DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY Edited by John S. D. Chan Diabetic Nephropathy Edited by John S. D. Chan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jana Sertic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Diabetic Nephropathy, Edited by John S. D. Chan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0543-5 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Systemic and Local Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy 1 Chapter 1 Up-Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin System in Diabetes and Hypertension: Implications on the Development of Diabetic Nephropathy 3 Dulce Elena Casarini, Danielle Yuri Arita, Tatiana Sousa Cunha, Fernanda Aparecida Ronchi, Danielle Sanches Aragão, Rodolfo Mattar Rosa, Nadia Sousa Cunha Bertoncello and Fernanda Klein Marcondes Chapter 2 Renal Angiotensinogen Gene Expression and Tubular Atrophy in Diabetic Nephropathy 31 Brice E. T. Nouthe, Maya Saleh, Shao-Ling Zhang and John S. D. Chan Chapter 3 Diabetic Nephropathy: Role of Aldosterone and Benefits of Therapy with Aldosterone Receptor Blocker 41 Jayson Yap and Mohammad G. Saklayen Chapter 4 Drug and Diabetic Nephropathy 57 Rozina Rani Section 2 Novel Therapeutic Molecules in Diabetic Nephropathy 83 Chapter 5 Kidney ADP-Ribosyl Cyclase Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Tool for Diabetic Nephropathy 85 Uh-Hyun Kim Chapter 6 Significance of Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGE) and the Receptor for AGE (RAGE) in Diabetic Nephropathy 97 Tarek Kamal, Yasuhiko Yamamoto and Hiroshi Yamamoto VI Contents Chapter 7 The Contribution of Fibronectin ED-A Expression to Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation in Diabetic Renal Fibrosis 109 Keisuke Ina, Hirokazu Kitamura, Shuji Tatsukawa and Yoshihisa Fujikura Chapter 8 Immunoinflammation in Diabetic Nephropathy: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options 127 Virginia Lopez-Parra, Beñat Mallavia, Jesus Egido and Carmen Gomez-Guerrero Chapter 9 Study of Diabetic Hypertensive Nephropathy in the Local Population of Pakistan 147 Samreen Riaz and Saadia Shahzad Alam Preface The idea for publishing a book on diabetic nephropathy has been developed during the last several years as my interest in studying diabetic complications has increased. The need for a book that described the various novel and old molecules involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy and the trend of future research became apparent. The book describes the important role of intrarenal renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system and immune system in the development of diabetic nephropathy as well as provided data on the biochemical and pathological changes in diabetic nephropathy. Relevant information on the treatments of diabetic nephropathy is also provided. The authors are internationally known for their work in diabetic nephropathy. Each chapter has been peer-reviewed and edited and provide up-to-date information on the topic. I hope that the book will be useful for researchers working in the field of diabetic nephropathy. John S. D. Chan Professor of Medicine at the Université de Montréal, Chief of the Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology and Endocrinology, Research Centre - Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) Montréal, Canada . DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY Edited by John S. D. Chan Diabetic Nephropathy Edited by John S. D. Chan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka,. developed during the last several years as my interest in studying diabetic complications has increased. The need for a book that described the various novel and old molecules involved in the development. these complications, diabetic nephropathy (DN), the most common etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in adults in the Western world (Choudhury