INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
Firstly, body language plays a crucial role in communication, and can often convey more than words alone By understanding how to use body language effectively, individuals can communicate more confidently and effectively, which can have many positive outcomes in various personal and professional settings.
Secondly, self-confidence is a highly valued trait in many areas of life, including in the workplace and in social situations By studying self-confident body language, individuals can learn how to project confidence through their nonverbal communication, which can have a positive impact on their interactions with others and their overall success.
Finally, the topic of self-confident body language is a relatively new field of study, and there is still much to learn about the various ways in which body language can impact confidence levels As such, there is a lot of room for exploration and discovery in this area, making it an exciting and worthwhile topic for research.
Overall, the topic of self-confident body language is a relevant and interesting area of study that has the potential to provide valuable insights into the role of nonverbal communication in conveying confidence and achieving success.
For all of these reasons, I chose to translate Chapter 2 “Self-confident Body
Language” of the book “Without Saying a Word” so that everyone might improve their communication skills.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
- Showcasing my translation and analysis abilities.
- Enhancing my translation abilities and my ability to analyze the book's substance.
- Gaining a deeper understanding of the author's ideas and effectively communicating them to the reader.
- Translating the text smoothly and efficiently.
- Analyzing complicated words, phrases, structures, idioms, and contexts while properly translating the text's content.
- Translating Chapter 2, “Self-confident Body Language”.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The book is divided into many chapters But, due to time limits, I decided to translate, handle difficult vocabulary, and analyze structures in Chapter 2 “Self- confident Body Language” of Kasia Wezowski and Patryk Wezowski's book
“Without Saying a Word” (2018) This book shows readers how to master the science of body language to achieve success In addition, in Chapter 2, you will find out how to tell when your conversation partner is responsive, as well as the body movements that promote trust and collaboration.
The book has 9 chapters and 230 pages The text I have decided to translate is situated in Chapter 2, from pages 25 to 47, and has around 4,513 words.
• Chapter 1: The Five Principles of Body Language Intelligence.
• Chapter 2: Self-confident Body Language.
• Chapter 5: How Body Language Reveals Emotions.
The text is in chapter 2 of the book “Without Saying a Word” written by
Kasia Wezowski and Patryk Wezowski I got this book in the link: https://www.booksfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Without-Saying-a-Word-Kasia-Wezowski-and-patryk-Wezowski-booksfree.org_.pdf
METHOD OF THE STUDY
The text was scanned and skimmed to identify its main content Confusi vocabulary and difficult grammar structures were highlighted and then translated with careful consideration for the context of the text The translation was discussed with the supervisor and friends, and online research was conducted to ensure the accuracy of the chosen meanings and checked for any translation errors After completing the translation process, for further text analysis, the translation and grammar theories were used to identify and understand any challenging vocabulary and grammar structures.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
TRANSLATION THEORY
Translation theory is concerned with a specific form of language relationship and is hence a branch of comparative linguistics Translation can be set up and executed between any pair of “related” or “unrelated” languages or dialects, with any type of spatial, temporal, social, or other relationship between them
Language relations are often directional, though they are not always symmetrical The process of translation is unidirectional, meaning it is always carried out in a given direction, specifically from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL).
There are many definitions of translation given by some well-known linguists as follows:
“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” - J.C.Catford
“Translation is a process of rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.” - Peter Newmark.
“Translation is the process of conveying messages across linguistic and cultural barriers.” - Dr Ian Tudor.
These definitions show the idea that translation is a difficult process requiring both theoretical and practical understanding.
TYPES OF CATEGORIES
According to J.C.Catford, translation categories can be defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks There are several translation methods.
According to J.C.Catford, translation is divided into two categories: full and partial
(i) Full translation: Whole text is submitted for translation, which means that the TL replaces the whole part of the SL.
Example: The nummber of international students in the United States is at record levels.
Số lượng sinh viên quốc tế ở Hoa Kỳ đang ở mức kỷ lục.
(ii) Partial translation: Some portions or portions of the SL are not translated which are then directly transferred and combined into the TL
Example: Bánh chưng, bánh giầy là hai món không thể thiếu trong ngày Tết của người Việt.
Banh Chung, Banh Giay are two essential food on Tet holiday of Vietnamese people.
(i) Total translation: All levels of the SL text are replaced with the TL material.
Example : Have you done a passport yet?
Bạn đã làm hộ chiếu chưa?
(ii) Restricted translation: The replacement of textual material from the SL with equivalent material in the TL occurs only at one level, such as the phonological, graphological, or grammatical and lexical level.
Example: Ông ấy là tía của tôi
The main in this translation is the replacement of SL phonology with the equivalent TL phonology No other replacements are made, aside from any accidental grammatical or lexical changes that may result from phonological translation.
The graphology of the SL is replaced with its equivalent in the destination language, without other significant replacements.
Transliteration involves representing the pronunciation of a word in the SL using the alphabet of the TL It is commonly used for names of people or places, which is the context where you have been recommended to use it.
Example: Mexico → Mê-xi-cô
2.2.6 Free, Literal, and Word-for-word Translation
Between these two extremes is "literal" translation Although it may begin as a
"word-for-word" translation, it adapts to TL grammar (e.g.: inserting additional words, changing structures, ) This might result in a translation of a collection of words or a phrase.
Example: The film is beyond any words.
Bộ phim là vượt ra bất kỳ từ nào (Word-for-word)
Bộ phim ở ngoài tầm bất kỳ từ ngữ nào (Literal)
Bộ phim này không chê vào đâu được (Free)
2.3 METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION
There are eight types of translation
This is a method of converting SL to TL by sequential translation: word to word, clause to clause and sentence to sentence This translation method is used to see that there is a similarity in sentence structure between the two languages.
Example: There is a handbag on the table
→ Có một cái túi xách ở trên bàn.
When using a literal translation approach, the grammatical structure of the original language is transformed into the closest structure of the target language, while the vocabulary is translated based on its most common sense, independent of the context, yet still closely adhering to the literal meaning.
Example: Có tiền mua tiên cũng được
The translation is still relatively close to the original in terms of grammatical structure to text structure The translator attempts to reproduce the contextual meaning accurately within the constraints and limitations of the grammatical structure of the translated language Cultural words are transferred from original to translation.
Example: Tôi cho rằng bà ta sẽ không mua chiếc xe này
→ I think that she won’t buy this car.
Semantic translation is the reader-oriented translation of the translated language The translation contains the full meaning of the original, including the meaning that creates the aesthetic value of the original and compromise on the meaning is appropriate so that there is no similarity, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version to flexible and creative This is a way of translating the grammatical structure and meaning of the source language to be equivalent to the target language.
Example: Lan’s sister has a sunny smile on her face.
→ Em gái của Lan có gương mặt với nụ cười tỏa nắng.
Adaptive translation is the freest kind of translation, commonly utilized in comedy and poetry; themes, characters, and plot are often kept, culture elements in the SL are changed to the culture of the TL, and the text is rewritten.
Example: Gái tơ mà lấy chồng già → May and December.
Free translation is a method used to convey the intended meaning of the source text without focusing on details such as syntax or style, of the original text; Usually, the translated text is longer than the original and the content is kept, the form is changed
Example: Let it be → Mặc kệ nó.
Idiomatic translation can convey the general "message" of the original text, but it often distorts nuances of meaning by favouring colloquialisms and idioms that may not exist in the original language.
Example: Mây tầng nào thì gặp mây tầng đó
→ Every Jack has his Jill.
Communicative translation attempts to get the reader to correctly understand the contextual meaning of the original; prioritize the message in such a way that both the content and the language are easily accepted and understood by the readers. This translation is rather often news on the radio or in newspapers Occasionally communicative and semantic translations will coincide
Example: How do you do! → Xin chào!
There are some basic translation rules that apply to all types of translation.
It is important for a translation to convey the original text's meaning with precision Unnecessary additions or omissions should be avoided, while some parts of the meaning may require transposition in some cases.
Example: If I were her, I wouldn't have bought such an expensive dress.
→ Nếu tôi là cô ấy, tôi sẽ không mua cái váy đắt như vậy.
In translation, it is crucial to maintain a close resemblance to the original text in the arrangement of words and ideas However, variations in language structure may necessitate modifications in word form and order When in doubt, highlight the words in the original text that bear the primary stress.
Example: No sooner had I finished my presentation than the teacher asked questions.
→ Ngay khi tôi vừa kết thúc bài thuyết trình thì giáo viên đã đặt câu hỏi
In certain contexts, languages may exhibit significant variations in their levels of formality To address these discrepancies, the writer or speaker establishes the tone to differentiate between formal or fixed expressions and personal expression.
Example: Please close the door when you go out.
→ Làm ơn hãy đóng cửa khi ra ngoài.
The vocabulary and phrasing used in translations are overly moulded by the original text, resulting in a lack of naturalness To address this issue, translators can try translating a few sentences orally from memory after setting aside the source language text This technique can help reduce the influence of the original text on the translation.
Example: I find it quite difficult to understand the book.
→ Quyển sách này khá khó hiểu
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
(1) When I was thirteen years old, my first job was to distribute fliers to pharmacies This involved me asking the pharmacist if I could place the fliers in a spot where they could easily be seen Initially, I was very successful.
On the first morning, I visited fifteen shops and none of them refused my request Things went less smoothly for my girlfriend, who had the same task: It took her much longer and some of the pharmacists were unwilling to cooperate.
(2) When it was my turn to be confronted with my first refusal, however, I immediately had the feeling that my initial enthusiasm had disappeared The energy and power with which I had previ-ously entered the stores were suddenly missing This change of attitude also had a dramatic impact on my effectiveness More re- fusals followed But what had actually changed? Why did the same sentence
CHƯƠNG 2: Ngôn Ngữ Cơ Thể Tự Tin
(1) Khi tôi mười ba tuổi, công việc đầu tiên của tôi là phát tờ rơi cho các hiệu thuốc Điều này liên quan đến việc tôi hỏi dược sĩ liệu tôi có thể đặt các tờ rơi ở nơi dễ nhìn thấy không Lúc đầu, tôi đã rất thành công Buổi sáng đầu tiên đó, tôi đến mười lăm cửa hàng và không ai từ chối yêu cầu của tôi Tuy nhiên công việc của bạn gái tôi lại không suôn sẻ, người có cùng nhiệm vụ: Cô ấy mất nhiều thời gian hơn và một số dược sĩ từ chối hợp tác.
(2) Tuy nhiên, khi đến lượt tôi phải đối diện với lời từ chối đầu tiên, tôi đột nhiên cảm thấy sự hăng hái lúc đầu của mình đã biến mất Năng lượng và sức mạnh mà tôi đã có trước khi vào các cửa hàng đột nhiên mất đi Sự thay đổi thái độ này cũng tác động đáng kể đến hiệu suất của tôi Nhiều lời từ chối xảy ra sau đó Nhưng điều gì thực sự đã thay đổi? Tại sao cùng một câu hỏi -
“Tôi có thể đặt những tờ rơi này trên quầy của bạn không?” - Bây giờ lại tạo
-“Can I please put these fliers here on your counter?”- now produce such a different result from a few hours earlier? Why did the change in the way
I felt make such a difference to the results I achieved?
(3) What I didn’t realize at the time is that the key to success in situations of this kind is not the sentence, but the number of contact-supporting gestures you use when speaking it The purpose of this chapter is to show you how you can use positive body language to help you convince people and how you can recognize the same signals in others. ra một kết quả khác so với vài giờ trước? Tại sao sự thay đổi trong cách tôi cảm nhận lại tác động lớn đến kết quả tôi đạt được?
(3) Điều mà tôi không nhận ra vào thời điểm đó là chìa khóa thành công trong những tình huống kiểu này không phải là lời nói, mà là số lượng cử chỉ hỗ trợ mà bạn sử dụng khi nói Mục đích của chương này là chỉ cho bạn cách sử dụng ngôn ngữ cơ thể tích cực để giúp bạn thuyết phục mọi người và nhận ra những dấu hiệu tương tự ở người khác.
Leaning the Upper Body Forward
(4) The position of the upper body gives you basic information about the other per-son’s attitude toward you If the upper body is leaning back or turned away, par-ticularly if the arms are crossed, there is a good chance that the person wants to dis-tance himself from the subject under dis-cussion.
Averting the upper body in this way is usually a sign that someone is not listening closely to what you are saying.
Nghiêng thân trên về phía trước
(4) Tư thế của phần thân trên cung cấp cho bạn thông tin cơ bản về thái độ của người khác đối với bạn Nếu phần thân trên ngả lưng ra sau hoặc quay đi,đặc biệt nếu khoanh tay, có khả năng người đó muốn giữ khoảng cách với chủ đề đang được thảo luận Sự chuyển hướng của thân trên như vậy thường là một dấu hiệu cho thấy ai đó không nghe kỹ những gì bạn đang nói Có lẽ chủ đề không quan trọng hoặc không forward in your direction Many studies support this conclusion, including Schlenker in
(5) If you want someone to listen to you carefully, it is important to get her to orientate her body toward you rather than away from you, since this means interest You can also try to lean more forward in her direction, since it is possible that the other person may be copying your own more distanced body lan-guage If the other person leans forward at the same moment you do, this is a good sign, because your conversation partner is responding to your positive body language. này, bao gồm Schlenker vào năm 1975.
(5) Nếu bạn muốn ai đó lắng nghe bạn một cách cẩn thận, điều quan trọng là phải khiến cô ấy hướng cơ thể về phía bạn thay vì tránh xa bạn, vì điều này có nghĩa là quan tâm Bạn cũng có thể cố gắng nghiêng người về hướng của cô ấy nhiều hơn, vì có thể người kia đang bắt chước ngôn ngữ cơ thể của bạn Nếu người kia cũng nghiêng về phía trước cùng một thời điểm với bạn, đây là một dấu hiệu tốt, vì người trò chuyện với bạn đang phản hồi với ngôn ngữ cơ thể tích cực của bạn.
Opening the Palms of the Hand
(6) Open palms are a sign of peaceful intentions It shows that you have nothing to hide, you’re unarmed, and you’re mentally open to what the other person is saying.
(7) You know that the contact is going well if you regularly see opened palms This is a sign of openness and a signal to the other person that his words are being experienced as respectful, pos-itive, and valuable The more
(6) Mở lòng bàn tay là một dấu hiệu của ý định hòa bình Nó cho thấy bạn không có gì để giấu, bạn không có vũ khí và bạn sẵn sàng lắng nghe những gì người khác đang nói.
(7) Cuộc giao tiếp đang diễn ra tốt nếu bạn thường xuyên nhìn thấy lòng bàn tay mở rộng Đây là một dấu hiệu của sự cởi mở và là tín hiệu cho người khác biết rằng lời nói của anh ta đang được coi là tôn trọng, tích cực và có giá frequently a person stretches out his hands in front of him, the greater the openness and honesty he wishes to communicate This gesture can be strengthened by spreading the fingers or bending them slightly upward, so that the hand forms a kind of cup.
ANALYSIS
VOCABULARY
Words with multi-meaning are words that have more than one meaning, depending on the context in which they are used These words can be a source of confusion or ambiguity, as the meaning of the word may change depending on the specific context in which it appears Understanding the different meanings of words with multi-meaning is important for effective communication and comprehension.
Example 1 : When I was thirteen years old, my first job was to distribute fliers to pharmacies.
According to Oxford Dictionary, “flier” has seven meanings:
[1]a person who flies an aircraft (usually a small one, not a passenger plane).
[2]a person who travels in a plane as a passenger.
[3]a person who operates something such as a model aircraft or a kite from the ground.
[4]a thing, especially a bird or an insect, that flies in a particular way.
[5]a small sheet of paper that advertises a product or an event and is given to a large number of people.
[6]a person, an animal or a vehicle that moves very quickly.
[7]a very fast start to a race, competition, etc.
In summary, the word “flier” is often used with the meaning “phi công”. However, based on the sentence's context, I choose the meaning of the word “flier” as “tờ rơi” , according to the fifth meaning above.
Suggested version: Khi tôi mười ba tuổi, công việc đầu tiên của tôi là phát tờ rơi cho các hiệu thuốc.
Example 2: Things went less smoothly for my girlfriend, who had the same task: It took her much longer and some of the pharmacists were unwilling to cooperate.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, “smoothly” has four meanings:
[1] Having a surface or consisting of a substance that is perfectly regular and has no holes, lumps, or areas that rise or fall suddenly.
[2] Happening without any sudden changes, interruption, or difficulty.
[3] Having a pleasant flavour that is not sour or bitter.
[4] Very polite, confident, and able to persuade people, but in a way that is not sincere.
In summary, the word “smoothly” is often used with the meaning “ trơn ”. However, based on the sentence's context, I choose the meaning of the word
“smoothly” as “suôn sẻ” , according to the second meaning above.
Suggested version: Tuy nhiên công việc của bạn gái tôi lại không suôn sẻ, người có cùng nhiệm vụ: Cô ấy mất nhiều thời gian hơn và một số dược sĩ từ chối hợp tác.
Example 3: Averting the upper body in this way is usually a sign that someone is not listening closely to what you are saying.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, “ sign ” has five meanings:
[1] an event, an action, a fact, etc that shows that something exists, is happening or may happen in the future.
[2] a piece of paper, wood or metal that has writing or a picture on it that gives you information, instructions, a warning, etc.
[3] a movement or sound that you make to tell somebody something.
[4] a mark used to represent something, especially in mathematics.
In summary, based on the sentence's context, I choose the meaning of the dấu hiệu cho thấy ai đó không nghe kỹ những gì bạn đang nói.
Example 4: The person who takes the initiative to strengthen or weaken the handshake will depend on the context, the situation, and their awareness of the rules of body language.
According to the Oxford Dictionary, “ initiative ” has several meanings:
[1] a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose.
[2] the ability to decide and act on your own without waiting for somebody to tell you what to do.
[3] the power or opportunity to act and gain an advantage before other people do.
[4] a process by which ordinary people can suggest a new law by signing a petition.
In summary, the word “initiative” is often used with the meaning “sáng kiến” However, based on the sentence's context, I choose the meaning of the word
“initiative” as “chủ động” , according to the second meaning above.
Suggested version: Người chủ động bắt tay mạnh hay yếu sẽ phụ thuộc vào bối cảnh, tình huống và nhận thức của họ về các quy tắc của ngôn ngữ cơ thể.
Example 5: First, we decided to wear clothing that was appropriate to the setting: long sleeves and legs fully covered.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, “cover” has several meanings:
[1] to put or spread something over something, or to lie on the surface of something.
[2] to deal with or direct attention to something.
[3] to report the news about a particular important event.
[4] to protect someone against loss, damage, accident, or having something stolen, by having insurance.
[6] to be or give enough money to pay for something.
[7] to aim a gun or shoot at someone to try to stop them from shooting or escaping, or to protect someone else.
[8] When soldiers or police officers cover a place such as a road or building, they are in a position from which they can watch and defend it.
[9] to prevent a member of the opposing team from taking control of the ball by staying close to them all the time.
[10] to do someone else's job or duty when they are absent.
[11] to make a recording of a song or tune that has already been recorded by someone else.
In summary, based on the sentence's context, I choose the meaning of the word “cover” as “che phủ” , according to the fist meaning above.
Suggested version: Đầu tiên, chúng tôi quyết định mặc trang phục phù hợp với bối cảnh: áo dài tay và che phủ kín chân.
Phrasal verbs are verbs that consist of a main verb and one or more particles, such as adverbs or prepositions The meaning of a phrasal verb can be different from the meaning of its individual parts, and the meaning can also vary depending on the context in which it is used.
Example 6: The more frequently a person stretches out his hands in front of him, the greater the openness and honesty he wishes to communicate.
According to Oxford Dictionary, the phrase “strech out” is explained as: to lie down, usually in order to relax or sleep.
So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalent meaning: “duỗi ra”.
Suggested version: Một người càng thường xuyên duỗi tay ra trước mặt, thì sự cởi mở và trung thực mà anh ta muốn giao tiếp càng lớn.
Example 7: If the other person squeezes with 90 percent force, the first person should increase their pressure by 20 percent until it also comes up to the
According to Oxford Dictionary, the phrase “come up to” is explained as:
[1] To reach as far as a particular point
[2]To reach an acceptable level or standard.
So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalent meaning: “đạt đến”, which belongs to the second meaning.
Suggested version: Nếu người kia nắm chặt với 90% lực, thì người đầu tiên nên tăng lực nắm lên 20% cho đến khi đạt đến mức độ tương đồng với đối tác của họ.
Example 8: Women should interpret hard handshakes as warn-ings to be careful when dealing with this type of man, since it is possible that he might not fully respect their opinions.
According to Oxford Dictionary, the phrase “dealing with” is explained as:
[1] to take appropriate action in a particular situation or according to who you are talking to, managing, etc.
[2] to do business with a person, a company or an organization
[3] to solve a problem, perform a task, etc.
So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalent meaning: “tiếp xúc với”
Suggested version: Do đó, khi tiếp xúc với kiểu đàn ông này, phụ nữ cần phải cẩn trọng và nhận thức được rằng đó là một lời cảnh báo, anh ta có thể không hoàn toàn tôn trọng ý kiến của phụ nữ.
Example 9: Focus your eyes on your conversation partner and tilt your head a little bit to the right.
According to Cambridge Dictionary, the phrase “focus (something) on someone/something” is explained as: to give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject, or thing.
So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalent meaning: “tập trung vào”
Suggested version: Tập trung mắt vào đối tác trò chuyện của bạn và nghiêng đầu sang phải một chút.
Example 10: Do the same during a presentation: take up a stance where you feel comfortable, with your feet stable on the ground.
According to Oxford Dictionary, the phrase “take up” is explained as:
[1] to continue, especially starting after somebody/something else has finish.
[2] to fill or use an amount of space or time.
[3] to learn or start to do something, especially for pleasure.
[4] to start or begin something such as a job.
[5] to join in singing or saying something.
[6] to continue something that somebody else has not finished, or that has not been mentioned for some time.
[7] to move into a particular position.
[8] to accept something that is offered or available.
[9] to make something such as a piece of clothing shorter.
So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalent meaning: “giữ”, which is similar to the sixth meaning.
Suggested version: Làm tương tự trong khi thuyết trình: giữ ở tư thế mà bạn cảm thấy thoải mái, với đôi chân ổn định trên mặt đất.
Example 11: He tried to convince this serious group of spectators to join him in singing a song, but the result was not as amusing as he anticipated and his audience turned against him.
According to Cambridge Dictionary, the phrase “turned against” is explained as:
[1] to start not to like or agree with someone or something, or to make someone do this.
[2] to change from supporting to opposing someone or something.
So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalent meaning: “quay lưng lại”, which is similar to the first meaning. này tham gia cùng anh hát một bài hát, nhưng kết quả không thú vị như anh dự đoán và khán giả quay lưng lại với anh ấy.
Translating idioms is one of the most challenging aspects of the translation process Idioms consist of a group of words whose meaning cannot be inferred from the individual words To properly translate idioms, we cannot simply translate word-for-word but must understand the phrase as a whole This requires a thorough understanding of the verb and its related elements, in order to accurately translate the intended meaning of the idiom.
Example 12: The person who takes the initiative to strengthen or weaken the handshake will depend on the context, the situation, and their awareness of the rules of body language.
According to to Cambridge Dictionary, the idiom “take the initiative” had meanings as: to be the first one to do something, esp to solve a problem
So, I chose “chủ động” in Vietnamese to keep the idea of this idiom.
Suggested version: Người chủ động bắt tay mạnh hay yếu sẽ phụ thuộc vào bối cảnh, tình huống và nhận thức của họ về các quy tắc của ngôn ngữ cơ thể.
STRUCTURES
We are all aware that the structure of a sentence is crucial, as it necessitates organizing sentences in the correct sequence, with appropriate connections and coherence between words to construct a comprehensive sentence that accurately conveys information Hence, translators need to have a firm grasp of the grammatical structures of the source language to translate the text's meaning effectively into the target language Despite being a final-year student, I still struggle with complex structures, particularly sentences with multiple clauses.
In English, a simple sentence is one that includes just one independent clause and has the most fundamental elements of a sentence usually: a subject, a verb, and complete meaning.
Example 13: The ice was broken.
S V Suggested version: Bầu không khí được nới lỏng.
Example 14: Columbia University reached much the same conclusions in their study of Botox.
Columbia University reached much the same conclusions in their s tudy
Suggested version: Đại học Columbia đã đưa ra nhiều kết luận tương tự trong nghiên cứu của họ về Botox
A compound sentence is formed by combining two or three independent clauses The clauses in a compound sentence are connected by coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or a semicolon (;).
Example 15: This may make good TV, but it’s not a good body language habit to get into.
This may make good TV
This is a compound sentence, consisting of two independent clauses connected by a comma and a coordinating conjunction “ but ”.
Suggested version: Điều này có thể tạo nên một chương trình truyền hình hay, nhưng đó không phải là một thói quen tốt để hình thành ngôn ngữ cơ thể.
Example 16: In the past, this was useful for carrying, holding, hitting, or throwing things, but power of this kind is less useful in a handshake!
In the past, this was useful for carrying, holding, hitting, or throwing things,
Independent clause 1 but power of this kind is less useful in a handshake!
This is a compound sentence, consisting of two independent clauses connected by a comma and a coordinating conjunction “but”.
Suggested version: Trong quá khứ, điều này rất hữu ích để mang, giữ, đánh hoặc ném đồ vật, nhưng sức mạnh của loại này không hữu ích khi bắt tay!
A complex sentence includes an independent clause and at least one dependent clause The independent clause can function as a sentence on its own, while the dependent clause cannot In complex sentences, there are three types of dependent clauses: Noun Clauses, Adverbial Clauses, and Adjective Clauses.
4.2.3.1 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses
In grammar, a noun clauses are dependent clause that functions as a noun and can perform various grammatical roles, such as being a subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, or object of a preposition These clauses typically begin with wh- word: “that”, “how”, “who”, “what”, “which”,
Example 17: In the past, showing your hands in this way demonstrated that you were unarmed and had positive intentions.
In the past, showing your hands in this way demonstrated
Indepedent clause that you were unarmed and had positive intentions
In this sentence, the dependent clause works as a noun clause and functions as an object of the sentence.
Suggested version: Trong quá khứ, việc cho thấy bàn tay của bạn theo cách này chứng tỏ rằng bạn không có vũ khí và có ý định tích cực.
Example 18: This involved me asking the pharmacist if I could place the fliers in a spot where they could easily be seen.
S V O asking the pharmacist if I could place the fliers in a spot where they could easily be
In this sentence, the dependent clause works as a Noun Clause and functions as a complement of the sentence.
Suggested version: Điều này liên quan đến việc tôi hỏi dược sĩ liệu tôi có thể đặt các tờ rơi ở nơi dễ nhìn thấy không.
4.2.3.2 Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause is a type of dependent clause that modifies the verb in the independent clause by providing information about when, where, why, how, or to what extent something happens
There are several types of adverbial clauses, including those of time, place, condition, manner, cause/reason, effect, comparison, concession, and purpose:
- Adverb clauses of time indicate when or how often something happens and typically begin with subordinating conjunctions like: “before”, “after,” “as soon as”, “as long as”, ‘no sooner than”, “when”, “while”, “since”,
- Adverbial clauses of place describe where something happens and often start with prepositions or subordinating conjunctions like: “where”, “wherever”,
- Adverb clauses of condition state the condition necessary for the main idea to occur and usually begin with: “if”, “unless”, “provided that”, “assuming that”,
- Adverbial clauses of manner describe how something is done and often start with: “as if”, “as though”, “like”.
- Adverbial clauses of cause/reason offer a reason for the main idea and frequently begin with: “as”, “since”, “because”.
- Adverbial clauses of effect describe the consequences and often start with:
- Adverbial clauses of comparison are used to compare things or ideas and often start with subordinating conjunctions like: “than”, “the the”,
- Adverbial clauses of concession offer a statement that contrasts with the main idea and often begin with subordinating conjunctions like: “although”,
“though”, “even though”, “even if”, “while”, “whereas”.
- Adverbial clauses of purpose show why something is happening and can use subordinating conjunctions like: “in order that”, “so that”, “lest”.
Example 19: In the Middle East, a written contract is not binding until the two parties have shaken hands.
In the Middle East, a written contract is not binding
Independent clause until the two parties have shaken hands.
Suggested version: Ở Trung Đông, một hợp đồng bằng văn bản sẽ không có giá trị ràng buộc cho đến khi hai bên bắt tay nhau.
Example 20: The men wore long white gowns with large sleeves and a headdress, while the women were wrapped from head to toe in black robes, with scarves that sometimes even covered their faces.
The men wore long white gowns with large sleeves and a headdress,
Independent clause while The women were wrapped from head to toe in black robes, with scarves
Sub S V A A that sometimes even covered their faces
Suggested version: Những người đàn ông mặc áo choàng dài màu trắng với tay áo rộng và mũ trùm đầu, trong khi những người phụ nữ quấn từ đầu đến chân trong chiếc áo choàng đen, với khăn quàng đôi khi còn che cả mặt
Example 21: A few years ago, we were giving a presentation in Qatar, where people dress in the traditional Arab manner.
A few years ago, we were giving a presentation in Qatar,
Independent clause where people dress in the traditional Arab manner.
Suggested version: Một vài năm trước, chúng tôi đã có một buổi thuyết trình ở Qatar, nơi mọi người ăn mặc theo phong cách Ả Rập truyền thống.
4.2.3.3 Complex Sentences with Adjective Clauses (or Relative Clauses)
A relative clause is a type of dependent clause that acts as an adjective by modifying a noun or pronoun This is why it is also referred to as an adjective clause Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns like: “who”, “whose”,
“whom”, “which” or relative adverbs like: “that”, “where”, “when”
There are two types of relative clauses: restrictive (or defining) relative clauses and non-restrictive (or non-defining) relative clauses.
Example 22: The person who takes the initiative to strengthen or weaken the handshake will depend on the context, the situation, and their awareness of the rules of body language.
The person who takes the initiative to strengthen or weaken the handshake
S will depend on the context, the situation, and their awareness of the rules of
The relative clause “who takes the initiative to strengthen or weaken the handshake” in this sentence is a restrictive relative clause, and it uses the relative pronoun “who” to refer to “the person”.
Suggested version: Người chủ động bắt tay mạnh hay yếu sẽ phụ thuộc vào
Example 23: This stimulates the right side of their brains, which processes visualizations, emotions, and intuition.
This stimulates the right side of their brains,
Indepedent clause which processes visualizations, emotions, and intuition.
Dependent clause The relative clause “which processes visualizations, emotions, and intuition” in this sentence is a non-restrictive relative clause, and it uses the relative pronoun
“which” to refer to “the right side of their brains”.
Suggested version: Điều này kích thích bán cầu não phải, nơi xử lý hình ảnh, cảm xúc và trực giác
Example 24: This is the reason why many politicians take lessons from body language coaches.
This is the reason why many politicians take lessons from body language coaches.
The relative clause “why many politicians take lessons from body language coaches” in this sentence is a non- restrictive relative clause, and it uses the relative pronoun “why” to refer to “the reason”.
Suggested version: Đây là lý do tại sao nhiều chính trị gia học cách sử dụng ngôn ngữ từ các huấn luyện viên.
When two or more independent clauses are joined with one or more dependent clauses, a compound-complex sentence is created.
Example 25: You can speak the same opening sentences in every presentation you do, but the way these sentences are interpreted by the participants will depend on your nonverbal communication
You can speak the same opening sentences in every presentation you do ,
Independent clause 1 but the way these sentences are interpreted by the participants will depend on
The 2 independent clauses are marked by a comma and a coordinator “but” The first independent clause includes a relative clause “you do”, and the second independent clause also contains a relative clause “these sentences are interpreted by the participants”.
Suggested version: Bạn có thể nói cùng một câu mở đầu trong mỗi buổi thuyết trình của bạn, nhưng cách những người tham gia hiểu những câu này sẽ phụ thuộc vào giao tiếp phi ngôn ngữ của bạn.
DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS
DIFFICULTIES
Completing a graduation paper majoring in English translation and interpretation is a task that requires a lot of time, effort and dedication Translating a book can be one of the most difficult aspects of this process, given the large volume of text that needs to be translated and the complexity of the language used in the book.
Accurately conveying the author's intended meaning while preserving the style and tone of the original text is a significant challenge It is crucial to ensure that the translation is accurate and that the nuance of the text is conveyed appropriately. Additionally, the lack of contextual information also makes it difficult to determine the intended meaning of words, and expressions that have multiple meanings depending on the context in which they are used.
Furthermore, analyzing the sentence structures in the text can also pose a challenge English has many types of sentences, and it requires a lot of time, and knowledge to identify and analyze them, especially when in a long text
Despite these challenges, with careful planning, research, and attention to detail, I completed my graduation paper and meet the standards of a graduate paper in English translation and interpretation.
SOLUTIONS
I applied the knowledge I learned in university, asked my mentor, and did online research to overcome the difficulties I faced while working on my graduation project
Firstly, To begin the translation process, I read the original text numerous times to comprehend the chapter's essence and the author's intended meaning in context This aided me significantly in the translation process.
Then, Identifying difficult words, phrases, and vocabulary I used dictionaries
Next, Grammar is an integral component of a graduation paper Therefore, I studied sentence types and clauses to analyze them accurately and avoid basic mistakes when translating During the grammar analysis, I meticulously scrutinized each sentence to identify the subject, main verb, sentence, clause, and other components.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, my graduation project in English translation and interpretation was a challenging yet rewarding experience that allowed me to enhance my skills and broaden my knowledge Throughout the process, I encountered various difficulties, but I was able to overcome them by utilizing various resources and solutions.
I learned that to become a good translator, I need to have a strong command of both English and my mother tongue, including specialized vocabulary and sentence structures Additionally, understanding the cultural context of the text is crucial.
Despite the limitations of time and vocabulary, I tried to provide the most natural translation possible I also recognized my weaknesses and plan to continue improving my skills.
Overall, this project provided me with valuable experience and insights into the translation process I am grateful for the opportunity and hope to apply what I have learned to future endeavours in the field of translation and interpretation.
SUGGESTIONS
As a graduating student of Duy Tan University, I have some suggestions for the Faculty of English to improve the education and opportunities for students.
Firstly, the Faculty should increase the number of scholarships and contests to encourage and support talented students Additionally, the school should allocate more funding to organize exchange programs between students and businesses, as well as with foreign schools.
Secondly, the school should provide more opportunities for students to gain practical experiences through field trips and conferences related to their major
Thirdly, I suggest that the Faculty give students specialized books to improve their language skills and provide other texts related to various fields so that we have
In conclusion, I hope that my suggestions will be taken into consideration by the Faculty of English to improve the education and opportunities for students I would like to express my gratitude to all the teachers who have taught and supported me during my time at Duy Tan University.
[1] Nguyễn Mạnh Quang (2011) The theory of translation Faculty of English. Duy Tan University.
[2] Advanced English Grammar (2013) Internal of Faculty of English Duy Tan
[3] Catford J.C (1965) A linguistic theory of translation Oxford University Press Retrieved from https://vdocuments.mx/catford-1965.html?page=1
[4] Kasia Wezowski and Patryk Wezowski (2018) Without saying a word. Retrieved from https://www.booksfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Without-Saying-a-Word- Kasia-Wezowski-and-patryk-Wezowski-booksfree.org_.pdf
[5] Cambridge Dictionary Retrieved from https://dictionary.cambridge.org
[6] Glosbe Dictionary Retrieved from https://glosbe.com
[7] Oxford Leaner’s Dictionaries Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com