An analysis of the suggested translation of from the book “culture and customs of australia” by laurie clancy, 2004

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Nowadays, as the result of the growth of global economic integration,

English has played a significance role in daily life It is used as an international language and most of international updates, news, broadcasts are written in

English Moreover, knowing English brings you opportunities to get a good job in a multinational company in our country or a work broad During 4 years, I have been studied at the Faculty of English at Duy Tan University I have learned a lot of good things about how to translate, know more about some different types of translation such as translating in some economic, cultural, and social fields.

Culture and customs of Australia is a good book written by Laurie Clancy.

Thanks to this book, I have understood and learned a lot of vocabulary, sentence structure in the lesson and especially applied the subjects that I have learned before to analyze a sentence So, I decided to translate chapter 3 of ‘Culture and

Customs Australia’ to translate English to Vietnamese is marriage, gender, and children because it’s interesting, practical and broadens our understanding of

The purpose of this book is to give us a better understanding of Australia marriage, gender, and children This book consists of 10 chapters but I feel that chapter 3 is quite good So, I decided to choose to translate for this graduation paper.

Last, I hope I have the most excellent choice and get a high rating.

Aims and Objectives

- Summing up the knowledge I learned in the past.

- Having a suggested translation for students studying with a major in English for translation and interpretation to read and refer.

- Analyzing words and phrases, structures in the text.

- Helping myself improve in translating

- Understanding more cultural knowledge of Australia.

Scope of the Study

This study focuses on translating and analyzing the suggested version in chapters 3 of the book "CULTURE AND CUSTOMS OF AUSTRALIA" written by Laurie Clancy Otherwise, this graduation paper also lists difficulties that make me feel embarrassed in the translation process as well as the semantic features of the lexicon, the syntactic features of phrases, and sentences.

"Culture and customs of Australia" is the book I choose to carry out this graduation paper The book consists of ten chapters Because the time is limited, I can only translate chapters 3 of this book This chapter tells us about marriage, gender, and children of Australia.

The book "Culture and customs of Australia " includes ten chapters with 191 pages I have translated chapters 3 with 4625 words and 75 paragraphs The name of chapter 3 is Marriage, Gender, and Children.

" Culture and Customs of Australia " is an enormous book by Laurie Clancy.

There are ten chapters in this book:

(1) The Land, People, and History

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Translation Theory

No one can deny the importance of translation Many professors have their own opinion, so they gave various definitions of translation Hence, there is no orthodox definition of translations; however, I found that the following definition is easy for readers to understand.

- Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language).

- Translation is the process of conveying messages across cultural and their languages (Dr Ian Tudor).

- Translation is a process of transferring a message from this language into another language in the way the author intended the text (Peter Newmark).

Types of categories of translation may be defined in terms of extent, levels, and ranks of translation.

According to J.C Carford, translation falls into two categories: full and partial.

- In a full translation, the entire text is submitted to the translation process: that is, every part of the SL text is replaced by TL text material.

- In a partial translation, some part or parts of the SL are left untranslated: they are simply transferred to and incorporated into the TL In literary translation, it is not uncommon for some SL lexical items to be translated this way either because they are regarded as ‘untranslatable’ or for the deliberate purpose of introducing ‘local colour’ to the TL.

There has been a dramatic rise in house prices this year.

→ Đã có một sự tăng giá về nhà ở trong năm nay.

→ Chẳng còn nghi ngờ gì nữa.

According to Nguyen Manh Quang (2011), Translation Theory, Department of Foreign Languages, Duy Tan University.

This distinction relates to the levels of language involved in translation.

In “total” translation, source language grammar and lexis are replaced by equivalent target language grammar and lexis This replacement entails the replacement of source language phonology/ graphology with target language equivalents [page 2]

Ex: Poverty is no sin.

→ Nghèo đói không phải tội lỗi.

In phonological translation, SL phonology is replaced by equivalent TL phonology, but there are no other replacements except such grammatical or lexical changes as may result accidentally from phonological translation [page 3]

Ex: Gallant → Ga lăng Karate →

According to Nguyen Manh Quang (2011), Translation Theory,

Department of Foreign Languages, Duy Tan University.

In graphological translation, SL graphology is replaced with equivalent

TL graphology with no other replacements, except, again, accidental changes.

In transliteration, SL graphological units are replaced by TL graphological units; but these are not translation equivalents, since they are not selected on the basis of relationship to the same graphic substance [page 3]

Ex: Scandal → Xì-căng-đan

2.1.2.6 Free, Literal, and Word- for- word Translation

A “free” translation is always unbounded while “word-for-word” translation generally means what it says “Literal” translation lies between these extremes It may start from a “word-for-word” translation, but changes in conformity with TL grammar

(inserting additional words, changing structures, etc) This may make it a group- group or clause-clause translation [page 4]

Ex: It’s raining cats and dogs.

→ Nó đang mưa con mèo và các con chó (word-for-word)

→ Trời đang mưa như chó và mèo cãi nhau (Literal)

Principles and Methods of Translation

In fact, there are many Principles of Translation, but this graduation paper only refers to some general and relevant principles to all translations.

The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of original text.

Nothing should be arbitrarily added or moved, though occasionally part of meaning can be “transpose” [page 8]

Ex: Open the door! Please.

→ Làm ơn mở cửa giùm tôi!

The order of words and ideas in the translation should match that in the original as closely as possible This is particularly in the form and order of words.

In English, emphasis or main stress can be obtained through inversion of word order and using different structures [page 8]

Ex: I go to market by oto.

→ Tôi đi chợ bằng xe hơi.

Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a given context.

To resolve these differences, the translator must distinguish between formal and fixed expression [page 8]

One of the most frequent criticisms of translation is that "It doesn't sound natural" This is because the translator's thoughts and choice of words are too strongly molded by the original text A good way of shaking off the SL influence is to set the text aside and translate a few sentences aloud from memory This will suggest natural patterns of thought in the first language (target language), which may not come to mind when the eyes are fixed on the SL text [page 9]

Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable These include similes, metaphors, proverbs, sayings, jargons, slangs, colloquialisms and phrasal verbs If the expressions cannot be directly translated, try any of the following: [page 9]

The translator in general should not change the style of the original But if the text is sloppily written, or full of tedious repetitions, the translation may, for the reader’s sake, correct the defects [page 9]

Ex: - He ate, and drank, and talked, and asked during the meal.

- Ông ấy vừa ăn uống luôn miệng nói, hỏi suốt cả bữa ăn.

- Hãy biết thương, biết yêu lấy đồng loại của mình!

- Let’s love our human fellows!

* EMPTY SUBJECTS “IT” AND “THERE”

English sentences must have a subject (except for imperative sentences) So, if we don't have any other subject, we can use 'there' or 'it' This is sometimes called a 'dummy subject' or an 'empty subject'.

-We also use “it” as a dummy subject 'It' tends to be followed by an adjective rather than a noun phrase.

-“It” is used with 'be' + adj + to + infinitive Ex: It's happy to be here.

- “It” is used with 'be' + adj + verb-ing (this is considered less formal than to + infinitive, but the meaning is the same).

Ex: It's nice being here.

-We use “it” with times / dates and days Ex: It’s Sunday.

-We use “it” for weather and similar conditions.

-We use “it” for distances.

Ex: It's two kilometers to school.

We use “it” with people on the telephone or with people that we can't see or when we point people out.

-We use “it” with some other expressions.

Ex: It takes two to get to Ha Noi.

-We can also use “it” with passive reporting verbs.

Ex: It is believed that four-leaved clover can bring good luck.

- We can use “it” with cleft sentences.

Ex: It was Lina who went the store.

- “There” has two meanings Its first meaning is an adverb of place It's like

Ex: The desk is there! (= The book is in that place.)

- “There” can also be a pronoun that doesn't really have a meaning, but is used as the subject of a sentence when otherwise the sentence wouldn't have a clear subject Ex: There's a book on the table (= A book is on the table / A book exists on the table.)

- We usually use “there” as a dummy subject with a noun or a noun phrase and the verb 'be' It's often used to introduce new information or say that something exists.

-We put what we really want to talk about after the verb.

Ex: There's a store next to the school.

-We can use “there” with any tense of 'be', including 'modal verb + be'.

Ex: There was a beautiful girl in the library.

-We can use 'there' with question tags.

Ex: There'll be a lot of people, won't there?

-Traditionally, we use a plural verb after “there” to talk about a plural noun phrase and we use a singular verb with a singular noun phrase However, in informal speech, it's very common to use 'there's' for everything.

Ex: There are three cars on that park (Informal.)

- We tend to use “there” with indefinite noun phrases An indefinite noun phrase uses the indefinite article (a / an) or no article or a word like some / any / no We don't use 'the' or a proper noun (the name of a person or a place).

Ex: There's a store on that street.

- However, we can use a definite noun phrase with 'there' when there means

Ex: There's the pen I was looking for! (=In that place is the book I was looking for.)

Another exception is that we can use names or definite noun phrases with

(as a dummy subject) when we are suggesting different options, and the sentence is one where we would usually need a definite article In the example below, the person listening knows both restaurants.

Ex: There's the restaurant on the hill or the restaurant by the station Where would you prefer to eat?

- We can use “there” with some other verbs and expressions that are followed by 'be' and a noun phrase.

Ex: There seems to be a change.

-There can be used with an expression of quantity followed by to + infinitive Ex: There was lots to think.

-We can use 'for + noun' to show who we're talking about.

Ex: There was nothing for me to do.

- We can also use “there” with a verb other than 'be' This has a very literary feel (Here, we can use definite and indefinite noun phrases.)

Ex: in the jungle There was a tiger, captured a deer.

Newmark, explores that “there are eight types of translation method: word- for- word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptation, free, idiomatic, and communicative.”

Here is the detail of eight types of translation method:

“The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.” [page 6]

Ex: There are 3 cats on the table  Có bốn con mèo dưới cái bàn.

“In literal translation, the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context It means that when the translator translates, the words are translated literally from SL into TL.” [page 6]

Ex: Bao giờ cho đến tháng Mười When will October come?

“A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures It means that in faithful translation, the translator translates the meaning from SL to convey the researcher's intention.” [page 6]

Ex: Love me, love my dog.

Newmark states that “Semantic translation may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalents and it may make other small concessions to the readership.” [page 6]

Ex: A serence feeling pervaded my soul.

→ Một cảm giác thanh tịnh lẻn vào hồn tôi.

Newmark says that “This is the freest form translation It is used to translate literary works (comedies, poetry, short story, narrative, etc.) and the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten.” [page 7]

Ex: May and December  Gái tơ mà lấy chồng già

Newmark states that “free translation is part of in TL Emphasis which reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original.” [page 7]

Ex: That guy is as poor as a church mouse.

 Anh ta nghèo rớt mồng tơi.

Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original [page 7]

Ex: As rich as Rockerfeller → Giàu như Thạch Sùng

This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership [page 7]

Ex: Thanks a lot!  Cảm ơn

SUGGESTED TRANSLATION

CHƯƠNG 3: HÔN NHÂN, GIỚI TÍNH

VÀ CON CÁI [P.1] In its early years, Australia always had many more men than women, and some feminist critics have suggested that this affected male attitudes toward women and continues to do so even today As the title of one book on the subject suggests, they were, according to this view, either “Damned Whores or

God’s Police,” the latter a phrase first coined by the noted nineteenth-century reformer Caroline Chisholm.

[P.2] The disparity in numbers between the two sexes was even worse in the outback where conditions were hardly conducive to a civilized life and where women with children were actively discouraged as being useless encumbrances Their absence gave a new significance to the concept of Australian mateship Historian Miriam Dixson points with ironical scorn to the fact that

“Waltzing Matilda,” does not feature a woman, as the title might lead us to expect; the eponymous Matilda is a

[P.1] Úc, trong những năm đầu, có nhiều đàn ông hơn là phụ nữ, và một số nhà đấu tranh nữ quyền cho rằng việc này có liên quan đến thái độ của đàn ông đối với phụ nữ và vấn đề này vẫn còn tiếp diễn cho đến tận hôm nay Một tựa đề đến từ một cuốn sách có liên quan đến chủ đề này nói rằng, họ là, dựa trên góc nhìn này, hoặc là "Những con điếm bị ruồng bỏ hoặc là Cảnh vệ của Chúa," cụm từ phía sau được tạo ra bởi Caroline Chisholm - một nhà cải cách nổi tiếng vào thế kỷ XIX

[P.2] Thậm chí sự chênh lệch về số lượng giữa hai giới còn tồi tệ hơn ở vùng hẻo lánh, nơi điều kiện khó có lợi cho cuộc sống văn minh và tích cực ngăn cản phụ nữ có con vì coi đó là những gánh nặng vô ích Sự vắng mặt của họ đã mang lại một ý nghĩa mới cho khái niệm về tình bạn của người Úc Nhà sử học Miriam Dixson chỉ ra một cách mỉa mai rằng bài quốc ca không chính thức của Úc, “Waltzing Matilda,” không có hình ảnh một phụ nữ, như tiêu đề có thể khiến chúng ta mong đợi;

Matilda cùng tên là một chiếc áo choàng của một người đi bụi, tấm vải mà anh ta mang theo một số tài sản ít ỏi của mình, và “waltzing bushman’s swag, the cloth in which he carried his few possessions, and

[P.3] Dixson points also to the thesis of

Russel Ward in The Australian Legend

(discussed earlier) and argues that the qualities he describes are “misogynist to the core.” It centers around a style of masculinity that “reeks of womanlessness.” And the true Australian had a further privilege omitted by Ward: the “privilege of despising not only ‘new chums and city folk’ but also human beings who were female.” Indeed, it is argued, most, if not all, Australian historians until recently largely ignored the role and position of women in

[P.4] Ward and what became known as the radical nationalist tradition have come under fire from other commentators as well, with feminist critics claiming that his theories are male chauvinist, racist, and historically flawed Femi- nist historians have also argued recently that the role of women as pioneers along with the men in the

Matilda” chỉ có nghĩa là “mang theo một chiếc áo choàng”.

[P.3] Dixson cũng chỉ ra luận điểm của

Russel Ward trong The Australian Legend (đã thảo luận trước đó) và lập luận rằng những phẩm chất mà ông mô tả là “cốt lõi của sự coi thường phụ nữ” Nó xoay quanh một phong cách nam tính “sặc mùi của sự không có phụ nữ” Và người Úc đích thực còn có một đặc quyền khác mà Ward đã bỏ qua: “đặc quyền không những được coi thường” những người bạn mới và dân thành phố' mà còn cả những người là phụ nữ.” cho đến gần đây phần lớn đã phớt lờ vai trò và vị trí của phụ nữ trong xã hội Australia

[P.4] Ward và cái được gọi là truyền thống dân tộc chủ nghĩa cấp tiến cũng đã bị các nhà bình luận khác chỉ trích, với các nhà phê bình nữ quyền cho rằng các lý thuyết của ông là theo chủ nghĩa sô vanh nam giới, phân biệt chủng tộc và có sai sót về mặt lịch sử Các nhà sử học nữ quyền gần đây cũng lập luận rằng vai trò của phụ nữ với tư cách là những người tiên phong cùng với nam giới nineteenth century, as “creating a nation,” in the title of one book, has been seriously undervalued.

[P.5] In contrast to Ward’s rugged, solitary individualists, men were increasingly likely to marry and father children in the second half of the century as more women became available and the imbalance between the sexes steadily righted itself They point out that whereas in 1861 there were 138 white men for every 100 white women, by 1891, with the population now over three million, the ratio had changed to 119 to 100 white women They go on:

[P.6] The increasing likelihood that adult men were married or would marry in the not too distant future gave further substance to the valorization of the respectable, prudent family man fostered in the colonies before 1860 It was a model of masculinity distinctly at variance with the rough-hewn independent white male of the frontier myth, and competed with this representation quite forcefully

[P.7] As in comparable countries trong thế kỷ 19, vai trò “tạo dựng một quốc gia”, trong tiêu đề của một cuốn sách, đã bị đánh giá thấp nghiêm trọng.

[P.5] Trái ngược với những người theo chủ nghĩa cá nhân thô lỗ, cô độc của Ward, nam giới ngày càng có nhiều khả năng kết hôn và làm cha trong nửa sau của thế kỷ khi có nhiều phụ nữ hơn và sự mất cân bằng giữa giới tính dần dần được điều chỉnh Họ chỉ ra rằng trong khi vào năm 1861, có 138 đàn ông da trắng trên 100 phụ nữ da trắng, thì đến năm 1891, với dân số hiện nay là hơn ba triệu người, tỷ lệ này đã thay đổi thành 119 trên 100 phụ nữ da trắng Họ tiếp tục:

[P.6] Khả năng những người đàn ông trưởng thành đã kết hôn hoặc sẽ kết hôn trong một tương lai không xa ngày càng tăng đã tạo thêm cơ sở cho việc bình ổn giá trị của người đàn ông gia đình cẩn trọng, đáng kính được nuôi dưỡng ở các thuộc địa trước năm

1860 Đó là một hình mẫu nam tính hoàn toàn trái ngược với người đàn ông da trắng độc lập thô kệch trong huyền thoại vùng biên giới, và cạnh tranh với đại diện này một cách khá gay gắt. during the same period, there were always women who fought for the rights of their sisters, even if they saw those rights in terms that might now seem narrow and unduly concerned with protection rather than equality

Usually, they were white, middle-class, well-educated women with a strongly moralistic bent.

[P.8] Temperance was high on their list of priorities, and in 1915 they succeeded in having pubs (hotels) closed down by six o’clock in the evening out of deference to the war effort, leading to the infamous “six o’clock swill” by which men forced themselves to down as much beer as they could in the short time after work before the pubs closed Introduced as a temporary measure, the law was not repealed until 1954.

[P.9] Such was the strength of the

“wowser” (Puritan) lobby in New South

Wales that it also successfully agitated for a referendum on prohibition The vote, which took place in 1928, was

ANALYSIS

Vocabulary

Vocabulary is one of the main factors that carry out an important role in sentence formation The meaning of one word can be found in the dictionary easily However, if there is no selection of meaning, it is extremely difficult to understand sentences accurately A word can also have many meanings or metaphorical meanings, so the translator should rely on the context to give the appropriate meaning to the translation Therefore, I think vocabulary is a big challenge with a translator Below remain words I have studied and analyzed carefully.

Words with Multi-meaning are words that have more than one meaning.

Usually, words will be used in different meanings in each context and context suitable to that meaning This is also one of the mistakes that translators often make.

In order to avoid this error, the translator needs to carefully study the context to choose the appropriate meaning for the word, to avoid the expressions that are inconsistent with the author affecting the work as well as the reader.

The following example can help people better understand.

As the title of one book on the subject suggests, they were, according to this view, either “Damned Whores or God’s Police,” the latter a phrase first coined by the noted nineteenth-century reformer Caroline Chisholm [P.1]

The noun “Coin” is explained in Cambridge Dictionary by meanings:

[1]: a small flat piece of metal used as money

[2]: to invent a new word or expression, or to use one in a particular way for the first time

The word “coin” means “đồng xu” In this situation, we have to base on the context and free translation So, I chose the Vietnamese equivalence as “tạo ra” for this word Hence, the following is the suggested translation for the sentence:

→ “Một tựa đề đến từ một cuốn sách có liên quan đến chủ đề này nói rằng, họ là, dựa trên góc nhìn này, hoặc là "Những con điếm bị ruồng bỏ hoặc là Cảnh vệ của Chúa," cụm từ phía sau được tạo ra bởi Caroline Chisholm - một nhà cải cách nổi tiếng vào thế kỷ XIX.”

Temperance was high on their list of priorities, and in 1915 they succeeded in having pubs (hotels) closed down by six o’clock in the evening out of deference to the war effort, leading to the infamous “six o’clock swill” by which men forced themselves to down as much beer as they could in the short time after work before the pubs closed [P.8]

In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary, “swill” is defined:

[1] to clean something by pouring large amounts of water in, on or through it

[2] to drink something quickly and/or in large quantities

[3] to move, or to make a liquid move, in a particular direction or around a particular place

The meaning “hối hả” is the best one for this sentence.

→ “Giảm mức tiêu thụ đồ uống có cồn được đặt lên hàng đầu trong danh sách những việc cần ưu tiên của họ, và vào năm 1915 họ đã thành công trong việc khiến các quán rượu (khách sạn) phải đóng cửa vào 6 giờ tối để bày tỏ sự quan trọng đối với nổ lực chiến tranh, dẫn đến câu nói khét tiếng “Sáu giờ tối, hối hả nốc bia” ám chỉ việc những người đàn ông ép mình uống nhiều bia hết mức có thể trong khoảng thời gian ngắn ngủi sau khi tan làm và trước khi những quán rượu đóng cửa.”

The increasing likelihood that adult men were married or would marry in the not too distant future gave further substance to the valorization of the respectable, prudent family man fostered in the colonies before 1860 [P.6]

In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary, “substance” is defined:

[1] a type of solid, liquid or gas that has particular qualities

[2] the quality of being based on facts or the truth

[3] a drug, especially an illegal one

[4] the most important or main part of something

The meaning “cơ sở” is the best one for this sentence.

→ “Khả năng những người đàn ông trưởng thành đã kết hôn hoặc sẽ kết hôn trong một tương lai không xa ngày càng tăng đã tạo thêm cơ sở cho việc bình ổn giá trị của người đàn ông gia đình cẩn trọng, đáng kính được nuôi dưỡng ở các thuộc địa trước năm 1860.”

Women’s franchise was introduced in South Australia in 1894, but in Victoria not until 1908, and the first Commonwealth Franchise Act was passed in June 1902, extending the vote to all people over the age of 21, “whether male or female,” except for the mentally unsound, criminals, traitors, and “aboriginal natives,” giving them the right to stand for election [P.13]

Based on Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, the meanings of these words are:

[1] to achieve the required standard in an exam, a test, etc.

[2] to move past or to the other side of somebody/something

[3] to give something to somebody by putting it into their hands or in a place where they can easily reach it

[4] to give somebody information or a message

[5] to come to an end; to be over

This word has the following Vietnamese meanings:

In order to fit the context of the book, I decided to translate that word as

→ “Quyền bầu cử dành cho phụ nữ được giới thiệu ở Nam Úc vào năm 1894, nhưng mãi đến năm 1908 mới có ở Victoria, và Đạo luật Quyền bầu cử của Khối thịnh vượng chung đầu tiên được thông qua vào tháng 6 năm 1902, mở rộng quyền bầu cử cho tất cả những người trên 21 tuổi, “dù là nam hay nữ”, ngoại trừ những người không lành mạnh về tinh thần, những tên tội phạm, những kẻ phản bội, và những “thổ dân bản xứ”, trao cho họ quyền ứng cử.”

In the sentences: Many divorce proceedings are now initiated by women.

When looking it up in Lac Viet Dictionary, I found out the meaning: “bắt đầu làm quen cho”

According to Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, “initiate” is defined by

[2]: to make somebody a member of a particular group, especially as part of a secret ceremony

In this case, if I do not change the original meaning of word, the meaning of this sentence will be very ambiguous, causing the reader to be confused about the content Therefore, I have a different translation version that does not change the meaning of the sentence.

→ Nhiều cuộc ly hôn hiện nay do phụ nữ khởi xướng.

The Noun “record” in the sentence: The number of adoptions has plummeted from nearly 10,000 in 1971 to a record low of 514 in 2001 [P.44]

The word “record” is defined by 3 meanings:

[1]: a written account of something that is kept so that it can be looked at and used in the future

[2]: the best result or the highest or lowest level that has ever been reached, especially in sport

[3]: the facts that are known about somebody/something’s past behaviour, character, achievements

According to Soha dictionary, the Noun “record” means: “cao nhất, kỷ lục”

In order to fit the context of the book, I decided to translate that word as “kỷ lục”

→ “Số lượng con nuôi được nhận đã giảm mạnh từ gần 10.000 vào năm 1971 xuống mức thấp kỷ lục là 514 vào năm 2001.”

According to Oxford Learner's Dictionary, " Idioms is a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words " Idioms help emphasize the expression, create a sense of closeness, especially in literary works, it also contributes to the liveliness of the work.

“The move up-country for jobs in the pastoral industry, the pursuit of whales and seals, the stampede after gold in the 1850s and 1860s, the shearing cycle of the late nineteenth century, the rush to the Western Australian goldfields in the

1890s, the flight to the country in times of depression, the enthusiastic response to the call to arms—all left in their wake varying degrees of destitution.” [P.19]

According to Cambridge dictionary, “call to arms” is defined by meaning:

 something that asks or encourages a group of people to take action against something.

In the Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary, “swill” is defined:

 a design or a shield that is a special symbol of a family, city or other organization

In TFlat dictionary, “call to arms” means “kêu gọi vũ trang”.

In this sentence, to match the context of the sentence, I chose the meaning of the word, “call to arms” as “lời kêu gọi vũ trang”

→ “Việc di cư lên các quốc gia khác để tìm kiếm việc làm trong ngành chăn nuôi gia súc, săn bắt cá voi và hải cẩu, cuộc chạy đua tìm vàng trong những năm 1850 và 1860, chu kỳ cắt đất vào cuối thế kỷ 19, cuộc đổ xô đến các mỏ vàng ở Tây Úc vào những năm 1890, chuyến bay đến đất nước trong thời kỳ suy thoái, sự hưởng ứng nhiệt tình đối với lời kêu gọi vũ trang — tất cả đều để lại sau lưng họ những mức độ cơ cực khác nhau.”

“On the other hand, conservative women have pointed to what they claim are anomalies of a reverse kind.” [P.31]

According to The Free dictionary, “on the other hand” is defined by meaning:

 From a different, conflicting, or contradictory point of view.

According to The Free dictionary, “on the other hand” means “mặt khác”

→ “Mặt khác, những phụ nữ bảo thủ đã chỉ ra những gì họ cho là dị thường thuộc loại ngược lại.”

Structure

Because of the several clauses and subordinate clauses in my translation, some sentences can be confusing to the reader I analyze them so that they are easier to comprehend At first, to make clear the clause structure, I consider the definitions of each type of sentence.

A simple sentence has one main clause and no subordinate clause It expresses a complete thought.

The figures quoted above are for the population as a whole [P.69]

The whole sentence will be translated as:

→ “Các số liệu trích dẫn ở trên là dành cho toàn bộ dân số.”

Introduced as a temporary measure, the law was not repealed until 1954.

→ “Điều luật này được ban hành như một giải pháp tạm thời và không bị bãi bỏ cho đến tận năm 1954.”

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjuction.

 A comma and a coordinator (FAN BOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

 A semicolon, a conjunctive adverbs and a comma.

Each of clauses is important and could stand alone.

In the sentence: The current population is 20.3 million, but by 2050 it is projected to be 27.8 million—at an increase of around 15 percent [P.48]

There are two independent clauses in this compound sentence They are connected by a coordinator “but”.

The first independent clause is: The current population is 20.3 million

The second independent clause is: By 2050 it is projected to be 27.8 million

—at an increase of around 15 percent.

And the form of the sentence is:

Independent Clause + comma + coordinator + Independent Clause

→ “Dân số hiện tại là 20,3 triệu người, nhưng đến năm 2050, con số này được dự đoán là 27,8 triệu người—với tốc độ tăng khoảng 15%”.

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses It is like a mother with one or more (with one or more) children depending on her In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other ones The more important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important ideas in the dependent clause Some common subordinating conjunctions:

 After / Since / Until / While / As / Before / When

To be able to distinguish between the type of independent and dependent clause in a complex sentence we have the following notes:

 Attaching to subordinating conjunctions in complex sentence is the dependent clause

 If the dependent clause is before the independent clause, then there must be a comma (,) between the two clauses.

There are three kinds of dependent clause used in complex sentences:

NOUN CLAUSE, ADVERB CLAUSE, AND ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.

Although their vision was limited in many respects, some of the gains they made

Dependent clause independent clause were real [P.10]

→ “Mặc dù tầm nhìn của họ bị hạn chế ở nhiều khía cạnh, nhưng một số điều mà họ đạt được là có thật”.

Although these attitudes among males have begun to change, they are

Dependent clause Independent coming off a low base [P.17]

→ “Mặc dù những thái độ này ở nam giới đã bắt đầu thay đổi, nhưng chúng vẫn đang tồn tại ở mức thấp.”

4.2.3.1 Complex Sentences with Noun Clause

Noun clauses are dependent clauses that act as nouns Noun clauses begin with wh-words and can act as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, or objects of a preposition The sentences with noun clauses are quite common in English language but less often in Vietnamese.

All this feeds into another furious debate as to what the maximum sustainable

Main clause S+V population of Australia is [P.49] → Noun clause (Wh-clause)

→ “Tất cả điều này dẫn đến một cuộc tranh luận gay gắt khác về dân số bền vững tối đa của Úc là bao nhiêu.”

The first, in 1971, found that 78 percent of married women under 35 felt that

Main clause whatever career a woman had was not as important as being a mother [P.38]

→ “Nghiên cứu đầu tiên vào năm 1971 cho thấy 78% phụ nữ đã kết hôn dưới 35 tuổi cảm thấy rằng bất kể nghề nghiệp nào cũng không quan trọng bằng vai trò làm mẹ.”

4.2.3.2 Complex sentence with Adjective clauses

An adjective clause (also called relative clause) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun It tells which one or what kind Adjective clauses almost always come right after the nouns they modify.

Adjective clauses begin with a relative pronoun, which connects them to the word they describe, such as:

“As in comparable countries during the same period, there were always women who fought for the rights of their sisters, even if they saw those rights in terms that might now seem narrow and unduly concerned with protection rather than equality.” [P.7]

→ “Tương tự như các quốc gia trong cùng thời kỳ, luôn có những phụ nữ đấu tranh cho quyền của chị em mình, ngay cả khi họ nhìn nhận những quyền đó theo nghĩa mà bây giờ có vẻ hạn hẹp và quan tâm quá mức đến việc bảo vệ hơn là bình đẳng.”

“The first proposes a policy of zero net overseas migration, which would result in a rapid decline in population from about 20 million today to about 14 million by the end of this century.” [P.53]

→ “Giả thuyết đầu tiên đề xuất chính sách không di cư ròng ra nước ngoài, điều này sẽ dẫn đến sự sụt giảm dân số hiện nay nhanh chóng từ khoảng 20 triệu người xuống còn khoảng 14 triệu người vào cuối thế kỷ này.”

4.2.3.3 Complex sentence with Adverbial clauses

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause introduced by an adverbial subordinator It is used to modify the verb of the independent clause and tells when (time), where(place), why (reason), for what purpose, how, long, or how far.

Comma Subordinating conjunction such as: because, until, so that, although, if, as though, ect.

Adverbial clauses have the following 9 basic types:

“It is a process that began more or less out of necessity during the

Depression when children were an unwanted burden but is now prevalent for different reasons.” [P.35]

→ “Đây là một quá trình bắt nguồn từ Thời kỳ Đại Suy Thoái, nó, không ít thì nhiều là một nghĩa vụ bắt buộc tại thời điểm đấy, thời điểm khi mà trẻ em là một gánh nặng không mong muốn; nhưng giờ quá trình này lại trở nên phổ biến vì nhiều lý do khác nhau”

“The disparity in numbers between the two sexes was even worse in the outback where conditions were hardly conducive to a civilized life and where women with children were actively discouraged as being useless encumbrances.”

→ “Thậm chí sự chênh lệch về số lượng giữa hai giới còn tồi tệ hơn ở vùng hẻo lánh, nơi điều kiện khó có lợi cho cuộc sống văn minh và tích cực ngăn cản phụ nữ có con vì coi đó là những gánh nặng vô ích.”

A compound – Complex sentence is comprised of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

“In its early years, Australia always had many more men than women, and some feminist critics have suggested that this affected male attitudes toward women and continues to do so even today.” [P.1]

There are two independent clauses and one dependent clause in this sentence:

In the independent clause 1: “In its early years, Australia always had many more men than women”

In the independent clause 2: “some feminist critics have suggested”

In the dependent clause: “that this affected male attitudes toward women and continues to do so even today”

And the form of the sentence is:

Independent clause + independent clause + dependent clause.

The whole sentence will be translated clause as:

→ “Úc, trong những năm đầu, có nhiều đàn ông hơn là phụ nữ, và một số nhà đấu tranh nữ quyền cho rằng việc này có liên quan đến thái độ của đàn ông đối với phụ nữ và vấn đề này vẫn còn tiếp diễn cho đến tận hôm nay.”

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action.

“It is no longer a mark of shame to live in an unmarried relationship and the old term, de facto, has largely been replaced by partner.” [P.46]

DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS

Difficulties

During 4 years of studying English at Duy Tan University, the teachers gave me knowledge and skills about translation, but when I started to do this lesson, I encountered many difficulties with many different problems such as vocabulary, grammar, sentence structures, … But not because of that, I did not try to pass and complete the report well.

First, as we know, vocabulary is very important to build up a text I spend a lot of time searching through different translation sites, finding meanings suitable for translation contexts, reading English books to have new, rich and inspiring sources of meaning for readers.

The second problem, I encountered was sentence structure There are many types of sentences such as simple sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences which confuses me Perhaps I have not really grasped the old knowledge so until now I still have a lot of confusion in identifying sentences, leading to many mistakes and making the instructor unhappy with those sentences I tried to find out through previous classes, on the web to see if I did it right I asked my teachers and friends to give me ideas to make the translation more complete.

In addition, the translation is also very long There are many places where I have to spend a long time to find a solution and translate accordingly Besides, I also have to rely on the guidance of the lecturer to make the sentences clearer and easier to understand Therefore, it took quite a long time for this translation.

Finally, in order not to mistranslate, I tried to find the best solutions and make the translation as complete as possible I hope that with my own efforts, the lecturer can be satisfied.

Solutions

During the time of writing this report, I have encountered many difficulties, but with daily efforts, I have completed this report and especially with the enthusiastic help of my instructors and friends who have always been by my side to encourage and give suggestions Always give me your opinion and advice so that I can finish this report as soon as possible

Firstly, when I have difficulty with vocabulary or grammar, I spend my time searching all kinds of books, notebooks, related to that vocabulary to translate to match the meaning or find friends to share with each other to find the meaning you want On the other hand, I search the internet or dictionaries: Oxford

Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, and others Finally, it also means matching.

Secondly, when I'm stuck, I often ask for help from my supervisor and friends to come up with a solution about this vocabulary or structure accordingly.

In addition, I also go to bookstores to search for similar or vocabulary-related

English books On the other hand, my school's library usually has a lot of English books suitable for students who are looking for books like me.

In short, although the graduation paper faced many difficulties, I still tried my best to find a way to come up with a suitable solution and complete it well.

This graduation thesis also gave me a lot of skills in English, experience in translation and especially practice patience and moderateness when doing something

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Summary

The book " Culture and Custome of Australia " is an excellent book for readers interested in learning more about marriage, gender, and children In addition, I believe that after translating Chapters 3 of this book, my translation skills have improved and developed I have improved a lot of my listening, speaking, reading and writing skills while studying English for 4 years at Duy

Tan University I have tried to become a good translator to serve my future job better.

I translated word by word and searched for meanings to get a good report.

To become a good interpreter, you must first have knowledge and experience It's not something everyone can easily get, but it takes time to hone and practice I believe my efforts will help me become a good translator and improve my knowledge for my future work.

Finally, I believe that with my own efforts, as long as my spirit is always eager to learn, my best efforts will help me become a good interpreter and improve my knowledge, making it easier for me to find a job.

Suggestions .62 REFERENCES

After I submit my graduation paper, I would like to make some suggestions to Faculty of English at the university I hope my suggestions will bring good things to the school.

First, the Faculty of English needs to have a place for you to read and borrow English books at the weekend Reading books can help you expand your knowledge and bring spiritual values This can help you improve your English in terms of vocabulary and sentences.

Second, teachers should pay attention to those who have poor vocabulary and grammar, I hope they will help you develop more yourself.

Third, teachers should maintain regular check-ups to practice more self- study for students.

Last, I think, Teachers should give balanced exercises, neither too much nor too little because besides that, students have many other subjects Let students see that learning is voluntary, not forced.

[1] Nguyen Manh Quang (2011), Translation Theory, Department of Foreign Languages, Duy Tan University.

[2] Newmark, Peter (1988), A Textbook of Translation, Prentice Hall.

[4]J.C Catford, (1965), A Linguistic Theory Of Translation, Oxford University Press.

[5]Tudor Ian, Dr (1965), About translation theory, Cambridge

[6]Hữu Ngọc (2012) A handbook for the language translator, Nhà Xuất Bản Thế Giới

[7]Trần Thị Thơ (2008) Basic English Grammar Department of Foreign Languages, Duy Tan University.

1 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/

2 https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/

6 http://7.vndic.net/flat-en_vi.html

[1]https://www.voca.vn/blog/tong-hop-60-cau-thanh-ngu-tieng-anh-ve-cuoc-song- 961

[2]http://hocngoaingukhongkho.vietuytin.vn/2016/04/bien-dich-tieng-anh-bai-6- cac-kieu-bien.html

[3]https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/it-and-there.html

[4]https://langmaster.edu.vn/113-idiom-thong-dung-b10i83.html

Tiêu đề	An Analysis of the Suggested Translation of from the Book “Culture and Customs of Australia” by Laurie Clancy, 2004
Tác giả	Le Thi Thai Thao
Người hướng dẫn	Huynh Vu Chi Tam, M.A.
Trường học	Duy Tan University
Chuyên ngành	English for Translation and Interpretation
Thể loại	graduation paper
Năm xuất bản	2023
Thành phố	Da Nang

Định dạng
Số trang	74
Dung lượng	194,73 KB