Martin LutherKing Jr., civil rights leader and NobelPeace Prize winnerChương 2 “Con công và gấu trúc”Cách người cho đi, người nhận lạivà người kết nối xây dựng mối liênkết---“Mỗi người đ
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
During my two years of study at Duy Tan University, I was trained in professional translation skills I have studied translation through genres such as economic reports, international and domestic news, literary works, short stories and poems To be a good translator, you need not only to master the subject matter, but also to understand the jargon of the subject you are translating In this thesis, I choose to translate a new topic that is life skills
Therefore, understanding them requires a solid linguistic background, grasping technical terms, analyzing sentence structures correctly, and writing phrases or words that best fit the target language.
I realized that this is an interesting challenge for me At the same time, I can learn and improve my translation skills through this graduation paper.
Finally, I also finished the translation with all my efforts I hope my translation can bring people a lot of useful and interesting information about the life skills.
Aims and Objectives
- Showing my skills in translating a document
- Having capability to analyze difficult words and structures
- Understanding and overcoming language barriers between two countries
- Communicating the author's intended message to readers
After translating graduation paper, I achieved the following goals:
- Translating text smoothly and naturally
- Analyzing complicated words, phrases, structures, contexts, etc.
Scope of the Study
This graduation paper belongs to chapter 2 named: "The Peacock and the Panda-How Givers, Takes, and Matchers Build Netwworks" of the book: "Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success” by Adam Grant, 2013 This chapter will be translated into Vietnamese by me, and I will analyze some important points about grammatical structures and vocabulary.
During the translation process, I find out some difficulties when I translated such as term, the way to use English grammar, and some other problems of language.
“Give and Take” is an enlightening read for leaders who aspire to create meaningful and sustainable changes to their environments Grant demonstrates how a generous orientation toward others can serve as a formula for producing successful leaders and organizational performance His writing is asengaging and enjoyable as his style in the classroom.
The book is based on the memory of my friend - Jeffzaslow, who has lived his life as a role model from the principles in this book.
The book is divided into chapters, but I chose Chapter 2 to translate and analyze for my graduation thesis Many people will be inspired and motivated as a result of reading this book.
In the graduation thesis, I chose to translate chapter 2 named: "The Peacock and the Panda-How Givers, Takes, and Matchers Build Netwworks" of the book:
"Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach to Success” The translation is approximately 4,797 words long.
The text is divided into several chapters and it is organized as follows
Chapter two: The Peacock and the Panda
Chapter three: The Ripple Effect
Chapter four: Finding the Diamond in the Rough
Chapter five: The Power of Powerless Communication
Chapter six: The Art of Motivation Maintenance
Chapter eight: The Scrooge Shift
Chapter nine: Out of the Shadows
This text comes from the book “Give and Take: A Revolutionary Approach toSuccess” by Adam Grant, 2013.
Adam Grant is the first to define what has changed about relationships in a digital age-and he backs it up with empirical evidence In “Give and Take”, he brilliantly demonstrates that in our deeply interconnected world, the roots of sustainable success lie in creating success for those around you It’s one of those rare books that is both enlightening immensely practical You’ll want to read and revisit it every year.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Definition
There are many ways to definite a notion Based on the personal view of each person, we will have a different definition Thus, the definition of translation is not unique Evidently, there are many languages in the world, so they are well-defined translation in many different ways These are some definitions of translation as follows.
“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language)” [1]
“Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” [2]
“Translation is a process of conveying messages across linguistic and cultural barriers” [3]
The central problem of translation practice is that of finding target language translation equivalents A central task of translation theory is that of finding the nature and conditions of translation equivalence.
These proved that translation is a complex process in which a source language is changed into a target language To translate accurately, it is required that translators have a thorough understanding of theoretical awareness and practical experiences.
Types of Categories
There are many types of translation Type of categories of translation may be defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks of translation.
These types of categories can help us deeply understand and easily distinguish the ways of translation My translations also apply these methods to avoid errors that lead to misunderstandings during the translation process.
This distinction relates to the extent (in a syntagmatic sense) of SL text which is submitted to the translation process The text may be a book, a simple volume, a chapter, a paragraph, a sentence, a clause, etc It may also be a figment, not co- existence with any formal literacy or linguistic unit.
According to J.C Carford [4], there are two categories of translation: full and partial.
In a “full” translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process that is every part of the SL text is replaced with TL text material.
Example: The race ended and ended the hopes too What La Liga has is just the name of Real Madrid Barca has been left behind.
Suggested version: Chấm dứt những hy vọng, cuộc đua đã khép lại La Liga vẫn chỉ còn mỗi cái tên Real Madrid Barca đã bị bỏ lại phía sau lưng.
In a “partial” translation, some part or parts of the SL text are left non- translated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated in the TL text.
Example: There are five famous bridges in Danang.
Suggested version: Có năm cây cầu nổi tiếng tại Đà Nẵng.
This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation
In "total" translation, all levels of SL text are replaced with TL material. Strictly speaking, "total" translation is a misleading term, since, though total replacement is involved, it is not replacement with equivalent at all levels
In "total" translation, SL grammar and lexis are replaced with equivalent TL grammar and lexis This replacement entails the replacement of SL phonology/ graphology with TL phonology/ graphology, but this normally replacement with TL equivalents
Example: There is a legend about a bird which sings just once in its life, more sweetly than any other creature on the face of the earth.
Suggested version: Có một truyền thuyết về một con chim chỉ hót một lần trong đời, nhưng nó hót ngọt ngào hơn bất cứ loài chim nào trên trái đất.
In "restricted" translation, SL is replaced with equivalent one at only one level (phonologically/graphologically) or at only one of the two levels of grammar and lexis
Example: Khi mới về làm dâu, con rất sợ thầy.
Suggested version: At the time to be a daughter-in-law, I was afraid of father.
In this translation, the main thing is SL phonology is replaced with equivalent
TL one, but there are hardly other important replacements
In phonological translation, sometimes grammatical or lexical changes may result accidentally For example, an English plural such as "cats" may become a
"singular cat" when the TL has no final consonant clusters
Source language graphology is replaced with equivalent target one without other considerable replacements.
Methods and Principles
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation with the TL immediately below the SL words The SL word order is preserved, and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context Cultural words are translated literally the main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the SL or to construct a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
Example: There is a book on the table.
Suggested version: Có một quyển sách ở trên bàn
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly out of context As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problem to be solved.
Example: Put your batteries on.
Suggested version: Đặt pin của bạn vào.
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original meaning within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures It
“transfers” cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical
“abnormality” in the translation It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.
Example: Bao giờ cho đến tháng mười?
Suggested version: When will the tenth month come?
This method must pay more attention to the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful a natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on "meaning" where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version Furthermore, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership The distinction between "faithful" and
"semantic" translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% of fidelity and allows for translator's intuitive empathy with the original.
Example: She has a sunny smile on her face.
Suggested version: Cô bé có nụ cười tỏa nắng trên khuôn mặt.
This is the “freest” form of translation, used mainly for plays (comedies) and poetry The themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL one, and the text is rewritten
(The Daffodils by William Wordsworth)
Suggested version: Là đám mây tôi lang thang phiêu bạt.
The method reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original Usually, it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called “intralingual translation”, often prolix, pretentious, and seemingly non- translated at all.
Example: The film is beyond any words.
Suggested version: Bộ phim không chê vào đâu được.
The method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership This translation is rather often news on radio or in newspapers Sometimes communicative and semantic translation may coincide with each other.
Example: New one in, old one out.
Suggested version: Có mới nới cũ.
Translated version: Chào nhé! Hôm nay cậu thế nào?
Although this is not a theoretical work, students may follow some guidelines to help themselves to evaluate their own work Below are some general principle,which are relevant to all translation.
The context of the original language should be faithfully reflected in the translation Although a portion of the meaning may be transformed, translators should not add or remove anything arbitrarily.
The order of words and ideas in the translation should match the original as closely as possible This is particularly in the form and order of works When in doubt, underline in the original text the words on which the main stress falls In English, emphasis or main stress can be obtained through inversion of word order and using different structures.
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context, for example, the business letter To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions and personal expressions.
Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphors, proverbs, saying, jargons, slangs, colloquialisms, and phrasal verbs
If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the following:
- Retain the original word, in inverted commas
- Retain the original expression, with a literal explanation in brackets
- Use a non-itliomalic or plain prose translation
The translator in general should not change the style of the original But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translator may, for the reader’s sake correct the defects.
One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that it does not sound natural
This is because the translator's thoughts and choice of words are too strongly moulded by the original text A good way of shaking off the SL influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud, from memory This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language, which may not come to mind when the eye is fixed on the SL text.
Context in Translating
Context is the one which occurs before (or) after a word, a phrase or even along utterance or text.
The context often helps in understanding the particular meaning of the word, phrase, etc.
The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.
In translation, the context is understood as the “WHAT”, “WHERE” and “TOWHOM” of our communication.
SUGGESTED TRANSLATION
Chapter 2 “The Peacock and the
How Givers, Takers, and Matchers
Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness Martin Luther
King Jr., civil rights leader and Nobel
Chương 2 “Con công và gấu trúc”
Cách người cho đi, người nhận lại và người kết nối xây dựng mối liên kết
“Mỗi người đàn ông phải quyết định xem mình sẽ bước đi trong ánh sáng của lòng vị tha sáng tạo hay trong bóng tối của sự ích kỷ hủy diệt.” theo Martin Luther King Jr., nhà lãnh đạo dân quyền và là người đoạt Giải
P3 Several decades ago, a man who started his life in poverty lived the
American Dream He came from humble beginnings, growing up in
Missouri farm towns without indoor plumbing To help support his family, the young man worked long hours on farms and paper routes He put himself through college at the
University of Missouri, graduated Phi
Beta Kappa, and completed a master’s degree and then a doctorate in economics He pursued a life of public
Vài thập kỷ trước, một người đàn ông sống trong nghèo đói đã nuôi ước vọng về Giấc mơ Mỹ Anh ta có xuất thân hèn kém, lớn lên ở thị trấn nông trại Missouri nơi không có hệ thống ống nước trong nhà Để hỗ trợ gia đình, chàng trai trẻ đã làm việc nhiều giờ ở các trang trại và giao báo Anh ấy đã tự học đại học tại Đại học Missouri, tốt nghiệp Phi Beta Kappa, và hoàn thành bằng thạc sĩ và sau đó là tiến sĩ kinh tế Anh theo đuổi một cuộc sống phục vụ công, gia nhập Hải service, enlisting in the Navy and then serving in several important roles in the U.S government, earning the
From there, he built his own company, where he was chairman and CEO for fifteen years By the time he stepped down, his company was worth $110 billion, with more than twenty thousand employees in forty countries around the world For five consecutive years, Fortune named his company
Company” and one of the twenty-five best places to work in the country.
When asked about his success, he acknowledged the importance of
Absolute integrity Everyone knows that I personally have a very strict code of personal conduct that I live by.” He set up a charitable family foundation, giving over $2.5 million to more than 250 organizations, and donated 1 percent of his company’s annual profits to charity His giving attracted the attention of former president George W Bush, who quân và sau đó phục vụ trong một số vị trí quan trọng ở chính phủ Hoa Kỳ, giành được huy chương khen thưởng của Hải quân và huy chương phục vụ Quốc phòng Từ đó, ông đã xây dựng công ty của riêng mình, nơi ông là chủ tịch và là giám đốc điều hành trong mười lăm năm Vào thời điểm ông từ chức, công ty của ông trị giá 110 tỷ đô la, với hơn hai mươi nghìn nhân viên ở bốn mươi quốc gia trên thế giới. Trong năm năm liên tiếp, Fortune đã đặt tên cho công ty của mình là
"Công ty sáng tạo nhất nước Mỹ" và là một trong hai mươi lăm nơi tốt nhất để làm việc trong nước Khi được hỏi về thành công của mình, ông thừa nhận tầm quan trọng của "Sự tôn trọng nguyên tắc vàng Tính toàn vẹn tuyệt đối Mọi người đều biết rằng cá nhân tôi sống với một quy tắc ứng xử rất nghiêm ngặt” Ông đã thành lập một quỹ gia đình từ thiện, trao hơn 2,5 triệu đô la cho hơn 250 tổ chức và quyên góp 1% lợi nhuận hàng năm của công ty cho tổ chức từ thiện.
Sự cống hiến của ông đã thu hút sự chú ý của cựu tổng thống George W.Bush, người đã khen ngợi ông là một commended him as a “good guy” and a “generous person.”
"chàng trai tốt" và một "người hào phóng.”
His name was Kenneth Lay, and he is best remembered as a primary villain in the Enron scandal Enron was an energy, commodities, and securities firm headquartered in Houston In
October 2001, Enron lost $1.2 billion in shareholder equity after reporting third-quarter losses of $618 million, the biggest earnings restatement in
U.S history In December, Enron went bankrupt, leaving twenty thousand employees jobless, many watching their life savings practically erased by the company’s fall.
Investigators found that Enron had deceived investors by reporting false profits and hiding debts of more than
$1 billion, manipulated energy and power markets in California and
Texas, and won international contracts by giving illegal bribes to foreign governments Lay was convicted on six counts of conspiracy and fraud.
Khi anh ta bị truy tố.
Tên anh ta là Kenneth Lay, và anh ta được nhớ đến như một nhân vật phản diện chính trong vụ bê bối của Enron. Enron là một công ty năng lượng, hàng hóa và chứng khoán có trụ sở tại Houston Vào tháng 10 năm 2001, Vào tháng 10 năm 2001, Enron đã mất 1,2 tỷ đô la vốn cổ đông sau khi báo cáo khoản lỗ quý ba là 618 triệu đô la, mức thu nhập điều chỉnh lớn nhất trong lịch sử Hoa Kỳ Vào tháng 12, Enron đã phá sản, khiến hai mươi nghìn nhân viên thất nghiệp, nhiều người chứng kiến khoản tiết kiệm của cuộc đời họ đang bị xóa bỏ bởi sự sụp đổ của công ty Các nhà điều tra phát hiện ra rằng Enron đã lừa dối các nhà đầu tư bằng cách báo cáo lợi nhuận giả và che giấu các khoản nợ hơn 1 tỷ đô la, thao túng thị trường năng lượng và điện ở California và Texas, đồng thời giành được hợp đồng quốc tế bằng cách đưa hối lộ bất hợp pháp cho Lay người đã bị kết án về sáu tội danh âm mưu và gian lận.
P5 We can debate about how much Lay truly knew about Enron’s illegal
Chúng ta có thể tranh luận về việc Lay thực sự biết bao nhiêu về các hoạt activities, but it’s difficult to deny that he was a taker Although Lay may have looked like a giver to many observers, he was a faker: a taker in disguise Lay felt entitled to use
Enron’s resources for personal gain.
As Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind describe in The Smartest Guys in the
Room, Lay took exorbitant loans from the company and had his staff put his sandwiches on silver platters and fine china A secretary once tried to reserve an Enron plane for an executive to do business, only to learn that the Lay family was currently using three Enron planes for personal travel From 1997 to 1998, $4.5 million in Enron commissions went to a travel agency owned by Lay’s sister.
According to accusations, he sold more than $70 million in stock just before Enron went bankrupt, taking the treasure from a sinking ship.
This behavior was foreshadowed in the 1970s when Lay worked at Exxon.
A boss wrote a reference recommending Lay highly, but động bất hợp pháp của Enron, nhưng thật khó để phủ nhận rằng anh ta là một người thực hiện Mặc dù theo nhiều người quan sát, Lay có thể trông giống như một người hay cho đi, nhưng thực chất anh ta là một kẻ giả mạo: một kẻ ngụy trang Lay cảm thấy có quyền sử dụng tài nguyên của Enron để đạt được lợi ích cá nhân. Như Bethany McLean và Peter Elkind mô tả trong Những kẻ thông minh nhất trong phòng, Lay đã vay những khoản vay cắt cổ từ công ty và yêu cầu nhân viên của anh ta đặt bánh sandwich của mình trên đĩa bạc và đồ sứ cao cấp của Trung Quốc Một thư ký đã từng cố gắng đặt một chiếc máy bay Enron cho để giám đốc điều hành để phục vụ kinh doanh, nhưng chỉ biết rằng gia đình Lay hiện đang sử dụng ba chiếc máy bay Enron để đi du lịch cá nhân Từ năm 1997 đến năm
1998, 4,5 triệu đô la tiền hoa hồng của Enron đã được chuyển đến một công ty du lịch do chị gái của Lay làm chủ. Theo cáo buộc, Ông đã bán được hơn
70 triệu đô la trong kho ngay trước khiEnron phá sản, lấy kho báu từ một con tàu đang chìm. warned that he was “Maybe too ambitious.” Observers now believe that as early as 1987, at Enron Oil,
Lay approved and helped to conceal the activities of two traders who set up fake companies and stole $3.8 million while allowing Enron to avoid massive trading losses When the losses were discovered, Enron Oil had to report an $85 million hit, and Lay denied knowledge and responsibility:
“If anyone could say that I knew, let them stand up.” According to McLean and Elkind, one trader started to stand up but was physically restrained by two colleagues
Hành vi này đã được báo trước vào những năm 1970 khi Lay làm việc tại Exxon Một ông chủ đã viết một thư giới thiệu Lay rất hoàn hảo, nhưng cảnh báo rằng ông "Có thể quá tham vọng." Các nhà quan sát hiện tin rằng ngay từ năm 1987, tại Enron Oil, Lay đã chấp thuận và giúp che giấu hoạt động của hai thương nhân thành lập các công ty giả mạo và đánh cắp 3,8 triệu đô la trong khi cho phép Enron tránh được tổn thất giao dịch lớn Khi phát hiện ra những tổn thất, Enron Oil đã phải báo cáo về khoản lỗ 85 triệu đô la, và Lay đã chối bỏ trách nhiệm và cho rằng: “Nếu ai đó có thể nói rằng tôi biết, hãy để họ đứng lên.”Theo McLean Và Elkind, một nhà giao dịch bắt đầu đứng lên nhưng bị hai đồng nghiệp kiềm chế về thể chất.
P6 How did a taker end up becoming so successful? He knew somebody In fact, he knew a whole lot of somebodies Ken Lay profited greatly from claiming his company’s financial resources as his own, but much of his success in growing that company came the old-fashioned way: he built a
ANALYSIS
Difficult Words
Normally, looking up the meaning of a word, we can use it by dictionary On the other hand, in some cases, there is no equivalent meaning in Vietnamese for some English words or phrases used in the original text; thus, we have to choose the most suitable meaning based on the context in which the words happen to create the most faithful meaning we need to do I sometimes have to use the free translation method to change the specific words to the nearest target language equivalent. Below are some of the difficult kinds of words and phrases that I must face up with when translating.
Multi-meaning words are words that have more than one meaning in the dictionary; and depending on the certain sentence or context, they will be understood with their different meanings If translators do not have a deep knowledge about these words as well as the context of the original text it will lead to convert meaning incorrectly.
Example 1: The analysts rated whether each CEO had an “inflated sense of self that is reflected in feelings of superiority, entitlement, and a constant need for attention and admiration enjoying being the center of attention, insisting upon being shown a great deal of respect, exhibitionism, and arrogance.” (L5, P29) has many meanings:
According to the Oxford Dictionary:
[1] To show the image of somebody/something on the surface of something such as a mirror, water or glass
[2] To throw back light, heat, sound, etc from a surface
[3] To show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody’s attitude or feeling
[4] To think carefully and deeply about something
“Reflected” has four meanings in the dictionary I chose the meaning [3] “To show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody’s attitude or feeling” in the
Oxford Dictionary and the equivalence “thể hiện” in Vietnamese, because it matches the grammar of the passage.
Suggested version: Các nhà phân tích đánh giá liệu mỗi giám đốc điều hành có
"Cảm giác tự cao tự đại được thể hiện trong cảm giác vượt trội về quyền lợi và nhu cầu thường xuyên được chú ý và ngưỡng mộ hay không thích trở thành trung tâm của sự chú ý, khăng khăng khi được thể hiện rất nhiều sự tôn trọng, phô trương và kiêu ngạo."
Example 2: Networks have become more transparent , providing us with new windows through which we can view other people’s reputations and lekking (L6, P31)
According to the Oxford Dictionary: It means
[1] Allowing you to see through it
[2] That you can easily see is false; allowing you to see the truth easily
“Transparent” has three meanings in the dictionaries I chose the meaning
[2]“That you can easily see is false; allowing you to see the truth easily” in the Oxford Dictionary, and based on the context, “phổ biến” is selected to be translated in this sentence.
Suggested version: Mạng lưới đã trở nên phổ biến hơn, cung cấp cho chúng ta các tầm nhìn mới thông qua đó chúng ta có thể xem danh tiếng của người khác và những thông tin được công bố.
Example 3: In a landmark study, strategy professors Arijit Chatterjee and
Donald Hambrick studied more than a hundred CEOs in computer hardware and software companies (L1, P23)
According to the Oxford Dictionary: It means
[1] Something, such as a large building, that you can see clearly from a distance and that will help you to know where you are
[2] An event, a discovery, an invention, etc that marks an important stage in something
[3] A building or a place that is very important because of its history, and that should be preserved
“Landmark” has three meanings in the dictionary I chose the meaning [2]
“An event, a discovery, an invention, etc that marks an important stage in something” in the Oxford Dictionary and the equivalence “bước ngoặt” in
Vietnamese, because it matches the grammar of the passage.
Suggested version: Trong một nghiên cứu mang tính bước ngoặt, Các giáo sư chiến lược Arijit Chatterjee và Donald Hambrick đã nghiên cứu hơn một trăm giám đốc điều hành trong các công ty công nghệ máy tính.
A phrasal verb is the combination of two or three words from different grammatical categories such as an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes both, to give a new meaning different from the original verb In this original text, there are some phrasal verbs making me confused during the process of translation.
Example 4: In the sentence “By the time he stepped down, his company was worth $110 billion, with more than twenty thousand employees in forty countries around the world” (L8, P3).
According to the Cambrigde Dictionary: It means
[1] To reduce the amount, supply, or rate of something
[2] To give up a job or position
“Stepped down” is a phrasal verb, has two meanings in the dictionary I chose the meaning [2] “To give up a job or position” in the Cambrigde Dictionary and the equivalence “từ chức” in Vietnamese, because it matches the grammar of the passage.
Suggested version: Vào thời điểm ông từ chức, công ty của ông trị giá 110 tỷ đô la, với hơn hai mươi nghìn nhân viên ở bốn mươi quốc gia trên thế giới.
Example 5: In the sentence “At some point in your life, you’ve probably experienced the frustration of dealing with slick schmoozers who are nice to your face when they want a favor, but end up stabbing you in the back-or simply ignoring you-after they get what they want?” (L10, P9)
According to the Cambrigde Dictionary: It means
[1] To finally be in a particular place or situation
[2] To reach a particular place or achieve a situation after other activities
“End up” is a phrasal verb, has two meanings in the dictionary I chose the meaning [1] “To finally be in a particular place or situation” in the Cambrigde Dictionary and the equivalence “cuối cùng” in Vietnamese, because in thix context, the first meaning is considered to be more apporopriate.
Suggested version: Tại một số thời điểm trong cuộc sống của bạn, bạn có thể đã trải qua sự thất vọng khi đối phó với những kẻ láu cá, những người đối xử tốt với bạn khi họ muốn được giúp đỡ, nhưng cuối cùng lại đâm vào lưng bạn-hoặc đơn giản là phớt lờ bạn-sau khi họ đạt được điều họ muốn
Sentence structures
A simple sentence consists of one independent clause (An independent clause contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.
Example 6: “The most striking display of lekking occurs among male peacocks.” (L5, P22)
In the sentence, there is one subject that is “The most striking of lekking” and one verb that is “occurs” So, it is a simple sentence.
Suggested version : Màn lekking nổi bật nhất xảy ra giữa những con công đực Example 7: “They spin around to flaunt their tails.” (L6, P22)
In the sentence, there is one subject that is “They” and one verb that is “spin”.
So, it is a simple sentence
Suggested version: Chúng xoay tròn để phô trương cái đuôi của mình
A sentence that contains two or more indeperdent clauses.
There are three ways of joining independent clauses into a compound sentence:
-with a coordinating conjunction (one of the FANBOYS);
The independent clauses are usually joined by a comma and a coordinattor (FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO).
In the following, I will give 3 examples of compound sentence:
His name was Kenneth Lay, and he is best remembered as a primary villain in the Enron scandal.
In this sentence, the first clause is “His name was Kenneth Lay”, the second clause is “he is best remembered as a primary villain in the Enron scandal” are linked by the coordinating conjunction “and”.
Suggested version: Tên anh ta là Kenneth Lay và anh ta được nhớ đến như một nhân vật phản diện chính trong Vụ bê bối Enron.
We can debate about how much Lay truly knew about Enron’s illegal activities, but it’s difficult to deny that he was a taker.
In this sentence, the first clause is “We can debate about how much Lay truly knew about Enron’s illegal activities, the second clause is “it’s difficult to deny that he was a taker.
” are linked by the coordinating conjunction “but”.
Suggested version: Chúng ta có thể tranh luận về việc Lay thực sự biết bao nhiêu về các hoạt động bất hợp pháp Của Enron, nhưng thật khó để phủ nhận rằng anh ta là một người thực hiện.
You might never see each other again, so he acts like a taker, keeping $8 and offering you only $2.
In this sentence, the first clause is “You might never see each other again”, the second clause is “he acts like a taker, keeping $8 and offering you only $2” are linked by the coordinating conjunction “so”.
Suggested version: Bạn có thể không bao giờ gặp lại nhau, vì vậy anh ta hành động như một người nắm giữ, giữ 8 đô la và chỉ cung cấp cho bạn 2 đô la.
A complex sentence is one that has one or more dependent clauses as well as a single independent clause A subordinate clause is another name for a dependent clause In contrast to a dependent clause, which relies on other clauses to communicate a full notion, an independent clause is a whole sentence on its own
4.2.3.1 Complex sentences with Adverbial Clause
An adverbial clause may be a clause that modifies the most verb within the clause Adverbial clauses always start with a subordinating conjunction and must connect with a clause to form sense There are nine types of adverb clauses such as: adverbial clauses of time, adverbial clauses of place, and clauses of cause and effect…
Example 11: In October 2001, Enron lost $1.2 billion in shareholder equity after reporting third-quarter losses of $618 million, the biggest earnings restatement in U.S history (L8, P4)
In this sentences, an adverbial clause “after reporting third-quarter losses of
$618 million, the biggest earnings restatement in U.S history ” is a modifier the most verb “lost” Adverbial clauses start with a subordinating conjunction is
Suggested version: Vào tháng 10 năm 2001, Enron đã mất 1,2 tỷ đô la vốn cổ đông sau khi báo cáo khoản lỗ quý ba là 618 triệu đô la, mức thu nhập điều chỉnh lớn nhất trong lịch sử Hoa Kỳ
Example 12: When the losses were discovered, Enron Oil had to report an
$85 million hit, and Lay denied knowledge and responsibility: “If anyone could say that I knew, let them stand up.” (P5)
In this sentences, an adverbial clause “When the losses were discovered” is intended to determine the time period in which the actions in the following clause occur Adverbial clauses start with a subordinating conjunction of time “When”
Suggested version : Khi phát hiện ra những tổn thất, Enron Oil đã phải báo cáo về khoản lỗ 85 triệu đô la, và Lay đã chối bỏ trách nhiệm và cho rằng: “Nếu ai đó có thể nói rằng tôi biết, hãy để họ đứng lên.”
Example 13: When we meet a new person who expresses enthusiasm about connecting, we frequently wonder whether he’s acting friendly because he’s genuinely interested in a relationship that will benefit both of us, or because he wants something from us (L3, P9).
The dependent clause " because he’s genuinely interested in a relationship that will benefit both of us, or because he wants something from us " is an adverbial clause of reason introduced by the subordinate conjunction "because" and it gives additional information about the independent clause " When we meet a new person who expresses enthusiasm about connecting, we frequently wonder whether he’s acting friendly " Besides, this sentence also contains adjective clause; however, I would not go into irrelevant structures as it would dilute this section
Suggested version: Khi chúng tôi gặp một người tỏ rõ sự nhiệt tình về việc làm quen, chúng tôi thường tự hỏi liệu anh ấy tỏ ra thân thiện vì anh ấy thực sự quan tâm đến một mối quan hệ có lợi cho cả hai chúng tôi hay vì anh ấy muốn điều gì đó từ chúng tôi
Example 14: We meet many people throughout our professional and personal lives, and since we all have different knowledge and resources, it makes sense to turn to these people to exchange help, advice, and introductions (P9)
In the sentence, the main clause is “We meet many people throughout our professional and personal lives”, explained by abverb clause of reason with '”since'” Suggested version: Chúng ta gặp gỡ nhiều người trong suốt cuộc đời nghề nghiệp và cá nhân của mình, và vì tất cả chúng ta đều có kiến thức và nguồn lực khác nhau, nên việc tìm đến những người này để trao đổi sự giúp đỡ, lời khuyên và lời giới thiệu là rất hợp lý.
Example 15: To avoid getting shut out, many takers become good fakers, acting generously so that they can waltz into our networks disguised as givers or matchers (L1, P13).
In a sentence, using the purpose adverb "so that" has the role of clarifying the intention of the main clause
Passive Voice
The passive is employed once we want to emphasise the action (the verb) and therefore the object of a sentence instead of subject This suggests that the topic is either lower than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the topic is A passive voice verb is often translated into a word preceded by "được" or 'bị".
S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being + PP.2 + by + O
S + has/have + PP.2 + O S + has/have + been + PP.2 + by + O
Simple Past S + V-ed + O S + was/were + PP.2 + by + O
S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being + PP.2 + by + O
Past Perfect S + had + PP.2 + O S + had + been + PP.2 + by + O
S + will/shall + V + O S + will + be + PP.2 + by + O
S + will/shall + have + PP.2 + O S + will + have + been + PP.2 + by +
S + am/is/are + going to + V + O S + am/is/are + going to + be + PP.2 + by + O
S + model verb + V + O S + model verb + be + PP.2 + by + O
Example 22 : “You’re playing what’s known as the ultimatum game, and you sit down across the table from a stranger who has just been given $10” (P17)
Suggested version : Bạn đang chơi trò chơi được gọi là trò chơi tối hậu thư và bạn ngồi xuống bàn đối diện với một người lạ mặt vừa nhận được 10 đô la.
Example 23: “This behavior was foreshadowed in the 1970s when Lay worked at Exxon.” (P18)
Suggested version : Hành vi này đã được báo trước vào những năm 1970 khi
Lay làm việc tại Exxon
Example 24: “The winning networker was connected on LinkedIn to more of
Fortune’s 640 movers and shakers than anyone else on earth.” (P12)
Suggested version : Người chiến thắng được kết nối trên LinkedIn với nhiều người trong số 640 người quyền lực nhiều hơn bất kỳ ai khác trên trái đất
Empty Subject
A complete sentence must be composed by a topic and a minimum of a verb. However, in many situations, we don’t know the topic or the topic is simply too long, so we used empty subject “it” or “there” to interchange.
Example 25: “There’s a Dutch phrase that captures this duality beautifully:
• Real subject: a Dutch phrase that captures this duality beautifully: “kissing up, kicking down.
Suggested version : Có một cụm từ tiếng Hà Lan thể hiện được tính hai mặt này một cách chân thực: “hôn lên, đá xuống”.
Example 26: “There were four different photos of each of them, like a filmstrip—only they were better fit for a cartoon.” (P28)
• Real subject: four different photos of each of them
Suggested version : Có bốn bức ảnh hoàn toàn khác nhau, giống như một bộ phim-chỉ có điều chúng phù hợp hơn cho một phim hoạt hình
DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS
Difficulties
During my two years at Duy Tan University, I received a lot of training in my translation knowledge and skills through theoretical and practical lessons in class However, while working on this graduation paper, I am unable to avoid making some errors in translation and analysis.
Here are some of the issues I ran into during the translation process:
To begin, in terms of polysemantic words, English is similar to Vietnamese in that it has polysemy; therefore, in order to translate correctly, I must first determine its context; sometimes, it does not fit all, and I must be careful to guess correctly
The second concern is sentence structure; due to the linguistic differences between English and Vietnamese, the order of structure in sentences in these two languages differs This is causing me a lot of trouble when translating.
Furthermore, because our native language is so rich, it is difficult to find an expression that corresponds to the source language.
In short, successfully translating a text is difficult; it necessitates the translator having solid background knowledge in that field, as well as knowledge of the vocabulary and structure of both languages.
Solutions
I solved these difficult problems by applying what I had previously learned.First, I skimmed the book to get a quick sense of what it was trying to convey and to determine the document's style for a more accurate translation Throughout this process, I've made bookmarks to help me remember difficult words, phrases, or structures.
Second, I looked for documents in related fields and read them to gain a better understanding of the problem I was translating, particularly the places I've highlighted.
Third, I carefully read the text and began translating.
In short, I am aware that there are many gaps in my translation, which I am unable to avoid However, I intend to work hard to improve my knowledge translation skills by translating and studying more documents.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Conclusions
For me, the graduation thesis helped me understand the challenges of translators, consolidate what I had learned, and gain valuable experience Despite using dictionaries and other resources, I struggled to translate polysemous words and analyze sentence structures Because my understanding of society is limited, the translation is choppy A translator must be well-versed in a variety of fields in order to translate well As a result, in order to properly complete the thesis, we must study numerous documents and references related to the field we are translating in order to convey all of the author's ideas to the reader.
Furthermore, because my understanding of grammatical structure is shaky, I am frequently perplexed and spend a significant amount of time attempting to understand and analyze sentence structure.
I have learned a lot of valuable lessons and become more aware of my translation flaws while writing this graduation thesis I am aware of my translation weaknesses and am working hard to improve my existing knowledge while also learning new things As a result, I need to learn more to improve my knowledge and skills by constantly improving and learning new information, as well as learning from other translators.
Suggestions: 55 REFERENCES
As a final-year student, I have some suggestions for the Faculty of English in particular, and for Duy Tan University in general, and I hope that my suggestions are implemented.
First and foremost, I would like the Faculty of English to increase the number of scholarships available to students and to organize a variety of clubs, programs, and field trips to assist students in consolidating their knowledge and developing other soft skills.
Second, in practical subjects such as listening, speaking, and so on, I would prefer to study with foreign teachers rather than Vietnamese teachers.
Third, I hope to reduce the number of theoretical lessons and increase the number of practical lessons by incorporating extra-curricular and exchange sessions into the classes.
Finally, I would like to send my comments to the Faculty and the school so that we can discuss them and collaborate in the future to create a good learning environment for students.
I would like to thank all of the teachers who helped and encouraged me during my time at Duy Tan University once more.
[1] Gant, A.M (2013) Give and Take New York, USA, Penguin Group.
[2] Baker, E.W (2000) Achieving Success Through Social Capital: Tapping
Hidden Resources in Your Personal and Business Networks San Franciso, USA,
[3] Cialdini, R.B (2006) Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, New York, HarperBusiness.
[4] Ferrazzi, K & Raz T (2005) Never Eat Alone: And Other Secrets to Success,
One Relationship at a Time New York, Crown Business.
[5] (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/) Oxford Dictionary
[6] English Grammar Retrieved from https://www.englishgrammar.org/
[7] Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (n.d) retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/