DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY pdf

DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY Edited by John S. D. Chan DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY Edited by John S. D. Chan Diabetic Nephropathy Edited by John S. D. Chan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jana Sertic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Diabetic Nephropathy, Edited by John S. D. Chan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0543-5 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Systemic and Local Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy 1 Chapter 1 Up-Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes and Hypertension: Implications on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy 3 Dulce Elena Casarini, Danielle Yuri Arita, Tatiana Sousa Cunha, Fernanda Aparecida Ronchi, Danielle Sanches Aragão, Rodolfo Mattar Rosa, Nadia Sousa Cunha Bertoncello and Fernanda Klein Marcondes Chapter 2 Renal Angiotensinogen Gene Expression and Tubular Atrophy in Diabetic Nephropathy 31 Brice E. T. Nouthe, Maya Saleh, Shao-Ling Zhang and John S. D. Chan Chapter 3 Diabetic Nephropathy: Role of Aldosterone and Benefits of Therapy with Aldosterone Receptor Blocker 41 Jayson Yap and Mohammad G. Saklayen Chapter 4 Drug and Diabetic Nephropathy 57 Rozina Rani Section 2 Novel Therapeutic Molecules in Diabetic Nephropathy 83 Chapter 5 Kidney ADP-Ribosyl Cyclase Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Tool for Diabetic Nephropathy 85 Uh-Hyun Kim Chapter 6 Significance of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGE) and the Receptor for AGE (RAGE) in Diabetic Nephropathy 97 Tarek Kamal, Yasuhiko Yamamoto and Hiroshi Yamamoto VI Contents Chapter 7 The Contribution of Fibronectin ED-A Expression to Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation in Diabetic Renal Fibrosis 109 Keisuke Ina, Hirokazu Kitamura, Shuji Tatsukawa and Yoshihisa Fujikura Chapter 8 Immunoinflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options 127 Virginia Lopez-Parra, Beñat Mallavia, Jesus Egido and Carmen Gomez-Guerrero Chapter 9 Study of Diabetic Hypertensive Nephropathy in the Local Population of Pakistan 147 Samreen Riaz and Saadia Shahzad Alam Preface The idea for publishing a book on diabetic nephropathy has been developed during the last several years as my interest in studying diabetic complications has increased. The need for a book that described the various novel and old molecules involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy and the trend of future research became apparent. The book describes the important role of intrarenal renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system and immune system in the development of diabetic nephropathy as well as provided data on the biochemical and pathological changes in diabetic nephropathy. Relevant information on the treatments of diabetic nephropathy is also provided. The authors are internationally known for their work in diabetic nephropathy. Each chapter has been peer-reviewed and edited and provide up-to-date information on the topic. I hope that the book will be useful for researchers working in the field of diabetic nephropathy. John S. D. Chan Professor of Medicine at the Université de Montréal, Chief of the Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology and Endocrinology, Research Centre - Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal, Canada Section 1 Systemic and Local Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy [...]... physiology of the RAS in DM and hypertension, highlighting the importance of this system in diabetic nephropathy The RAS is up or down regulated in the kidney and Table 2 summarizes the role of components of the RAS in diabetic nephropathy Figure 6 presents our understanding of the intrarenal RAS in diabetic nephropathy Increased Ang II is responsible for both intrarenal insulin resistence and renal... copy, however the BP of the three-copy diabetic mice with genetically higher ACE activity increased with time, and 12 weeks after induction of diabetes were 10-20 mmHg higher than the BPs of the one and two copy diabetic mice (Huang et al.; 2001) Up-Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes and Hypertension: Implications on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy 17 Regarding ACE2, differences... 2008), pp 84-87, ISSN 1043-2760 20 Diabetic Nephropathy Carey, R.M & Siragy, H.M (2003a) Newly recognized components of the renin-angiotensin system: potential roles in cardiovascular and renal regulation Endocrine Reviews, Vol.24, No.3 (June 2003a), pp 261–271, ISSN 0163-769X Carey, R.M & Siragy, H.M (2003b) The intrarenal rennin-angiotensin system and diabetic nephropathy Trends in Endocrinology... A.; Bortoloso, E.; Mauer, M & Fioretto, P (2000) Structural involvement in type 1 and type 2 diabetic nephropathy Diabetes & Metabolism, Vol.26 (Suppl 4), (July 2000), pp 8-14, ISSN 1262-3636 Up-Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes and Hypertension: Implications on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy 21 Danilczyk, U & Penninger, J.M (2006) Angiotensin-converting enzyme II in the heart... pp 28-35, ISSN 0931-0509 22 Diabetic Nephropathy Ferrari, R (2005) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in cardiovascular disease: evidence with perindopril Expert Reviews of Cardiovascular Therapy, Vol.3, No.1 (January 2005), pp 15-29, ISSN: 1477-9072 Ferrario, C.; Abdelhamed, A.I & Moore, M (2004) Angiotensin antagonists in hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy: focus in losartan... System in Diabetes and Hypertension: Implications on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy 27 Oudit, G.Y.; Liu, G.C.; Zhong, J.; Basu, R.; Chow, F.L.; Zhou, J.; Loibner, H.; Janzek, E.; Schuster, M.; Penninger, J.M.; Herzenberg, A.M.; Kassiri, Z & Scholey, J.W (2010) Human recombinant ACE2 reduces the progression of diabetic nephropathy Diabetes, Vol.59, No.2, (February 2010), pp 29-38, ISSN 0012-1797... Cockram, C.S (2000) Long-term effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and metabolic control in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients Kidney International, Vol.57, No.2, (February 2000), pp 590600, ISSN 0085-2538 Choudhury, D.; Tuncel, M & Levi, M (2010) Diabetic nephropathy a multifaceted target of new therapies Discovery Medicine, (November 2010), Vol.10, No.54, pp 406-415, ISSN 1539-6509... upregulation of ACE2, and the subsequent increase in Ang 1-7 levels, may be a compensatory response to 14 Diabetic Nephropathy protect against tissue injury In fact, in response to chronic injury, ACE2 protein levels are significantly downregulated in the kidneys of hypertensive (Crackower et al.; 2002), diabetic (Tikellis et al.; 2003) and pregnant rats (Brosnihan et al.; 2004; Brosnihan et al.; 2003) suggesting... et al., 2004 Ronchi et al., 2007 Maia et al., 2004 Lewis et al., 1993; Yusuf et al., 2000 Colucci et al., 2011; Wong et al., 2007 Wong et al.,2002 Table 2 RAS is up- or down-regulated in diabetic kidneys 18 Diabetic Nephropathy research is open in this field New pathways and signaling compounds can be discovered explaining the modulation of the RAS resulting in expression of other genes Extracellular... Gallois, Y.; Bouby, N.; Bruneval, P.; Heudes, D.; Belair, M.F.; Krege, J.H.; Meneton, P.; Marre, M.; Smithies, O & Alhenc-Gelas, F (2001) Genetically 24 Diabetic Nephropathy increased angiotensin I-converting enzyme level and renal complications in diabetic mouse Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol.98, No 23, (November 2001), pp 13330-13334, ISSN 0027-8424 . DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY Edited by John S. D. Chan DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY Edited by John S. D. Chan Diabetic Nephropathy Edited by John S and Diabetic Nephropathy 57 Rozina Rani Section 2 Novel Therapeutic Molecules in Diabetic Nephropathy 83 Chapter 5 Kidney ADP-Ribosyl Cyclase Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Tool for Diabetic Nephropathy. development of diabetic nephropathy as well as provided data on the biochemical and pathological changes in diabetic nephropathy. Relevant information on the treatments of diabetic nephropathy