Xuất khẩu lao động của ngành xây dựng việt nam thực trạng và giải pháp

TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN HA NOI - - Nguyen Xuan Himg DAI HOC KTQD TRUNGTAM THONG TIN THU VIEN XUAT KHAU LAO DONG CUA NGANH XAY DUNG VIET NAM: THlfc TRANG VA GIAI PHAP • • • Chuyen nganh: Quan tri Kinh doanh quoc te LU AN VAN THAC SY QUAN TRI KINH DOANH HUONG DAN KHOA HOC.- TS TA VAN LOI DAI HOC KTQD TRUNGTftMJt THONG TIN THUVlEN Ha Noi, Nam 2006 LOl CAM ON Xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung da va dang la mot van de biro xuc hien nude ta, duo'c cac can bo, chuyen gia linh vuc XKLD cung nhu link vuc xay dung quan tarn nghien cuu nham thuc day va nang cao hieu qua boat dong XKLD cua nganh Xay dung De tai chua timg duoc nghien cuu mot each he thong va day du truoc day Thuc chat day la mot van de dat ma viec giai quyet rat khd khan phuc tap Nhung dudi su hudng dan tan tinh cua thay giao - Tien sy Ta Van Lai cung tap the cac thay co giao khoa Kinh te & Kinh doanh quoc te va cac can bo, lanh dao phong Thanh tra - Trudng Dai hoc kinh te quoc dan, em da manh dan di sau nghien cuu, tim hieu va hoan de tai Em xin tran cam on su giup qui bdu cua thay cung tap the cac thay, co giao Cung qua day em xin cam on cac can bo, lanh dao Vu Ke hoach Thong ke, Vu To chuc - Bq Xay dung, Cue quan ly lao dong ngodi nude -Bo Lao dong Thuong binh va Xa hoi da nhiet tinh giup dd cung cap tai lieu cho qua trinh nghien citu Ha noi, thang 10 nam 2006 Tac gia Nguyen Xuan Himg MUC LUC s- Trang Danh muc bang, bieu, so do, hinh ve Tom tat luan van LOI NOI DAU Chiromg - CO SO LY LUAN VE XUAT KHAU LAO DONG VA SU CAN THIET CUA XUAT KHAU LAO DONG 1.1 Xuat khau lao dong (XKLD) 1.1.1 Khai niem, due diem cua xuat khau lao dong 1.1.2 Cac hinh thuc xuat khau lao dong 1.1.3 Noi dung cua edng tdc xuat khau lao dong 10 1.2 Cac nhan to anh hudng toi XKLD va mot so chi tieu danh gia hoat dong XKLD 19 1.2.1 Cac nhan to anh hudng toi xuat khau lao dong 19 1.2.2 Mot so chi tieu danh gid xuat khau lao dong 22 1.3 Kinh nghiem quoc te ve XKLD 24 1.3.1 Kinh nghiem XKLD cua mot sonude Chau A 24 1.3.2 Mot so nhan xet 31 1.4 Suf can thiet cua XKLD 32 1.4.1 Tinh tat yeu khach quan cua xuat khau lao dong 32 1.4.2 Thue trang lao dong nude ta noi chung vd nganh Xdy dung noi rieng ' 35 Chirong 2- PHAN TICH THUC TRANG HOAT DONG XKLD CUA NGANH XAY DUNG VIET NAM THdl GIAN QUA 39 2.1 Tinh hinh xuat khau lao dong cua Viet Nam then gian qua 39 2.2 Thue trang hoat dong XKLD cua nganh Xay dimg Viet Nam thoi gian qua 46 2.2.1 Dae diem cua nganh Xay dung voi edng tac XKLD 46 2.2.2 Thue trang XKLD cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam thoi gian qua 47 2.3 Danh gia hoat dong XKLD cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam 65 2.3.1 - Nhung uu diem hoat dong XKLD cua nganh Xay dung 65 2.3.2 - Mot soton tai va nguyen nhan cua nhung ton tai hoat dong XKLD cua Nganh Xay dung 70 Chuang - PHUONG HL ONG VA GIAI PHAP NHAM THUC DAY XKLD CUA NGANH XAY DUNG VIET NAM 78 3.1 Phuong hudng va muc tieu XKLD thoi gian toi 79 3.1.1 Phuong hudng chung 79 3.1.2 Muc tieu XKLD thoi gian tdi 81 3.2 Mot so dieu can biet ve cac nude nhap khau lao dong 82 3.3 Mot so giai phap thuc day XKLD cua nganh Xay dung 83 3.3.1 Cac giai phap tit phia cac doanh nghiep 83 3.3.2 Doi voi nganh Xay dung 86 3.3.3 Mot so kien nghi voi Nha nude 89 KET LUAN 102 DANH MUC TAI LIEU TH AM KHAO 104 PHU LUC 106 DANH MUC CAC BANG, BIEU, SO BO VA HINH VE Ten bang STT Bang 1.1 Quv mo va co cau gidi tinh, tudi cua luc luqng lao Trang 36 dong nam 2004 2005 Bang 2.1 Quy mo XKLD cua nude ta qua cac theti ky 39 Bang 2.2 So luqng ngudi lao dong Viet Nam tren mot so' thi 43 trudng tir 1992-1999 Bang 2.3 So luqng ngudi lao dong Viet Nam tren mot so thi 44 trudng tir 2000-2005 Bang 2.4 So luqng va co cau lao dong xuat khaiu cua nganh Xay 52 dung tai mot so thi trudng giai doan 1991-1999 Bang 2.5 Co cau nganh nghe XKLD cua nganh Xay dung 53 giai doan tir 1991 den 1999 Bang 2.6 Qui mo XKLD cua nganh Xay dung tai mot so thi 54 trudng qua cac nam tir 1992 - 1999 Bang 2.7 Cac don vi thuoc nganh Xay dung tham gia hoat dong 57 XKLD va so luqng XKLD tir trie’n khai Chi thi 41 22/9/1998 cua Bo Chinh tri Bang 2.8 Co cau lao dong xuat khau cua nganh Xay dung thdi ky 59 2000 -2005 10 Bang 2.9 Co cau nganh nghe cua lao dong xuat khau nganh Xay 60 dung giai doan 2000 - 2005 11 Bang 2.10 Co cau lao dong xuat khau theo thi trudng cua nganh Xay dung giai doan 2000 - 2005 63 12 Bang 2.11 Tinh hinh thu nhap cua ngudi lao dong xuat khau tai mot 64 so thi trudng nam 2003-2004 13 Bang 2.12 Tinh hinh lao dong xuat khau vi pham tai cac thi trtrdng 71 nam 2003 va 2004 14 Bang 1.2 Quv mo, co cau trinh chuyen mon ky thuat cua lire 106 ltrong lao dong Viet Nam nam 2004, 2005 15 Bang 2.13 So ltrcng lao dong hop tac tai mot so thi trudng ttr nam 106 1980-1989 16 Bang 2.14 Quy mo va str bien dong cua lao dong di lam viec d 107 nude ngoai giai doan 1980 -1990 17 Bang 2.15 Co cau XKLD cua Viet Nam theo nganh - nghe giai 107 doan 1991-1999 18 Bang 2.16 Co cau Nganh - Nghe cua lao dong Viet Nam tai mot 108 so nude giai doan 2000-2005 Ten bieu 19 Bieiu 2.1 Quv mo XKLD cua nganh xav dung Thdi kv 2000-2005 58 20 Bie’u 2.2 Gia tri XKLD cua Nganh Xay Dung nhung nam gan day 64 21 Bieu 2.3 Quy mo XKLD cua Viet Nam thdi ky 1991 - 1999 108 22 Bi6u 2.4 Quy mo XKLD cua Viet Nam qua cac nam thdi ky 2000 109 -2005 TRUONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN HA NOI - £3 Nguyen Xuan Hung X ô ã? > A XUAT KHAU LAO DONG CUA NGANH XAY DUNG VIET NAM: THtfC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP Chuyen nganh: Quan tri Kinh doanh quoc te LUAN VAN THAC SY QUAN TRI KINH DOANH TOM TAT LUAN VAN THAC SY Ha Noi, Nam 2006 LdlNOI DAU Tinh cap thiet cua de tai Hien d nude ta, van de lao dong va giai quyet cong an viec lam dang la van de birc xue cua toan xa hoi Tao va giai quyet viec lam cho lao dong xa hoi khong chi la trach nhiem cua nha nude ma la trach nhiem cua cac cap, cac nganh cac to chuc cac gia dinh, ban than ngudi lao dong va toan xa hoi Trong dieu kien hien cua nude ta, xuat khaiu lao dong trd mot nhung bien phap giai quyet cong viec day hiru hieu Nganh Xay dung la mot nhung nganh mui nhon viec phat trien cua nude ta, la mot nganh cd nhung dac thii rieng, the manh rieng vdi cong tac xuat khaiu lao dong, da gop phan dang ke hoat dong xuat khaiu lao dong cua nude ta, song ket qua xuat khaiu lao dong cua Nganh rat han che, chtfa tuemg xung vdi tiem nang cua Nganh, cua nude ta cung nhu tiem nang tiep nhan lao dong tir cac thi trudng lao dong quoc te Chfnh vi vay tac gia da chon de tai nghien ctru: “Xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam: Thye trang va giai phap” Muc cun • dich va nhiem • vu• nghien “ Muc dich cua de lai: Tren co sd phan ti'ch thuc trang xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung, de tai de xuat mot so giai phap va kien nghi nham thuc daiy cong tac xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam Nhiem vu nghien citu: He thong hoa co so ly luan ve xuat khau lao dong, sir can thiet phai xuat khaiu lao dong va kinh nghiem xuat khau lao dong cua mot so nude tren the gidi Phan tich thuc trang hoat dong xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam nhung nam qua, rut nhung uu diem, tdn tai va nguyen nhan cua cac ton tai viec hoat dong xuat khaiu lao dong cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam De xuat mot sd phuong hudng va giai phap nham thuc day hoat dong xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung 11 Doi tuong va pham vi nghien cihi Doi tuong nghien cicu: Hoat dong xuat khaLii lao dong cua Nganh Xay dung Pham vi nghien cicu: Luan van tap trung nghien curu hoat dong xuat khau lao dong cua Nganh Xay dung giai doan tu 1980 den Trong khuon khd cua luan van chi de cap den hinh thuc xuat khaiu lao dong true tiep Do la hinh thuc dua ngudi lao dong di lam viec co thoi han d nude ngoai Con hinh thuc xuat khau lao dong tai chd se khong thuoc pham vi nghien cuu cua luan van Phuong phap nghien cwu De tai sir dung phep vat bien chung, phuong phap phan tich tong hop, lich su va 16 gic thong ke, khao sat thuc te va dieu tra xa hoi hoc Cac phuong phap duoc sir dung ke hop va bo sung cho Ket cau cua de tai Ngoai phan loi noi dau va ket luan, noi dung chinh cua luan van duoc chia lam chuong nhu sau: Chuong I : Ccr so ly luan ve xuat khau lao dong va sit can thiet cua xuat khau lao dong Chuong II : Phan tich thuc trang hoat dong xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam thoi gian qua Chuong III : Phuong hudng va giai phap nham thuc day xuat khau lao dong cua nganh Xay dung Viet Nam 95 dirng ca che, chinh sach vi md khai thac va cung cap thong tin ve thi trudng cho cac doanh nghiep thuc hien chuc nang kinh doanh cua minh + Bo phan quan ly lao dong d nudc ngoai, van phong dai dien d nudc ngoai co trach nhiem khai thac, cung cap thong tin vd thi trudng lao dong, true tiep giai quyet hoac de xuat cac bien phap giai quyet ddi vdi phat sinh qua trinh thuc hien hop ddng lao dong d nudc ngoai bao ve lqi ich cua Nha nudc, doanh nghiep XKLD va ngudi tao dong + Thiet lap he thong thong tin ddng bo thudng xuyen giua cue quan ly lao dong vdi nudc ngoai - doanh nghiep - Van phong dai dien d nudc ngoai - Bo phan quan ly lao dong d nudc ngoai nham nam bat kip thdi thong tin, co bien phap khai thac md rong thi trudng giai quyet kip thdi nhung van de naiy sinh hoat dong XKLD qua dd thuc daiy phat tridn hoat dong XKLD + XKLD dang la van de duoc nhieu quoc gia quan tarn daiy manh do tmh canh tranh cua hoat dong kha gay gat hon nira vdi ban chat phurc tap von co cua nd, dd dieu hanh hoat dong XKLD cua nudc ta noi chung, cua nganh Xay dung noi rieng dat hieu qua cao, can thiet phai lap Hoi ddng tu van vd XKLD bao gom cac vien la lanh dao cac Bo Lao dong -TBXH, Bo Cdng an Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, Bo Xay dirng, Van phong Chinh phu, Tdng lien doan lao dong Viet nam, Ban doi ngoai Trung uong, Ban Kinh te Trung uong va Ban Can sir Dang ngoai nudc Lanh dao Bo Lao dong -TBXH lam chu tich de tu van ve chu truong, chinh sach XKLD cho phu hop vdi tirng thdi ky va dieu phoi sir ket hop giua cac co quan chuc nang llnh vuc XKLD 3.3.3.3 Md rong thi trirdng va lira chon cac hinh thirc XKLD thich hop Nhin chung hien nhu cau lao dong nudc ngoai khdng cao nhu thdi ky trudc nhieu nudc dang thuc hien cai each kinh te, ap dung tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat va cdng nghe cao vao san xuat de tiet kiem lao dong Nhieu cdng ty cua cac nudc thieu lao dong dang cd xu hudng chuyen nha may sang cac nudc cd nhieu lao dong va gia re Hon nua XKLD hien dang duoc nhieu quoc gia quan tarn daiy manh vi loi ich kinh te xa hoi XKLD dem lai Nhieu nudc cd ngudn lao dong ddi dao, cd truydn thong xua't khau lao dong van dang 96 tiep tuc dua lao dong sang nudc ngoai lam viec vay canh tranh giua cac nudc XKLD rat gay git Tuy nhien qua nghien cuu tinh hinh thi trudng the gidi cho thay nhu cau ve lao dong nudc ngoai d mot so' thi trudng thdi gian tdi vin ldn De daiy manh XKLD cua ca nudc noi chung va cua nganh Xay dung noi rieng thdi gian tdi can tap trung vao cac van de sau: + Ddi vdi nhung thi trudng nhu: Nga cac nudc thuoc Lien Xd cu cac nudc Ddng Au khac va CHLB Due Day la nhung thi trudng truyen thong, da co quan he hap tac lao dong vdi ta tu nhung nam 80 thong qua cac Hiep dinh giua Chinh phu ta va cac nudc Trong thdi gian tdi thi truong cung can nhieu lao dong nudc ngoai lam viec cac nganh nghe khac Do cac thi trudng can duqc cung cd va phat trien thdi gian tdi Can thong qua dudng ngoai giao to chuc cac budi lam viec d cap cao giua Chinh phu ta va cac nudc de’ tao dieu kien hqp phap hoa cu tru cho lao dong Viet Nam dang cu tru d cac nudc dd, tao dieu kien de ho On dinh lam an sinh song, ddng thdi de dat quan he hqp tac lao dong tiep theo thdi gian tdi Hinh thuc XKLD chu yeu d day la cung ung lao dong theo hqp ddng Ngoai cd the thuc hien cung ung lao dong thong qua su bao lanh cua than nhan ngudi lao dong d nudc ngoai + Ddi vdi cac thi trudng lao dong nhu Han Qudc Nhat Ban Libya, Lao, CH Sec, Co-oet, thi trudng tiep nhan chuyen gia cua mot sd nudc Chau Phi nhu: Angola, Senegal, Algeria Day la nhung thi trudng da va dang cd quan he hqp tac lao dong vdi nudc ta Tir nam 1992 tdi nay, cac thi trudng da tiep nhan va sir dung hang van lao dong nudc ta Trong thdi gian tdi, khu vuc thi trudng cung can sd luqng ldn lao dong nudc ta vdi trinh tay nghd va nganh nghe khac Do dd thi trudng can duqc tri va giu vung; ddng thdi can phai dau tu diy manh cong tac tiep thi de md rong phat trien thdi gian tdi Hinh thuc XKLD d cac thi trudng cd the la cung urng lao dong theo hqp ddng, bao thau cong trinh + Cac thi trudng Dai loan Sinhgapo, Thai lan, Bruney, Malaysia, Campuchia: Day la nhung thi trudng cung can nhieu lao dong nudc ngoai linh vuc nganh xay dung Vi du chi rieng Malaysia, theo du bao vao nam 2006- 2010, nudc se can hang trieu lao dong nudc ngoai linh vuc xfiy dung, don dien Do dd, chung ta can phai nhan thirc day la nhung thi trudng tiem nang, can phai cd bien phap tiep can khai thong Bien phap tiep can khai thong 97 va phat trien d day la can co sir can thiep dam phan d cap cao va thong qua dudng ngoai giao Hinh thuc XKLD o day la cung ung lao dong theo hop dong + Cac nudc vung Trung Dong, nhat la cac nudc vung Vinh: Day la khu vuc can cd hang trieu lao dong nudc ngoai, cho nen cin cd quan he cap Nha nudc cap Bo linh vuc hop tac lao dong dd khai thong, tao dieu kien dd cac doanh nghiep khai thac ky hop dong cung ung lao dong, bao thau cdng trinh Trudc mat can cd de an rieng de tap trung vao thi trudng cac nudc nhu Arap Xeut Tieu vuong quoc Arap Thong nhat IRic va mot sd nudc chau Phi Hinh thuc XKLD chu yeu d day la cung ung lao dong theo hop ddng va bao thau cdng trinh + Tiep can thi trudng My va cac lanh thd My quan ly thi diem dua lao dong theo cac hop ddng da duqc thaim dinh Tung budc xuc tien tham nhap thi trudng Trung My Nam My, va mot sd nudc phat trien Chau Au Hinh thuc XKLD d day cd the la cung ung lao dong theo hop ddng 3.3.3.4 Cai tien thu tuc xuat canh, tao dieu kien thuan loi cho ngudi lao dong Hien viec lam thu tuc xuat canh cho ngudi lao dong, dac biet la thu tuc xet duvet dan sir tai co quan cdng an dia phuong long vong keo dai gay lang phi thdi gian va tien cua cua dan Tren thuc te de xin duqc xet duyet nhan sir tai co quan cdng an dia phuong, ngudi lao dong xin cap ho chieu phd thong can phai qua cac budc vdi nhung thu tuc nhu sau: Trudc het la xac nhan ve nhan than cua cdng an phuong (xa), sau dd nguoi lao dong mang "don de nghi xin cap ho chieu phd thong" den cdng an tinh (thanh pho) de xin xac nhan cd dii dieu kien tieu chuain de nudc ngoai hay khong Cdng an tinh (thanh phd) lai di xuong hoac chuyen hd so ve cdng an huyen (quan) dd tham tra ly lich va nhan than nguoi lao dong Cdng an huyen (quan) mdi chuyen hd so len cong an tinh (thanh phd) kern theo cong van cua co quan minh Nhan duqc hd so kern theo y kien cua cdng an huyen (quan), cdng an tinh (thanh phd) luc dd mdi xac nhan la ngudi lao dong cd du dieu kien di nudc ngoai hay khong, neu du dieu kien luc dd mdi de nghi Cue Quan ly Xuat nhap canh - Bo Cdng an cap ho chieu phd thong Nhu vay thu tuc d khau rudm ra, khong hop ly, thdi gian keo dai cd trudng hop thu tuc d mot sd dia phuong keo dai tdi thang, dan den anh hudng den viec thuc hien ke hoach cung ung lao dong vdi ben ddi tac nudc ngoai, anh hudng den uy tin cua ta ddi vdi nudc ngoai Hon 98 nira no lam cho ngudi lao ddng phai di lai nhidu lan, mat nhieu thdi gian chd doi, ton kern tien bac, dd phat sinh tieu cue d khau Tir tinh hinh thuc te d tren, ddi hoi chung ta phai sdm co bien phap de chan chinh khau nay, tao dieu kien de rut ngSn thdi gian lam thu tuc xuat canh cho ngudi lao dong Dac biet dieu kien hien Dang va Nha nude co chu truong daiy manh viec thuc hien cai each nen hanh chinh quoc gia ma tarn la cai each thu tuc hanh chinh thi van de can duoc dat sdm giai quyet la het sue can thiet va mang tinh cap thiet Giai phap de giai quyet van de tren nhdm rut ngdn thdi gian lam thu tuc xuat canh, co the lira chon mot hai each sau: * Cach thu nhat\ Cd the bo qua khau xac nhan cua cdng an huyen (quan) va tinh (thanh pho), ma chi chi can cd xac nhan cua cdng an phudng (xa) vao don de nghi cap ho chieu phd thong Nghia la ngudi lao dong mang don de nghi cap ho chieu thong den cdng an phudng (xa) de xin xac nhan nhan than cd du tieu chuan de di nudc ngoai hay khdng Sau cd xac nhan cua cdng an phudng (xa) thi chuyen hd so ve Cue quan ly xuat nhap canh - Bo Cdng an de cap ho chieu Trudng hop vai tro cua cdng an phudng (xa) duoc dd cao Tuy nhien, de dam bao cho viec xac nhan dupe khach quan trung thirc, tranh tieu cue thi cung can phai qui dinh rd trach nhiem trudc phap luat ve viec xac nhan cua cdng an phudng (xa) Hoac cd the uy quydn cho cdng an tinh (thanh phd) dupe cap ho chieu phd thong cho ngudi lao dong tren co sd xac nhan va de nghi cua cdng an phudng (xa) ma khdng can qua xac nhan cua cdng an huyen (quan) * Cach thu: hai: Cho phep viec xac nhan doi vdi nhan than ngudi lao dong don xin cap ho chieu phd thong cua cdng an dia phuong tir phudng (xa) den tinh (thanh phd) cd the tien hanh cho bat cu mot cdng dan nao cd nguyen vong di lam viec d nudc ngoai, khdng can ddi hoi cd giay phep cung nhu cac loai giay td khac Nhu v&y, thi ngudi lao dong cd the’ lam san don vdi day du xac nhan cua cdng an cac cap va dupc tuyen chon di lam viec d nudc ngoai se nhanh chong 99 dap tmg hd so de lam thu tuc ho chieu Hon nua, ngudi lao,dong se chu dong, khong bi khong che thdi gian lam thu tuc d co quan cong an dia phuomg, do se phan nao han che duqc tieu cue d khau dong thdi d£ tao dieu kien cho ngudi lao dong, can phai qui dinh cu thd muc nop le phi thaim tra va thdi han xac nhan cu the vdi timg cap cong an tir phudng (xa) len den tinh (thanh pho) Tom lai: Thuc hien nhung giai phap tren nham rut ngdn thdi gian lam thu tuc xuat canh cho ngudi lao dong di lam viec d nudc ngoai dam bao phii hqp vdi ddi hoi cua thi trudng lao dong 3.3.3.5 Tang cudng cong tac tra, kiem tra; quan ly chat che lao dong d nudc ngoai nhim ngan chan hien tuqng bo tron + Tang cudng cong tac quan ly, tra, kiem tra ddi vdi hoat dong XKLD cua nganh Xay dung Trong thdi gian vira qua cong tac tra, kiem tra hoat dong XKLD cua ca nudc noi chung cua nganh Xay dung noi rieng chua duqc quan tam diing mire, phat hien va xir ly cac hien tuqng tieu cue cong tac XKLD chua duqc kip thdi Khong ft to chirc ca nhan lqi dung chii truong cua Dang va Nha nudc cong tac XKLD da dung td chuc XKLD bat hqp phap thu tien bat hqp phap cua ngudi lao dong, co nhieu trudng hqp lira dao tien cua ngudi lao dong vdi sd luqng ldn hang vai tram trieu roi bo tron Nhung hien tuqng da gay anh hudng va thiet hai ldn den ngudi lao dong, doanh nghiep Do chat luqng lao dong dua di kem da lam giam uy tin cua lao dong Viet Nam ddi vdi cac ddi tac nudc ngoai De sdm khde phuc tinh trang tren nham bao ve quyen lqi cua ngudi lao dong, can phai tang cudng cong tac quan ly Nha nudc ddi vdi linh vuc Tang cudng va nang cao chat luqng cong tac tra kiem tra, phat hien va xir ly kip thdi nghiem minh cac hien tuqng tieu cue hoat dong XKLD lap lai trat tu ky cucmg tang cudng phap che Nha nudc linh vuc + Bien phap ngdn chan hien tuung bo tron Trong linh vuc XKLD cua nudc ta hien dang say hien tuqng ngudi lao dong Viet nam noi chung va cua nganh Xay dung noi rieng lam viec co hqp ddng d mot sd nudc tu y pha vd hqp ddng bo tron khoi xi nghiep di lam chui d 100 ngoai Nguyen nhan co ban din den tinh trang tren la: Do mire luong qua chenh lech giua lam viec theo hop ddng va lam viec bat hop phap d ngoai Trong dd co che chinh sach cua Nha nudc ta linh vuc chua hoan thien, chu yeu mdi de cao trach nhiem cua doanh nghiep XKLD do'i vdi ngudi lao dong ma chua dat trach nhiem cao cua ngudi lao dong ddi vdi doanh nghiep XKLD va dd dam bao thuc hien hop ddng ngudi lao dong hien mdi chi phai dat coc mot lupng tien nho (muc dat coc khong qua gia ve may bay mot chieu tir Viet nam den nudc nhan lao dong), chua de nhung bien phap xir ly nghiem minh vdi nhung trudng hop bo tron De giai quyet va ngan chan tinh trang bo tron, ve phia Nha nudc can co cac giai phap sau: - Ddi vdi sd lao dong da bo tron ngoai lam an bat hpp phap: Cac co quan cd thaim quydn cua Nha nudc can phoi hpp vdi cac co quan chuc nang cua nudc su dung lao dong thong nhat an dinh mot thdi han de sd trinh dien tren co sd dd cd bien phap giap due va tiep nhan ho trd lai lam viec Neu qua thdi han cho phep, ho khong trinh dien thi can cd bien phap xir ly cung rdn bang each true xuat ve nudc dd giao due, cai tao, lam bai hoc ran de cho nhung trudng hop khac - Nha nudc cung nhu Bo Xay dung phai sdm cd van ban qui dinh rd trach nhiem cua doanh nhiep XKLD ngudi lao dong va gia dinh ho de ngan chan hien tuong bd tron hay tien tdi ban hanh phap lenh ve chong tron XKLD Ddi vdi ngudi lao dong don phuong cham dut hpp ddng, bd tron : *Phai bi phat tien boi thudng thiet hai cho doanh nghiep XKLD va Nha nudc, bi true xuat ve nudc *Khong dupe thuc hien che thdi viec, khong dupe tai XKLD, khong dupe thuc hien chfnh sach bao hiem xa hoi d nudc tai nan lao dong hoac chet * Ngoai theo mile vi pham co the bi truy cuu trach nhiem hinh su + Ddi vdi td chuc, ca nhan moi gidi, du dd, loi keo ngudi lao dong bd tron can phai nghiem tri theo muc vi pham co the bi truy cuu trach nhiem hinh su 101 3.3.3.6 Ve co che Thiet lap quan he Nha nudc vdi cac nudc cd nhu cau sir dung lao dong,: Nha nudc ddng vai tro quyet dinh cho su On dinh va phat trien XKLD Ngoai chuc nang xac dinh chu truong, dinh hudng chien luge de’ hd trg cho XKLD phat trien, Chinh phii co vai tro het sue to ldn phat trien thi trudng lao dong ngoai nudc cung la khau mang tinh quyet dinh qui trinh XKLD cua bat ky nudc nao Thiet lap quan he Nha nudc, hinh he thong vien lao dong dd tham muu, tu van cho nha nudc cac Hiep dinh khung hoac cac thoa thuan nguyen tac de md dudng cho cac doanh nghiep ky ket va thuc hien cac hgp ddng cu the Ddi vdi cac nudc XKLD truyen thong, vai tro cua vien lao dong rat ldn, cd tinh quyet dinh cho viec tham nhap, canh tranh chiem llnh thi trudng 3.3.3.7 Kien nghi ve llnh vuc nhan thau cdng trinh d nudc ngoai cua XKLD nganh Xay dung De’ hudng tdi thuc hien chu truong ciia Nha nudc la nhan thau cdng trinh d nudc ngoai cua XKLD nganh Xay dung, ngoai su chu dong cua Nganh can cd su hd trg chi dao cua Nha nudc ve thong tin thi trudng dau thau; cua co quan dai dien Viet Nam d nudc ngoai, phong thuong mai dai su quan Nha nudc cd chinh sach dau tu, cho vay vdi lai suat hgp ly, dai han, tao dieu kien cho cac doanh nghiep trung thau xay dung d nudc ngoai lam viec tot, xay dung cd chat lugng, dep tao uy tin lau dai vi xay dung cdng trinh can dau tu ldn nhung thu hdi von lau, cd nhieu rui ro Mat khac can cd chinh sach thue phii hgp vdi cac doanh nghiep nam nhan thau cong trinh d nudc ngoai Viec dau thau, nhan thau cac cdng trinh d nudc ngoai, cac doanh nghiep xay dung cd khd khan ldn ve xe, may thi cong, trang thiet bi chu yeu phuc vu xay lap Cac doanh nghiep xay dung cd the dua di hoac thue d nudc sd tai Do vay Nha nudc can co chinh sach uu dai muc thue hgp ly cho viec tai xuat, tai nhap nhung xe may va trang thiet bi phuc vu thi cdng xay lap cac cdng trinh xay dung d nudc ngoai 102 KET LUAN Vdi tinh hinh thirc te hien cua nudc ta, day manh XKLD la mot dinh hudng dung dan cua Dang va Nha nudc ta, dap img duoc ddi hoi cua thuc tidn va nguyen vong cua quan chung nhan dan Nghien cuu tinh hinh thuc te cua nganh Xay dung, thuc trang XKLD cua Nganh nhung nam qua cho thay cong tac XKLD da giai quyet duqc nhung nhiem vu cu thd cua timg giai doan gop phan vao viec phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua dat nudc De tai chia toan bo qua trinh XKLD cua nganh Xay dung cung nhu cua Viet Nam noi chung suot 25 nam ba giai doan tuong ung vdi cac co che quan ly kinh te va phat trien hoat dong XKLD Diem noi bat cua hoat dong XKLD cua nganh Xay dung giai doan trudc 1990 la hinh thirc cung cap lao dong chu yeu thong qua Hiep dinh ky ket giua Chinh phu Viet Nam vdi Chinh phu cac nudc va viec tuyen chon, phan phoi va quan ly lao dong xuat khau theo co che ke hoach hoa Thi trudng tiep nhan phan ldn lao dong cua nganh Xay dung chu yeu la cac nudc XHCN Ket qua XKLD cua nganh Xay dung giai doan da ddng gop khong nho cho sir phat trien cua dat nudc cai thien ddi sdng nhan dan va dac biet da tao mot doi ngu cong nhan ky thuat lanh nghe cho dat nudc Xet tren quan diem lich sir thi giai doan dat ndn mong co ban cho hoat dong XKLD ve sau Trong giai doan tir 1991 den nay, XKLD nganh Xay dung duqc thuc hien theo co che thi trudng cd sir dieu tiet cua Nha nudc, da cd nhung budc tien ldn Moi trudng canh tranh thuc sir gay git dang tac dong manh den he thong cac doanh nghiep XKLD nganh Xay dung va de tdn tai va phat trien, cac doanh nghiep da va dang dan thich nghi vdi co che va mdi trudng canh tranh mdi Tir nam 1991 -1999, hoat dong XKLD nganh Xay dung da dat duqc ket qua to ldn la cung vdi XKLD ca nudc da thay ddi duqc co che va each thuc td chuc thuc hien, da chuyen ddi duqc thi trudng sang nhirng khu vuc mdi Van de ton tai ldn nhat la tinh bat cap viec hoach dinh chinh sach kinh te vi md ve XKLD va thuc te thuc hien chinh sach dd cung nhu viec chua nhay ben vdi thi trudng cua cac doanh nghiep XKLD nganh Xay dung, sir hd tro va ket hqp chua chat che giua doanh nghiep XKLD va co quan quan ly Nha nudc Nang lire canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep XKLD nganh Xay dung chua cao 103 Trong giai doan tir 2000 den nay, tren co so nen mong tir giai doan trade XKLD nganh Xay dimg da dat dupe nhung tien bo nhat dinh viec tri, md rong cac thi trtrdng truydn thong va khai thong cac thi trirdng mdi, thich ung dupe vdi tinh hinh mdi boi canh toan cau hoa Bo Xay dung cung da cd mot sd de an cu the ve XKLD cho mot sd thi trudng Tuy nhien XKLD cua Nganh van chua dap ting dupe thuc te, tuong xtrng vdi tiem nang cua Nganh cung nhu cua dat nudc De’ khac phuc ton tai va thuc day XKLD nganh Xay dung, can phai thuc hien mot loat cac giai phap ldn tir phia cac doanh nghiep, nganh Xay dung cung nhu hoan thien chinh sach vl mo cua Nha nudc; tap trung hd trp, dau tu cho cac trung tarn dao tao phuc vu cho XKLD td chuc sap xep lai he thong cac doanh nghiep XKLD nganh Xay dung, cd chinh sach phat trien thi trudng Thi trudng lao dong quoc te van rong md khac phuc nhung ton tai cdng tac XKLD cua nganh Xay dung thdi gian qua, tim cac giai phap thich hpp de phat trien cd the tin rang cdng tac XKLD cua nganh Xay dung se gop phan to ldn vao viec phat trien cua nudc ta 104 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Chu bien: PGS.TS Do Dire Binh TS Nguyen Thuong Lang (2005), Giao trinh “Kinh te quoc te”, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc ky thuat Chu bien: GS.TS To Xuan Dan (1998), Giao trinh “Chinh sach kinh te doi ngoai ”, Nha xuat ban Thong ke Chu bien: PGS.TS Nguydn Thi Hudng (2003), Giao trinh “Kinh doanh quoc te”, Nha xuat ban Lao dong xa hoi Chu bien: GS.TS Pham Due Thanh PGS.TS Mai Quoc Chanh (1998), Giao trinh “Kinh telao dong”, Nha xuat ban Thong ke Bo luat lao dong - Nha xuat ban chinh tri quoc gia 1997 Bo Lao dong - Thuong binh va Xa hoi (/99