The Reality Of Teaching And Learning Pronunciaton At Quynh Coi High School In Thai Binh - Problems And Solutions.pdf

Output file VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** HOÀNG THỊ DUYÊN THE REALITY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING[.]

VIET NAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES & INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ***************** HOÀNG THỊ DUYÊN THE REALITY OF TEACHING AND LEARNING PRONUNCIATION AT QUYNH COI HIGH SCHOOL IN THAI BINH: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS (Thực trạng dậy học ngữ âm trường PTTH Quỳnh Côi, Thái Bình: vấn đề giải pháp) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Methodology Code: 601410 Supervisor: TỪ THỊ MINH THÚY M.Ed Hanoi, December 2010 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study 1.2 Aims of the study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the study 1.5 Methods of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Design of the study CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pronunciation concepts 2.2 Features of pronunciation 2.3 Teaching pronunciation 2.3.1 The importance of teaching/ learning pronunciation and a “paradox” 2.3.1.1 The importance of teaching and learning pronunciation 2.3.1.2 A “paradox” 2.3.2 Teachers’ roles in teaching pronunciation 2.3.3 Approaches, techniques and activities in teaching pronunciation 10 2.3.3.1 Approaches in teaching pronunciation 10 2.3.3.2 Techniques and activities 10 2.4 Learning pronunciation 12 2.4.1 Factors affecting learning pronunciation 12 2.4.2 Students’ roles in learning pronunciation 13 2.5 Teachers’ and students’ problems in teaching and learning pronunciation 13 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Description of the setting 16 16 3.1.1 Description of the school 16 3.1.2 Description of the course 16 3.2 Subjects 16 v 3.3 Research methods 17 3.4 Data collection procedures 18 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF THE DATA 4.1 Survey questionnaires 20 20 4.1.1 Teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards teaching and learning pronunciation 20 4.1.2 Students’ pronunciation level 20 4.1.3 Pronunciation teaching and learning time 21 4.1.4 Teachers and students’ problems in teaching and learning pronunciation 22 4.1.5 Teachers’ and students’ problems in teaching and learning intonation and stress 23 4.1.6 Classroom approaches, techniques and activities used by teachers 24 4.1.7 Students’ expectations and teachers’ recommendations to teaching and learning pronunciation 4.2 Classroom observations 4.2.1 Teaching, learning materials and curriculum 25 26 26 4.2.2 Students’ activities and their mistakes in producing stress and intonation 27 4.2.3 Teachers’ approaches and techniques used in teaching pronunciation 27 4.3 Interviews and discussions CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE DATA 29 31 Research question 1: What is the present situation of teaching and learning pronunciation at QC high school? 31 Research question two: What are teachers’ and students’ problems in teaching and learning pronunciation? 32 Research question 3: What teaching techniques can be used to improve teaching pronunciation for students at QCHS? CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34 38 6.1 Conclusions 38 6.2 Recommendations for further studies 38 REREFENCES 40 APPENDICES 42 Appendix 1: Survey questionnaire for teachers 42 vi Appendix 2: Survey questionnaire for students 44 Appendix 3: Classroom observation sheet 46 Appendix 4: Interview questions and transcription 47 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study Nowadays, with the rapid pace of integration and globalization, English becomes a golden key to open the door of many fields such as commerce, communication, science and technology throughout the world Therefore, to meet the demand of the society, it is very necessary to teach English in schools at all levels And the highest target is to get well in communication If one wants to get successful in communication, he must be good at pronunciation: “a threshold level of pronunciation in English such that if a given non-native speaker's pronunciation falls below this level, he or she will not be able to communicate orally no matter how good his or her control of English grammar and vocabulary might be” (Celce-Murcia, 1987:5) In the field of language teaching, the role of pronunciation has varied widely from having virtually no role in the grammar-translation method to being the central focus in the audio-lingual method where emphasis is on the traditional notions of pronunciation, minimal pairs, drills and short conversations The growing emphasis on communicative approaches for the teaching of English has placed higher demands for correct pronunciation Despite this fact, at the upper-secondary school level in Vietnam, in language teaching and learning, compared with vocabulary, grammar and language skills, pronunciation has so far been paid less attention to In the official textbooks used for teaching English at high school level, there are a few exercises for pronunciation practice To make the matter worse, all important English exams at schools as well as the entrance exam to universities are always in written form so most teachers as well as students have little motivation to teach and to learn pronunciation As a result, students are often shy and unconfident to speak in English And that is the reason why the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation still remains one of the most widely problematic subjects in the field of language teaching Coping with this pressing fact, as a language teacher teaching English at Quynh Coi high school (QCHS), the author always thinks of some burning questions: in language teaching and learning, what is the present situation of teaching and learning pronunciation at high school level in QCHS? What are the problems teachers and students face in teaching and learning pronunciation? How to find suitable methods to teach pronunciation? What should teachers to teach pronunciation effectively? How should teachers make students become interested in learning pronunciation? The answers to these questions will help language teachers improve their students’ pronunciation as well as help them make progress in effective communication For the above reasons, the author decides to carry out the study entitled: “The reality of teaching and learning pronunciation at Quynh Coi high school: problems and solutions” 1.2 Aims of the study The main purpose of this study is to discover the reality of teaching and learning pronunciation at Quynh Coi high school, especially to find out problems that teachers and students often have in pronunciation lessons The writer also hopes to make some feasible solutions that can help the English teachers overcome those problems and improve students’ pronunciation 1.3 Research questions The above aims of the study can be realized by answering the following research questions: (1) What is the present situation of teaching and learning pronunciation at QCHS? (2) Which problems the teachers and students at QCHS face in pronunciation lessons? (3) What teaching techniques can be used to improve teaching pronunciation for students at QCHS? 1.4 Scope of the study As a case study, this study focuses on the reality of teaching and learning two aspects of English pronunciation: stress and intonation for the 12th form students at Quynh Coi high school The subjects of the study are 12th form students those are familiar with learning pronunciation for two years at high school Moreover, stress and intonation are two major aspects of pronunciation introduced in the official textbook used by the 12th form students Other characteristics of English pronunciation would not be deeply investigated in this research 1.5 Methods of the study In order to fulfill the tasks mentioned above, both qualitative and quantitative methods are selected for this case study, involving the following instruments: survey questionnaires, classroom observations and interviews Firstly, the survey questionnaires were delivered to both teachers and students to investigate the reality of teaching and learning pronunciation at QCHS Then, some classroom observations and interviews with some English teachers have been also conducted to get supplementary information Finally, the results obtained from questionnaires, observations and interviews have been discussed and analyzed to with a hope for providing language teacher with some feasible teaching techniques to work successfully with their students 1.6 Significance of the study This study hopes to make contribution to teaching pronunciation at high school level in Vietnam and the result of the study is considered to be useful for teachers and students at school Thus, this study will be an interesting reference material for any high school language teachers in Vietnam, especially for those who are in favor of improving their students' pronunciation This research will help teachers and students identify their problems in teaching and learning pronunciation and self- improve their pronunciation 1.7 Design of the study This thesis consists of six main chapters: Chapter one is the INTRODUCTION including the rationales, the aims, the scope, the research questions, the methods, the significance and the design of the research It expresses the reason why the author decided to choose this study and the methods for the fulfillment of the study Chapter two is the LITERATURE REVIEW It starts with theoretical issues on pronunciation concepts, features of pronunciation, importance, problems, approaches, techniques and activities, as well as teachers’ roles in teaching pronunciation It also covers such factors in learning pronunciation as students’ motivation, other subjective and objective factors, and students’ roles Problems in teaching and learning pronunciation are in the last part of the LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter three is the METHODOLOGY Chapter three starts with the description of the setting and the participants It also presents how data was collected through the research methods and research procedures Chapter four is the PRESENTATION OF THE DATA, in which the outcomes of the collected data are presented A summary of the results and a general narrative description is also provided Chapter five is the ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE DATA In this chapter, collected data is analysed and findings is explained Chapter six is the CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter shows what the author learnt from the study It also includes some recommendations for other teachers and for further study CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Pronunciation concepts The notion of pronunciation has been defined in many different ways by writers Generally speaking, pronunciation is simply defined as “the way in which a word is spoken” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Encyclopedic, 1992) or “the way in which a word is usually pronounced” (Longman dictionary of contemporary English, 1978) In the book “Pronunciation” published in 1994, Christiane Dalton and Barbara Seidlhofer (1994:3) consider pronunciation “as the production of significant sound” They look at the word in two senses First, it is used as part of a code of a particular language That is the reason why English sounds are distinguished from sounds of other languages In this sense, pronunciation can be told as the production and reception of sounds of speech Second, sound is used to achieve meaning in contexts of use Here the code combines with other factors to make communication possible In this sense pronunciation is referred with reference to acts of speaking In the scope of this study, the concept of pronunciation can be described as “a way of speaking a word, especially a way that is accepted or generally understood” (American Heritage Dictionary, 1992) or “may be said to conclude the sounds of the language or phonology; stress and rhythm; intonation; combination sounds; linkage of sound” (Ur, 1996) 2.2 Features of pronunciation Gerald Kelly (2000) points out main features of pronunciation including phonemes and suprasegmental features, in which consonants and vowels belong to phonemes, intonation and stress are two main parts of suprasegmental Phonemes are units of sound, they are known as segments Suprasegmental features are features of speech which apply to groups of segments, or phonemes The features which are important in English are stress, intonation, and how sounds change in connected speech The following diagram shows a breakdown of the main features of pronunciation: Phonemes Suprasegmental features Consonants Voiced Vowels Intonation Single vowels Unvoiced Short Diphthongs Stress Word stress Sentence stress Long Features of pronunciation (Kelly, 2000:1) As seen from the diagram, pronunciation is a broad subject with the boundaries of various items such as consonants, vowels, stress, and intonation This study is intended to focus on two major features of pronunciation: intonation and stress are deeply investigated According to Quirk R and Greenbaun S (1973:450), stress is the prominence with one part of a word or of a longer utterance is distinguished from other parts This can be understood like this: when an English word consists of more than one syllable, one of these syllables is made to stand out more than the others This is done by saying the syllable louder For instance, in such words as “English”, “teacher”, and “student” the first syllables are stressed Intonation is an important part that most teachers have to deal with when teaching connected speech, it refers to the way the voice “goes up and down in pitch” (Kelly, 2000: 86) when we are speaking It plays a vital role in helping people express their opinions, and understanding thought of others In short, the word “pronunciation” is like a big umbrella covering various sub-items as consonants, vowels, intonations, stress, etc With such big boundaries of items, language teachers and learners have to think of how to master these key aspects, especially stress and intonation, to be successful in teaching and learning pronunciation 2.3 Teaching pronunciation 2.3.1 The importance of teaching/ learning pronunciation and a “paradox” 2.3.1.1 The importance of teaching and learning pronunciation The teacher has a mission to provide appropriate input of the target sounds for learners to hear Teacher needs to check that their students are hearing sounds according to the appropriate categories and help them develop new categories if necessary  Helping learners to make sounds: It is true that some English sounds not exist in the learners’ mother tongue Some learners may be able to imitate the target sounds if they are provided models However, for those who lack such an ability, it is teachers’ duty to explain the way those difficult sounds are made and provide aids to help learners produce correct sounds  Providing feedback: Students need to be told where they are standing, how much they have gained and what they need to improve because sometimes, students themselves can not know whether they are making mistakes or not The teacher must provide them with feedbacks on their performance  Pointing out what is going on: In many cases, learners fail to realize what and how they are speaking, as speaking is for most parts unconsciously controlled, learners may sometimes make mistakes in the way they produce a particular sequence of sounds, or put stress in an incorrect place, leading to misunderstanding It is the teachers’ role to specify the area that learners have to pay attention to so as not to cause miscomprehension  Establishing priorities: Native-like pronunciation is not easy to achieve Therefore, learners need a guide to tell them about what aspects they should master, what aspects they not need to be “perfect” Inevitably, when learning a foreign language, it is dealt if learners master every aspect of it However, as this is somehow unrealistic, learners should learn to satisfy at an accepted level of those aspects which are not vital The level at which learners can feel satisfied at depends on different situations for different individuals  Devising activities: It is not easy for teachers to cover all activities in a limited time Thus, teachers need to identify what exercises will be suitable for their learners, what activities would bring them the best effect In devising them, however, it should be accepted that certain activities are more suitable to some students than others 10  Assessing progress: An important role of teacher is to assess progress Learners need to know at what level they are in pronunciation Tests allocated at appropriate times will serve as a strong motivation for students When they look at their marks, they have a clear sense of how much they have gained Judging learners’ pronunciation performance is very complicated However, this should be done accordingly 2.3.3 Approaches, techniques and activities in teaching pronunciation 2.3.3.1 Approaches in teaching pronunciation In the book “Teaching pronunciation” (Celce-Murcia M., et al., 1996: 2), the authors point out two general approaches to the teaching of pronunciation in the modern time, namely intuitive-imitative approach and analytic-linguistic approach An intuitive-imitative approach depends on “the learners’ ability to listen to and imitate the rhythms and sounds of the target language without the intervention of any explicit information” This means the teaching of pronunciation depends largely on the teacher’s turning on and rewinding a cassette player (or another instrument), and the main activities in the class are listening and repeating In this approach, the teacher has no responsibility to explain how sounds are formed or produced and the learners their main task of listening and imitating, and it is expected that learners will gradually gain pronunciation competence Meanwhile, an analytic-linguistic approach “utilizes information and tools such as a phonetic alphabet, articulator descriptions, charts of the vocal apparatus and other aids to supplement listening, imitation, and production” (Celce-Murcia M., et al., 1996: 2) In this approach, learners are given explanation as well as training on how to form particular sounds of the target language Between these two approaches, there is no scale on whether which one is better Choosing to apply which approach into teaching pronunciation depends on teachers themselves and the level of learners To well with these two approaches, it is a need for both teachers and learners to fulfill knowledge of articulator system such as consonants, vowels, stress, and intonation, etc In this study, the author considers the use of both approaches to gain best effect in teaching and learning pronunciation 2.3.3.2 Techniques and activities 11 Pronunciation is never an end in itself, thus to receive expected result in teaching and learning pronunciation, teachers have made use of a great deal of techniques It may be taught in isolation or in combination with language skills of speaking, listening, reading or writing Supported by Kelly (2000:16); and Celce, et al (1996:8), some common techniques are:  Drilling: One of the main ways in which pronunciation is practiced in the classroom is through drilling In its most basic form, drilling simply involves the teacher saying a word or a structure, and getting class to repeat it  Listen and imitate” The pronunciation of the target language is provided by the teacher or tape recorders, language labs, etc students are to listen to a sequence of sounds or sentences and repeat it  Chaining: This can be used for sentences which prove difficult for students to pronounce, either because they are long, or because they include difficult words and sounds The above mentioned techniques are nearly similar; they usually take two forms, which are either all-class or individual These two forms are actually the two phase of the same techniques Normally, at first, the whole class repeats after certain sound and phrases After a certain amount of class-drilling, individual students take turns and pronounce those items themselves  Phonetic training: This technique makes use of articulator descriptions, articulator diagrams and a phonetic alphabet Learners are provided with basic theoretical knowledge about how sounds are formed They are also aided by the teacher to make genuine sound production  Minimal pair drills: These relate to words which differ from each other only one phoneme Normally, students are allowed to listen to the tape and distinguish between the two sounds This type of activities is particularly useful to teach sounds which causes difficulties for learners or sounds that are mismatched  Contextualized minimal pair: 12 In this technique, the teacher establishes the setting and present key vocabulary; students are then trained to respond to a sentence stem with the appropriate meaningful response When minimal pair drills seem a bit boring and too theoretical with separated sounds, the contextualization seems to be more useful because it is more practical  Tongue Twisters: This technique rooted from speech correction strategies for native speakers When other techniques look serious and sometimes put learners under pressure, tongue twisters provide a more delighting way to learn pronunciation Sounds which are difficult to differentiate are put together to make meaningful sentences  Reading aloud/recitation: Students are provided with a passage or scripts and then read aloud, focusing on stress, timing and intonation This activity is often done with texts such as poems, rhymes, song lyrics, etc  Recording of learners’ production This technique can use audio-tape, video-tapes of rehearsed and spontaneous speeches, free conversations, and role plays It needs the feedbacks of teachers as well as self-evaluation  Practice of vowel shifts and stress shifts related by affixation: Base on rule of generative phonology, used with intermediate or advanced learners The teachers point out the rule-based nature of vowel and stress shifts in etymologically related words to raise awareness; sentences and short texts that contain both number of a pair may be provide as oral practice material such as: PHOtograph and phoTOgraphy 2.4 Learning pronunciation 2.4.1 Factors affecting learning pronunciation According to Joane Kenworthy (1987), there are many factors affecting learning pronunciation, including the native language, the age factor, the amount of exposure, phonetic ability, attitude and identity The native language: it is inevitable that learners’ native language has a great impact on their ability of pronouncing English The “foreign accent” is therefore easy to identity 13 The age factor: it is often assumed that the younger a person starts learning a foreign language, the better he is at pronouncing it and he has a greater chance of having a native-like accent The amount of exposure: people who live in the country where the target language is spoken and is surrounded by an English-speaking environment may have some advantages over some who not Phonetic ability: researches have shown that some people naturally have a “better ear” for a foreign language than others Attitude and identity: results from many studies have shown that learners who have a positive attitude towards speakers of a foreign language tend to have a more native-like pronunciation 2.4.2 Students’ roles in learning pronunciation It is essential that in order to learn a language, motivation plays a vital role The same thing happens to learning pronunciation If students really care much about their pronunciation, they will become more cautious about their speaking, and gradually build up good pronunciation In teaching and learning pronunciation, if teachers play the roles of a “speech coach”, students themselves need to involve in this process as much as possible in order to get good results It is necessary for students to satisfy some demands Firstly, they need to perceive the model as exactly as they can Secondly, they need to response as much as and as well as possible to the recognition, the imitation and repetition activities Lastly, beside the help of the teachers, students should self-correction of their pronunciation mistakes 2.5 Teachers’ and students’ problems in teaching and learning pronunciation Both teachers and students encounter various problems in the process of teaching and learning pronunciation These problems not only arise from the nature of pronunciation itself, but from various subjective and objective factors In the light of the previous and current studies, some major problems that teachers and learners face in teaching and learning pronunciation are: The nature of pronunciation 14 According to Nunan (1991), the problem of acquiring the phonology of a second or a foreign language presents a formidable challenge to any theory of second language acquisition In teaching and learning pronunciation, the biggest problem that most of the English teachers and students complain come from nature of pronunciation English pronunciation itself contains so many complicated factors and invisible rules In the light of this problem, Doff A (1988) listed some common problems that learners often make when they speak English The first is difficulties in pronouncing sounds which not exist in the students’ own language The second is the problems with similar sounds that often cause learners’ confusion The third is difficulties in pronouncing consonant clusters And the last problem mainly comes from English stress and intonation Students seem to have a tendency to give all syllables equal stress and “flat” intonation Class setting A lot of problems in teaching and learning pronunciation come from class setting such as classroom size, quality of the teaching staff, teaching and learning equipment Firstly, a large class causes difficulty in teaching pronunciation At high school, on average, there are over 50 students per class With such a high student-teacher ratio, it is impossible to make sure that the teacher could carry out successful teaching techniques and activities, and the learner is not able to listen and receive what the teacher is saying The quality of teaching staff is also a big problem Most teachers of English are nonnative speakers, and a few of them can have a native-like pronunciation As a result, the language input that students receive every day is from non-native people Therefore, it is impossible to require students to achieve perfect pronunciation Teaching model According to Kelly (2000), in the past, the model of teaching English pronunciation was “received pronunciation”, the pronounciation of people in the southwest England Today, there is a vast number of English: American English, Australian English, etc Thus, it is difficult for teachers to choose what model to teach In fact, each teacher often cannot produce a “perfect” accent without being affected by his own language This fact sometimes causes both teachers and students problems in 15 teaching and learning pronunciation Some teachers not feel confident with their own voice and students not know what input language is perfect to receive Intelligibility Beside factors from the nature of pronunciation, class setting, etc, teaching and learning pronunciation involves in its own problem that Kenworthy (1987) calls it as “intelligibility” He defines “intelligibility” as “being understood by a listener at a given time in a given situation” This means that intelligibility is affected by a number of factors: the speaker, the listener, the time, and the situation This also means that teaching and learning pronunciation depends on many factors, causing many problems for both teachers and students In conclusion, in this chapter, some theoretical backgrounds relating to teaching and learning pronunciation have been pointed out These factors are the pronunciation concepts and their features Factors relating to pronunciation teaching and learning as the importance, the problems, techniques and activities have been also given It cannot be denied that pronunciation and teaching pronunciation is an important part to conduct in any language course It is even more important for those who are or will be teachers of the language Methods of teaching pronunciation are various with different elements of pronunciation What are the attitudes of teachers and learners towards teaching and learning pronunciation? Do teachers and learners have any problems in teaching and learning? What techniques should be used to teach pronunciation? These questions will be discussed in next chapters of the study 16 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Description of the setting 3.1.1 Description of the school To get the aims for this study, the author chose Quynh Coi high school as a case to carry out the investigation Located in Thai Binh, Quynh Coi high school has been known as one of the leading choice of parents and students when they finish the secondary school The school has 36 classes with 90 teachers and 1,800 students Each year, the school enrolls more than 600 new comers 3.1.2 Description of the course At school, all students when pass the entrance exam to the school have to study English as one of the compulsory subjects During the process of learning English at school, students use three English textbooks (English 10, English 11, English 12) focusing on four skills including reading, speaking, listening, writing and language focus part The language focus comprises two major parts: pronunciation and grammar Normally, students start learning pronunciation when they study English 10 However, at grade 10th, students only learn some vowels and simple consonants At grade 11th, students continue to study complex consonants And at grade 12th, students start to be familiar with stress and intonation exercises That is the reason why stress and intonation are two major aspects of pronunciation chosen in this investigation 3.2 Subjects The subjects of this study comprised 10 teachers and 55 12th-form students at QCHS All English teachers were invited to participate in this study They are from 27 to 60 years old, and have taught English for more than years They graduated from both regular and in-service training With those teachers who have taught English for many years, they have teaching experience, but were not well trained They mainly graduated from colleges, even in-service training With younger teachers, they graduated from many different universities: state and non-state universities They are full of motivation, but lack of teaching experience In general, these teachers are good at teaching grammar and not feel confident to deal with 17 speaking, listening, and pronunciation lessons Thus, they often focus their lesson on grammar but the speaking and pronunciation The class that the author chose to study consists of fifty-five 12th-form students These students have had at least years of academic English experience by the time they reach this course However, their English proficiency is not good, especially at pronunciation They may be good at grammar and can these grammar exercises quickly, but can not speak fluently Most of them not feel confident to speak in class and express their ideas in English These students have studied at high school for more than two years Therefore, they have been getting similar with the teaching and studying methods, the conditions and the teaching environment, so it easy for the author to get their consent to participate in the research 3.3 Research methods As mentioned previously, the researcher chose a mixed-method approach to data collection, utilizing triangulation to measure a broad variety of variables in the research Necessary data was gathered directly from the teachers and students participating in the research in several ways: Questionnaires: In order to collect reliable and comprehensive data, two questionnaires were designed: one for teachers and one for students They are both open-ended and close-ended questions Teacher questionnaire (Appendix 1): one survey questionnaire with questions was designed for the teachers to get their ideas of pronunciation teaching and learning reality, problems faced by their students and some recommendations to improve learning pronunciation reality at school To get this aim, the questionnaire is categorized into the following groups:  Teachers’ attitude towards present situation of teaching and learning pronunciation at QCHS;  Approaches, techniques and classroom activities used by teachers in teaching pronunciation;  Problems faced by teachers in teaching pronunciation; and  Teachers’ recommendations of techniques to improve students’ pronunciation 18 Student questionnaire (Appendix 2): another survey questionnaire with questions was designed for students including the following categories:  Students’ attitude towards learning pronunciation, especially stress and intonation;  Students’ problems in learning pronunciation; and  Students’ expectations in learning pronunciation In-depth classroom observations: Six informal classroom observations during regular classroom sessions were used as an additional data source The observations were carried out for two weeks during the course of the study to get more practical information about teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards teaching and learning pronunciation, and difficulties as well as techniques used in pronunciation lessons During the process of observations, the author focused on some aspects taking in class as:  Teaching and learning materials used in class;  Students’ activities and their mistakes in producing pronunciation; and  Teachers’ approaches and techniques used in teaching pronunciation Interviews and discussions (Appendix 3): after collecting data from the survey questionnaires and classroom observations, the author used the post interview in order to get the in-depth discussion about techniques used to improve students’ pronunciation Because it is too difficult for the researcher to conduct long interviews with all teachers, the researcher randomly selected 5/10 teachers for interviews They were willing to express deeply their opinions, and ideas about teaching techniques 3.2.3 Data collection procedures The study was conducted in the first term of the school year 2010-2011 (from September 2010 to December, 2010) At the beginning of the first term, two sets of questionnaires were given to the teachers and the students who agreed to participate in the research After two days, these questionnaires were collected The information from these questionnaires were then summarized and presented in the form of statistics For the following two weeks, the author carried out some classroom observations The observations during six English lessons including one in reading, one in writing, one in listening, one in speaking and two in language focus periods At 19 each session, the researcher took field notes on what happened when the students learned pronunciation Finally, when the information from the survey questionnaires and classroom observations were collected and analyzed, structured interviews were carried out The data collected from three different resources were read through to obtain a sense of the overall data They were then analyzed both descriptively and interpretatively The initial sorting-out process was writing findings in the form of reflective notes and summaries of field notes The information was then displayed in forms of tables and figures while qualitative data from the open-ended questionnaire items, classroom observations and interviews were presented by quoting relevant responses from the respondents 20 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF THE DATA This part, the information from collected data was presented in accordance with the category of data collection instruments 4.1 Survey questionnaires 4.1.1 Teachers’ and students’ attitudes towards teaching and learning pronunciation Assuming that the consideration of the teachers’ and students’ attitude towards teaching and learning pronunciation would be beneficial to the research, at the outset, these factors were surveyed The results, shown in below, reflect that grammar is the most concerning aspect in learning English at high school Surprisingly, only 10% of the teachers think that pronunciation is the most necessary for their students They always pay much attention and time and energy on grammar In contrast, teaching and learning pronunciation as well as developing listening, speaking or reading skills not receive enough attention to Chart 1: Teachers' and students' attitude towards teaching and learning pronuciation 60% 60% 54% 50% Grammar 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Vocabulay 20% 10% 10% Teachers (%) 4.1.2 Students’ pronunciation level 13% 15% Students (%) 18% Pronunciation Skills 21 Chart 2: Teachers' evaluations about students ' pronunciation level 0% 0% 10% 30% Excellent Good Above average Average Under average 60% From the chart 2, we can see an pessimistic reality of students’ level in learning pronunciation at Quynh Coi high school Being asked about this, all the teachers said that students’ level is not equal, however; it is not good as expected 60% teachers said that their students’ level at pronunciation is at average; and even 30% of the students get under average level None of the teachers evaluate their students’ level at pronunciation is Tải FULL (54 trang): https://bit.ly/3Zfz8yM good or excellent Dự phòng: fb.com/TaiHo123doc.net 4.1.3 Pronunciation teaching and learning time Chart presents time that teachers and students spend on teaching and learning pronunciation One more time teachers and students share the same ideas about the fact that too little time is on pronunciation 80% of the teachers and 43% of the students said that they did not have time to spend on teaching and learning pronunciation in one teaching session (45 minutes); 20% of the teachers and 32% of the students spend less than 20 minutes on teaching pronunciation None of the teachers and a very small number of the students teach and learn pronunciation for more than 20 minutes The overall results indicate that the reality of teaching and learning pronunciation at Quynh Coi high school is not positive as expected Although both teachers and students are very optimistic towards teaching and learning pronunciation, students’ level is not good as well as time spent on teaching pronunciation is limited during one normal teaching session 22 Chart 3: Teachers' and students' time on teaching and learning pronunciation 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 80% 20% 43% 32% 18% 0% Less than 20’ 0% From 20’ to 45’ 7% More than 45’ Teacher (%) Students (%) No time spending on pronunciation only 4.1.4 Teachers and students’ problems in teaching and learning pronunciation Tải FULL (54 trang): https://bit.ly/3Zfz8yM Dự phòng: fb.com/TaiHo123doc.net Chart 4: Teachers' and students' problems in teaching and learning pronunciation 100% 90% 22% 27% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 20% 6% 22% 1% Students’ competence Students’ motivation 20% 53% 30% 20% 1% Teaching and learning time 27% Class setting Nature of pronunciation 10% 0% Teacher (%) Students (/%) Chart shows that both the teachers and the students face many problems during the process of teaching and learning pronunciation The biggest problem that both teachers and students face comes from the nature of pronunciation The next two factors preventing students from gaining good pronunciation are teaching time and students’ competence 27% of the teachers and 22% of the students said that they not have enough time on pronunciation 20% of the teachers considered that their students’ competence in pronunciation is too low 22% students also agreed with that idea Class setting is the next factor that 20% teachers chose It is clear that quality of teaching staff 23 is not good enough to come over all the difficulties in teaching pronunciation In contrast, only 1% of the students agreed with this The smallest factor that both teachers and students think that causing problem in teaching and learning pronunciation is students’ motivation 4.1.5 Teachers’ and students’ problems in teaching and learning intonation and stress Chart 5: Teachers' and students' evaluation about the difficulty level of aspects in pronunciation 53% 50% 60% 50% 30% 40% 30% 20% 12% 8% 10% 0% Teachers (%) Consonants Vowels Stress Intonation 22% 15% 10% Students (%) From the chart above, most of the teachers (50%) and students (53%) think that stress is the biggest difficulty in teaching and learning pronunciation The second is intonation: 30% of the teachers and 22% of the students think that intonation causes trouble Meanwhile, little of the teachers meet any difficulties in teaching consonants and vowels Chart 6: Students' problems in learning stress Do not know place of stress 9% 44% 27% Not be able to utter stress Do not understand anything of stress Other problems 20% 6814940 ... always thinks of some burning questions: in language teaching and learning, what is the present situation of teaching and learning pronunciation at high school level in QCHS? What are the problems. .. successful in teaching and learning pronunciation 2.3 Teaching pronunciation 2.3.1 The importance of teaching/ learning pronunciation and a “paradox” 2.3.1.1 The importance of teaching and learning. .. teaching and learning time 21 4.1.4 Teachers and students’ problems in teaching and learning pronunciation 22 4.1.5 Teachers’ and students’ problems in teaching and learning intonation and stress