí dành cho phụ nữ trẻ, số lượng phát hành của chúng ngày càng giảm và một số tạp chí đã đóng cửa kể từ đầu thế kỷ này.
[P.6] The causes for this have been variously cited as the newly imposed
GST (Goods and Services Tax), the
Internet, and increasing ownership of mobile telephones; the theory goes that now young people can talk to each other readily they have less need of magazines for company.
Các nguyên nhân khác nhau dẫn đến điều này như là do GST (Thuế hàng hóa và dịch vụ) mới được áp dụng, Internet và sử dụng điện thoại di động ngày càng tăng; lý thuyết cho rằng bây giờ những người trẻ tuổi có thể nói chuyện với nhau một cách dễ dàng, họ ít cần tạp chí bầu bạn hơn.
[P.7] In addition, there are simply far more alternative forms of entertainment
Ngoài ra, đơn giản là có nhiều hình thức giải trí thay thế hơn dành cho phụ available to women and far more magazines to choose from.
In response to the fall, many of the top women’s magazines have gone upmarket, with longer news stories, fiction by well-known writers such as
Tim Winton, and a higher quality of journalistic investigation. nữ và nhiều tạp chí hơn để lựa chọn. Để đối phó với việc suy giảm số người sử dụng tạp chí, nhiều tạp chí hàng đầu dành cho phụ nữ đã trở nên cao cấp hơn, với những câu chuyện thời sự dài hơn, tiểu thuyết của các nhà văn nổi tiếng như Tim Winton và chất lượng báo chí cao hơn.
[P.10] Almost every human activity is catered for by the range of magazines: family, house and garden, health, money, women’s affairs, politics, sports, and so on.
Lifestyle is always a popular issue.
Hầu như mọi hoạt động của con người đều được phục vụ bởi hàng loạt tạp chí: gia đình, nhà cửa và vườn tược, sức khỏe, tiền bạc, vấn đề phụ nữ, chính trị, thể thao, v.v.
Phong cách sống luôn là vấn đề được nhiều người quan tâm.
[P.8] The top-selling food magazines, for instance, are Super Food Ideas
Ví dụ, các tạp chí ẩm thực bán chạy nhất là Super Food Ideas (314.018 độc giả), Good Taste (173.184), Gourmet Traveler (87.269), Table (80.726) và Vogue Entertainment (68.463).
Australian magazine ever published was
The Bulletin, a weekly based in Sydney that, in the first 20 years of its existence at the end of the nineteenth century, achieved an astonishingly widespread influence over large numbers of
Có lẽ tạp chí Úc nổi tiếng nhất từng được xuất bản là The Bulletin, một tuần báo có trụ sở tại Sydney, trong 20 năm đầu tiên tồn tại vào cuối thế kỷ 19, đã đạt được một ảnh hưởng rộng rãi đáng kinh ngạc đối với một số lượng lớn người Úc.
[P.10] Although it was not as simplistically nationalistic as it is often portrayed as being—its finest editor, J.
F Archibald, would often boast of his
Francophile leanings and alleged origins, saying that his initials stood not for John Feltham but for Jules Francois
—it was militantly Australian insofar as that applied to white Australians.
Mặc dù nó không mang tính dân tộc chủ nghĩa đơn giản như nó thường được miêu tả - nhưng người biên tập giỏi nhất của nó, J F Archibald, thường khoe khoang về khuynh hướng Francophile và nguồn gốc bị cáo buộc của mình, nói rằng những chữ cái đầu của anh ấy không phải của John Feltham mà là của Jules Francois - nó là người Úc theo chủ nghĩa quân sự trong chừng mực áp dụng cho người Úc da trắng.
[P.11] Its slogan “Australia for the
Australians” was replaced in 1908 by the less ambiguous, “Australia for the
White Man,” and this was not removed from the cover until the editorship of
Donald Horne in the early 1960s.
Horne credits himself with opening the magazine to new groups including migrants and women.
Khẩu hiệu của nó “Úc cho người Úc” đã được thay thế bằng khẩu hiệu ít mơ hồ hơn, “Úc cho người da trắng,” vào năm 1908 và khẩu hiệu này không bị xóa khỏi trang bìa cho đến khi Donald Horne làm biên tập viên vào đầu những năm 1960.
Horne tự cho mình là người đã mở tạp chí cho các nhóm mới bao gồm cả người di cư và phụ nữ.
[P.12] In a characteristically Australian way, it managed to combine loyalty to the “mother country” with almost incessant sniping at and ridicule of it— like a clever youth who wants to show off in front of his parents.
Theo một cách đặc trưng của Úc, nó đã cố gắng kết hợp lòng trung thành với
“tổ quốc” với việc gần như không ngừng chỉ trích và chế giễu nó — giống như một thanh niên thông minh muốn thể hiện trước mặt cha mẹ mình.
[P.13] Most of Australia’s then leading writers worked for it at some time or
Hầu hết các nhà văn hàng đầu lúc bấy giờ của Úc đã làm việc cho The other and it also developed a brilliant group of pictorial artists—“Hop”
Lindsay, and his lesser-known brother,
Lionel, Will and Ambrose Dyson, and
ANALYSIS
Vocabulary
During the translation process, the dictionary is extremely necessary and useful for translators However, in some cases, some English words or phrases used in the source text have no equivalent Vietnamese meanings Therefore, I have to choose the correct and appropriate meaning based on the context of the text A word can also have many meanings or metaphorical meanings, so the translator should rely on the context to give the appropriate meaning to the translation Below remain words I have studied and analyzed carefully.
Multi-meaning words are words that have more than one meaning in the dictionary; and depending on the certain sentence or context, they will be understood with their different meanings The wrong context or form can change the meaning significantly.
Example 1: “mass” as in sentence “The media have always exercised considerable power in Australia, partly because a small number of people in a vast geographical space can only be reached by forms of mass media and partly because there are relatively few major players.” (P.1)
[1] A large amount of a substance that does not have a definite shape or form.
[2] A large amount or quantity of something.
[3] A large number of people or things grouped together, often in a confused way.
[4] A large number or amount of something.
[5] The ordinary people in society who are not leaders or who are considered to be not very well educated.
[7] The quantity of material that something contains.
The word “mass” means “khối” In this situation, we have to base on the context and free translation So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalence as “đại chúng” for this word Hence, the following is the suggested translation for the sentence:
Suggested Version: Các phương tiện truyền thông luôn có ảnh hưởng đáng kể ở Úc, một phần vì một số người trong một lãnh thổ rộng lớn chỉ có thể tiếp cận được bằng các hình thức truyền thông đại chúng và một phần vì có tương đối ít người sử dụng phương tiện truyền thông.
Example 2: “circulation” as a sentence “The Australian Bureau of
Circulation lists some 70 magazines with large circulations, ranging from about 20,000 to well over half a million; the Australian edition of the weekly Woman’s Day, for instance, at last count had a circulation of 536,074 while the top-selling Australian Woman’s Weekly (actually a monthly) sells over 700,000.” (P.4)
[1] The movement of blood around the body.
[2] The passing or spreading of something from one person or place to another.
[3] The usual number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold each day, week, etc.
[4] The movement of something (for example air, water, gas, etc.) around an area or inside a system or machine.
[5] The fact that somebody takes part in social activities at a particular time.
In this context of this sentence, I think “phát hành” is the best meaning for
“circulation” because in this case, the author is writing about newspaper
Suggested Version: Cục Lưu hành Úc liệt kê khoảng 70 tạp chí có số lượng phát hành lớn, từ khoảng 20.000 đến hơn nửa triệu; chẳng hạn, ấn bản Úc hàng tuần của Woman’s Day, số lượng phát hành ở lần đếm cuối cùng là 536.074 trong khi Australian Woman’s Weekly bán chạy nhất (thực tế là một tháng) bán được hơn 700.000.
Example 3: “radical” as a sentence “During the 1920s and 1930s, especially, its more radical elements were largely taken over by Smiths Weekly.” (P.17)
[1] Relating to the most basic and important parts of something; complete and detailed.
[2] New, different and likely to have a great effect.
[3] In favour of extreme and complete political or social change.
There are 4 meanings in the dictionary In my suitablae, I translated “cấp tiến”:
Suggested Version: Đặc biệt, trong những năm 1920 và 1930, các yếu tố cấp tiến hơn của nó phần lớn đã được Smiths Weekly tiếp quản.
Example 4: “note” as a sentence “It carried full-length covers by prominent
Australian artists but inside could be found fashion and society notes.” (P.23)
[1] A short piece of writing to help you remember something.
[3] Information that you write down when somebody is speaking, or when you are reading a book, etc.
[4] Detailed information that is kept about a particular person, topic or situation.
[5] Information about a performance, an actor’s career, a piece of music, etc. printed in a special book or on a record cover, etc.
[6] A short comment on a word or passage in a book.
[7] A single sound of a particular length and pitch (= how high or low a sound is), made by the voice or a musical instrument; the written or printed sign for a musical note.
[8] A particular quality in something, for example in somebody’s voice or the atmosphere at an event; a comment on something with a particular quality.
[9] An official document with a particular purpose.
[10] An official letter from the representative of one government to another. There are a lot of meanings for “note” in the dictionary When we meet the word “ note”, we often refer to “ghi chú, chú thích” However, in this context, we can’t translate like that Depending on the meaning of whole sentence, the first meaning is suitable to translate, so I choose “ sự chú ý ” to convert this word.
Suggested Version: Nó có đầy đủ các trang bìa của các nghệ sĩ Úc nổi tiếng nhưng bên trong có thể thấy được sự chú ý về thời trang và xã hội.
Example 5: “issue” as a sentence “The Observer began as a fortnightly magazine in 1958 under the vigorous editorship of Donald Horne, who was to become a cultural spokesman on Australian issues for almost half a century, and who, with the title of his best-selling book, The Lucky Country, introduced a new catch phrase into the Australian vocabulary.” (P.24)
[1] An important topic that people are discussing or arguing about.
[2] A problem or worry that somebody has with something.
[3] One of a regular series of magazines or newspapers.
[4] A number or set of things that are supplied and made available at the same time.
[5] The act of supplying or making available things for people to buy or use.
[6] The act of formally making something known to people.
In this context we choose the translation “vấn đề”
Suggested Version: The Observer bắt đầu là tạp chí xuất bản hai tuần một lần vào năm 1958 dưới sự điều hành mạnh mẽ của Donald Horne, người đã trở thành phát ngôn viên văn hóa về các vấn đề của Úc trong gần nửa thế kỷ, và là người với tựa đề cuốn sách bán chạy nhất của mình, The Lucky Country, đã giới thiệu một câu cửa miệng mới vào từ vựng tiếng Úc.
Example 6: “literacy” as a sentence “Rising literacy opened the way to larger audiences.” (P.44)
[1] the ability to read and write
[2] knowledge or skills in a specific area
The word “literacy” means “biết đọc viết” In this situation, we have to base on the context and free translation So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalence as “xóa mù chữ” for this word.
Suggested Version: Tỷ lệ xóa mù chữ ngày càng tăng đã mở ra lượng khán giả lớn hơn.
Example 7: “cater for” as a sentence “Almost every human activity is catered for by the range of magazines: family, house and garden, health, money, women’s affairs, politics, sports, and so on” (P.10)
According to The Oxford Dictionary, cater for means “to provide the things that a particular person or situation needs or wants” and it means “phục vụ, cung cấp” in Vietnamese in this sentence Therefore, based on this context, I translated this expression is “ được phục vụ”.
Suggested Version: Hầu như mọi hoạt động của con người đều được phục vụ bởi hàng loạt tạp chí: gia đình, nhà cửa và vườn tược, sức khỏe, tiền bạc, vấn đề phụ nữ, chính trị, thể thao, v.v.
Example 8: “take over” as a sentence “During the 1920s and 1930s, especially, its more radical elements were largely taken over by Smiths Weekly.”
According to Oxford Dictionary, it has different meanings:
[1] To become bigger or more important than something else; to replace something.
[2] To begin to have control of or responsibility for something, especially in place of somebody else.
[3] To gain control of a political party, a country, etc.
[4] To gain control of a business, a company, etc., especially by buying shares. Basing on this context, I translated this phrasal verb into “ tiếp quản ” in Vietnamese.
Suggested Version: Đặc biệt, trong những năm 1920 và 1930, các yếu tố cấp tiến hơn của nó phần lớn đã được Smiths Weekly tiếp quản.
Structure
Structure plays an important role in the meaning of sentence In a paragraph, there are sentences with difference clauses we must analyze the grammatical components that are able to guess the meaning of sentence To understand the meaning of the document completely, you must base on the sentence’s words and structures Thus, translators are required to have a thorough grasp of grammar structures in the source language with the purpose of transferring successfully the text’s meaning into TL.
A simple sentence is a sentence containing only one clause, or more specifically, an independent clause, with a subject and a predicate
A simple sentence is typically made up of a subject, verb, and object, or SVO, and creates a complete thought; however, since a simple predicate is a verb or verb phrase only, a simple sentence can also be made up of only a subject and verb (SV).
Example 1: Australians are avid consumers of magazines (P.4)
Suggested Version: Người Úc là những người thích đọc tạp chí.
Example 2: Home was unusual in being a glossy magazine with a consciously international approach (P.23)
Suggested Version: Home khác thường khi trở thành một tạp chí bóng bẩy với cách tiếp cận quốc tế có văn minh.
Example 3: The first Australian newspaper to appear was the Sydney Gazette in 1803 (P.39)
Suggested Version: Tờ báo Úc đầu tiên xuất hiện là Sydney Gazette vào năm
A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by one of types:
-A comma and a coordinator (FAN BOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
-A semicolon, a conjunctive adverbs and a comma.
Example 4: It is generally conservative in tone and heavily oriented toward business; it has a range of columnists of varying political persuasions but mostly to the right (P.51)
Independent clause 1: “It is generally conservative in tone and heavily oriented toward business”
Independent clause 2: “It has a range of columnists of varying political persuasions but mostly to the right.”
Suggested Version: Nó thường có giọng điệu bảo thủ và hướng nhiều đến kinh doanh; nó có một loạt các chuyên mục có quan điểm chính trị khác nhau nhưng chủ yếu là lẽ phải.
Example 5: The eastern states followed with their own version, and by the 1950s Kindergarten of the Air was broadcast over more than 50 ABC stations. (P.83)
Independent clause 1: “The eastern states followed with their own version” Independent clause 2: “By the 1950s Kindergarten of the Air was broadcast over more than 50 ABC stations.”
Suggested Version: Các bang phía đông làm theo phiên bản của riêng họ, và đến những năm 1950, Kindergarten of the Air đã được phát sóng trên hơn 50 đài ABC.
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses Some common subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while, and relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose.
There are three kinds of denpendent clause used in omplex sentencce: NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECCTIVE CLAUSE and ADVERBIAL CLAUSE.
Example 6: Although the magazine became steadily more conservative, it continued to encourage new Australian writing, especially under the editorship of the Red Page by the poet Douglas Stewart over the 1940s and 1950s (P.16)
Independent clause: “It continued to encourage new Australian writing, especially under the editorship of the Red Page by the poet Douglas Stewart over the 1940s and 1950s.”
Dependent clause: “Although the magazine became steadily more conservative.”
Suggested Version: Mặc dù tạp chí ngày càng trở nên bảo thủ hơn, nhưng nó vẫn tiếp tục khuyến khích các bài viết mới của Úc, đặc biệt là dưới sự biên tập của Red Page của nhà thơ Douglas Stewart trong những năm 1940 và 1950.
Example 7: Although many of these have risen and fallen with notable rapidity, a number have been surprisingly stubborn stayers (P.36)
Independent clause: “A number have been surprisingly stubborn stayers.” Dependent clause: “Although many of these have risen and fallen with notable rapidity”
Suggested Version: Mặc dù nhiều trong số này đã tăng và giảm với tốc độ nhanh chóng đáng chú ý, một số vẫn là những người ở lại ngoan cố một cách đáng ngạc nhiên.
Example 8: Clive James cut his writing teeth there while Robert Hughes switched from The Observer (P.29)
Dependent clause: “Clive James cut his writing teeth there”
Independent clause: “while Robert Hughes switched from The Observer.” Suggested Version : Clive James bắt đầu sự nghiệp viết lách của mình trong khi Robert Hughes chuyển từ The Observer.
A compound- complex sentence is made from two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Example 9: The Australian Bureau of Circulation lists some 70 magazines with large circulations, ranging from about 20,000 to well over half a million; the Australian edition of the weekly Woman’s Day, for instance, at last count had a circulation of 536,074 while the top-selling Australian Woman’s Weekly (actually a monthly) sells over 700,000 (P.4)
Independent clause 1: “The Australian Bureau of Circulation lists some 70 magazines with large circulations, ranging from about 20,000 to well over half a million”
Independent clause 2: “the Australian edition of the weekly Woman’s Day, for instance, at last count had a circulation of 536,074”
Dependent clause: “while the top-selling Australian Woman’s Weekly
The form of the sentence is:
Independent clause ; Independent clause + Dependent clause
Suggested Version: Cục Lưu hành Úc liệt kê khoảng 70 tạp chí có số lượng phát hành lớn, từ khoảng 20.000 đến hơn nửa triệu; chẳng hạn, ấn bản Úc hàng tuần của Woman’s Day, ở lần đếm cuối cùng có số lượng phát hành là 536.074 trong khi Australian Woman’s Weekly bán chạy nhất (thực tế là một tháng) bán được hơn 700.000.
Example 10: “The ABC has often been accused of a left-wing bias, but Labor governments can be just as hostile to criticism as the conservatives, and former Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating once said of it that it was “the most self- indulgent and self-interested outfit in the country.”” (P.87)
Independent clause 1: “The ABC has often been accused of a left-wing bias” Independent clause 2: “Labor governments can be just as hostile to criticism as the conservatives, and former Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating once said of it”
Dependent clause: “that it was “the most self-indulgent and self-interested outfit in the country.””
The form of the sentence is:
Independent clause + Coordinator + Independent clause + Dependent clause
Suggested Version: ABC thường bị cáo buộc khuynh hướng ủng hộ phía cánh tả, nhưng các chính phủ Lao động có thể thù địch với những lời chỉ trích như những người bảo thủ, và cựu Thủ tướng Lao động Paul Keating đã từng nói rằng đó là “bộ trang phục tư lợi và buông thả nhất trong nước."
DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS
Difficulties
I learned a lot of skills through my four years of Duy Tan University, but I believe it is still insufficient; for example, during the project of the thesis, I discover that there are too many terms, new words, and phrases that I am unfamiliar with It takes a lot of time and hard work to translate it Wanting to translate text well and fluently, especially for readers to understand it, is a process that takes care of every word in the text.
First of all, besides the advantages, there are also many challenges during my graduate theses I understand the author’s ideas but I am not sure how to express them well in Vietnamese The first issue I can see that the syntax structure in English is significantly more complex than the syntax form of Vietnamese The second issue that differences in linguistic systems cause translators is the difference in semantics of type words (lexicology) I also lack the context of the original and do not completely explain the depth of content This paper contains an excessive amount of words and phrases that I am unable to look up in dictionaries It’s difficult for me to have a precise definition Furthermore, some terms have several meanings, which change depending on the context As a consequence, unlike the original article, my suggested version is not smooth and normal I understand the author’s ideas but I am unable to express them well in Vietnamese.
Secondly, there’s structure, which is an essential aspect of the exam procedure Many different kinds of interconnected systems cause confuse and make it impossible to distinguish them Finding grammar points in sentences requires a lot of patience when analyzing structures.
In short, vocabulary and structure were two main factors confusing me, but I believe that all of the issues can be resolved if we really make our effort.
Solitions
From the difficulties above, I have my own way to deal with problems I also sum up for myself helpful experiences through the translation process Therefore, I would like to share some my solutions:
Firstly, before starting doing the translation, it is far important to read the original text several times to catch the author’s ideas While reading, I tried to understand the background of the book and highlight what I am confused with I searched the information which is related to the field on the Internet to higher recognize what I am dealing with.
Secondly, I always consider and check the suggested version several time to make sure Besides, I tried to search the meaning from some different dictionaries in order to choose the most appropriate meaning
Finally, I realized that I need to have more experience to become a good translator It is also necessary to get deeper knowledge in many fields so that I am able to translate text as smoothly as possible.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
During the process of doing this graduation essay, I actually have gathered diverse experience and wider new expertise in translating English in addition to diagnosed that I nevertheless had many mistakes that must be improve In my opinion, doing translation does not mean that we just look up and translate directly, but to make the author’s ideas stand out When doing translation, it is difficult to analyze structures and find the equivalent meanings Sometimes, a student may not aware of what he or she is dealing with and wander away the topic.
Besides, this graduation paper showed that I do not know much Englich vocabulary so sometimes I can not pick the correctly word However, I can deal with my problems depend on what I have learned in my major Therefore, I found that translation is an important subject which helps me practice and improve my translating skill, as well as provides me with a large vocabulary and a firm grammar.
Because of my knowledge and time limitation, I hope that my shortcomings could get hold of considerate attention and generous view.
Suggestions
First of all, I would like to contribute some suggestions which I sum up from myself through my study In order to become a good translator, only learning at school is not enough A pupil should prepare for himself/herself the basic knowledge and try their best to take full advantage of chances in order to experience I think the suggestions below can help students to have a comprehensive about doing translation:
- The most important is reading You can read a book, a newspaper, a magazine, an advertisement, a blog, And you should read in both source and target language
- Listen I think this is also necessary if you want to use English fluently You can listen to the news, a report on the radio, music, …
- Learn more new words in other fields
- Keep up and hone your skills.
I hope the curriculum of Duy Tan University will have more subjects which students can have practical experience This will help the scholar feel excited with the major Also, we are easy to remember what they are taught
In summary, I hope that all of my comments will give other students moral support and play a useful role in the improvement of the English Department.
[1] Newmark, Peter (1988), A Textbook of Translation, Prentice Hall.
[2] Nguyen Manh Quang (2011), Translation Theory, Department of Foreign Languages, Duy Tan University.
[3] J.C Catford, (1965), A Linguistic Theory Of Translation, Oxford University Press.
[4] Oxford Dictionary https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/.
[5] English Grammar https://www.englishgrammar.org/.
[6] The Free Dictionary https://www.thefreedictionary.com/.