trong cupc song nen anh sang va bong toi trong tac pha'm cua ong khong c6 si'
chuyen bien dir d p i , bat ngo.
•57e
0i 5. Ciing tai hi^n ve d^p cua nhtrng doan quan ra tran moi nha tho l^i CO each kham pha the hi^n rieng. Trong bai Tdy Tien, Quang Dving
viet: "Tdy Tien dodn binh ko moc toe ...Dent ma Ha Noi dang kieu tham" . Xtot^e ^i?^ "^^g duang Vi?t Bac cua ta...Anh sao dau
$08 ^""^ nan". C a m nhan cua anh (chi) ve 2 doan tho tren. H\S6NG D A N C H I T I E T
I M d B A I
f h o ca cho'ng Phap eo m p t miia bpi thu Ion v o i n h i i n g ten tuoi n h u Quang
pong/ To H i r u , C h i n h H i r u , H i r u Loan... Va hai bong hoa trong k h u v u o n
sac day h u o n g ay cua cac tac gia c6 the ke den hai bai tho Tay Tien cua
Quang D i i n g va Viet Bac ciia To' H i i u . Trong hai thi pham nay, ca hai nha tho
(Ja xay d u n g trong hoi uc cua m i n h ve n h i i n g ngay khang chien gian kho
nhung rat doi hao hiing. K y uc ay c6 the tha'y qua hai h i n h anh r\h(ing doan
quan ra tran:
"Tay Tien doan binh khong moc toe Quan xanh mau Id giU oai hiim Mat trieng gin mong qua bien gidi
Dim ma Ha Noi dang kieu tham " . j ,
(Tay Tien - Quang Diing)
"Nhimg duang Viet Bac cua ta Dim dim ram rap nhu la dat rung
Quan di diep diep triing trung » ' Anh sao dau sung ban cung mu nan"
(Viet B a c - T o H i r u )
11. T H A N B A I
1. Vai net tac gik, tac pham:
Quang D i i n g la nha tho cua linh, da song mpt d o i l i n h oanh li^t hao hiing.
"° le chinh v i vay ma d o i l i n h da an sau vao d o i tho. "Tay T i e n " la bai tho cua
Viet ve l i n h nen k h i dpc len ta da tha'y ngay chat hao h i i n g b i trang ciia
•^•^^ng Chang trai "Thach Sanh cua t h e k y XX". Bai tho dupe viet nam 1948.
W H i i u la nha tho cua ly t u o n g cpng san, la c6 dau cua nen tho ca each
^ Viet N a m . M o i thoi ky lich sir d i qua. To H i i u deu de lai dau an rieng , K dam hon tho t r i i tinh chinh t r i : Tif ay, Viet BSc, Gio long, Ra tran, Mau va
,,,m Trong do, " V i f t Bac" la dinh cao cua tho To' H i i u noi rieng va tho ca
^RPhr^r noi chung. Vi^t Bac dupe viet trong cam h i i n g ve b u o i chia tay Ijch B chien thang D i ^ n Bien Phii, can bp ve xuoi, ke 6 n g u o i d i .
2. NQi dung phan tich, cam nhan lam ro hai hinh anh:
a. Ve TXQi dung va ngh^ thuat ciia bon cau tho trong bai tho Tdy Tien. Ve npi dung: Tay Tien la mpt phan hi^u bp dpi dupe thanh lap dau na,j^ Ve npi dung: Tay Tien la mpt phan hi^u bp dpi dupe thanh lap dau na,j^
1947. Thanh phan chu yeu la thanh nien t r i thuc Ha Npi. Nhi^m vy cua ho Y
phoi hop voi bp dpi Lao bao bien gioi phia Tay. Nam 1948, Tay Tien giai t]^ de thanh lap trung doan 52. Quang Dijng ciang chuyen sang don vj khac. Sai khi roi don vj cii chua dupe bao lau Quang Diing da sang tac bai tho nay Doan tho ta dang phan tich la doan tho t h u ba trong bai Tay Tien.
Giua nen thien nhien khSc nghif t, hinh anh nguoi linh hi^n len that I^j di. Quang Dung da dung nhung hinh anh rat hi^n thyc de to dam cai pi^j thuong cua nguoi {inh:
Tdy Tien doan hinh khong moc toe Quan xanh mau la du oai hum
Hai cau tho mo dau gpi len ve dep bi trang. Dau tien do la cai bi thuong goj len t u ngoai hinh cua nguoi linh om yeu, tieu tuy, dau trpc, da de xanh nhu mau la. Doan quan trong that ki di: "Tay Tien doan binh khong mpc toe/ Quan xanh mau la du oai hum".
Hai cau tho c6 hai each hieu khac nhau. Cach hieu t h u nha't: So di nguoi linh Tay Tien dau trpc danh xanh la do hau qua cua nhiSng thang ngay hanh quan vat va v i doi va khat, la dau ah ciia nhirng tran sot ret ac h'nh lam toe rung khong mpc lai dupe, da de heo lia nhu tau la. N h i i n g con sot ret rung ac tinh ay khong chi c6 trong tho Quang Diing ma con de lai dau ah dau thuang trong tho ca khang chien chohg Phap noi chung:
Toi v&i anh biei timg cm an lanh So't run nguoi vitng trdn dam mo hoi
(Chinh H u u )
Cugc dot gid bui pha xuang mau Doi ret bao Ian xe thit da
,v 1 *• Khudn mat da len mau tat hinh
Dau con tuai niea nhitng ngay hoa! Long toi xao xuyen tinh thuong xot Muon viei hai tho tham le nhod ''' ^' ' '•' * Tangnh itng anh toi timg romdu
:;7irwiTf;B TK;: Dem than xa xdc giu son ha
(Len Cam Son - Thoi Hihi) Cach hieu t h i i hai: Do la hinh anh bp dpi ta cao trpc dau de de dang tro'' sinh hoat va danh giap la ca. Thoi khang Phap nhung anh linh n h u vay c6n &
1^ anh "V? turn", "V? trpc". "Quan xanh mau la" la trang phuc mau xanh ao [jnh/ "^^^ xanh cua la nguy trang, mau ciia nui rung. Hai each hieu ay, hieu jj^eo each thu nha't la hay nha't, an tupng nha't va chinh xac nha't.
pen eanh cai bi ta con thay cai Hao hung: thu phap ngh^ thuat doi lap giira goai hinh 6'm yeu va tam hon ben trong da lam nen khi chat manh me trong ^ the ciia nguoi linh: "Doan binh khong mpc toe". Cau tho ta cai ngang tang ciia ngu'oi linh, lai nhu eo net diia vui, hom hinh: khong can toe mpc. Lai c6 them "Quan xanh mau la", tuong phan voi " d i i oai hum". Cach noi ay cho thay nhung nguoi linh Tay Tien rat lac quan, yeu doi, coi thuong gian kho. play nhin ky ta se thay 6 hp: nuoc da xanh va dau khong mpc toe vi sot ret rirng/ the ma hp van quae thuoc hien ngang, xung tran danh giap la ca "di> oai hum" lam cho giae Phap kinh hon bat via. Mat khac cai hao hiing eon hien
l^ri qua each dung t u Han Viet "Doan binh". Chi> "doan binh" ehii khong phai
la doan quan da gpi len dupe su manh me la thuong ciia su hung dung, trong
cto CO dang dap ciia "Quan di di^p di^p trung trung", ciia "Tam quan ti ho khi
thon nguu" (Sue manh ba quan nuo't troi trau) trong tho Pham NgO Lao. Ba tir "di> oai hum" gpi len dang ve oai phong lam li^t, oai ciia chiia son lam. Qua do ta thay nguoi linh Tay Tien van manh me lam chii tinh hinh, lam ehii niii rung, che'ngu mpi khac nghiet xung quanh, dap bang mpi gian kho.
Ben canh chat bi hung, doan tho con de lai dau an lang man cua nhirng chang trai Ha Ngi mang tam hon hao hoa:
M&t trimg gui mong qua hien gioi f ^ c j • •
Dem mo Ha Noi dang kieit thom
Hai ehii "Mat trung" gpi nhieu lien tuong: "mat trung" la mat mo to nhin ihang ve phia ke thu voi chi khi manh me the song che't voi ke thu. Nhung doi iiat trung ay eon "gui mpng qua bien gioi" la doi mat c6 tinh, doi mat thao thuc nho ve que huong Ha Npi ve mot dang kieu thom trong mpng trong mo. Voi y "§hia a'y ta thay, nguoi linh Tay Tien khong chi biet cam siing cam guom theo '^"g gpi ciia non song ma con rat hao hoa, giiia bao nhieu gian kho, thieu thon •^^i tim hp van rung dpng, nho nhung ve ve d^p ciia Ha Npi: do c6 the la pho' ^' truong xua, nhiing con duong miia thu thom lung hoa sira... hay chinh xac la nho ve mot "dang kieu thom", bong dang ciia nhung nguoi ban gai Ha 9i» thanh Ijch, yeu kieu, diem If. Co mot thoi nguoi ta hieu rang cau tho nay ^ ^ g mpng tieu t u san qua nhieu lam giam di chat chien dau. Nhung thoi gian , * chung minh rSng do la mpt ve d?p ciia tam long luon huong ve To quoc,
"^<>ng ve Thii do. Nguoi linh dau 6 noi bien cuong hay vien xu xa xoi nhung \c nao cGng huong ve Ha Npi, ve que huong. Chinh que huong tang them
T h a ca k h a n g chie'n chong Phap c u n g d a khSc hpa bao g u o n g m a t n o i n\\(,
n h u the. D o la n o i n h a r u p n g d o n g "Ba n a m r o i g u i l a i m a i l e u t r a n h / LuoVi cay da't d o / T i e n g m o d e m t r u o n g / I t nhieu n g u o i v p tre / M o n chan tren g^o canh k h u y a " ( H o n g N g u y e n ) . D o la n o i n h o " g i e n g n u o c goc da nh n g u o i ra l i n h " . M o i g u o n g m a t n o i n h o ay la l i n h n o n g d a n h a y l i n h thanh th t h i n o i n h o ay c i i n g la n o i n h o ciia n h u n g tarn h o n l u o n h u o n g ve da't nu6c to quo'c, que h u o n g .
V e mat ngh^ thuat: Bon cau t h o t r o n g bai Tdy Tien la bo'n cau t h a dupe vje't b a n g b u t p h a p sit t h i v a c a m h u n g lang m a n . N g o i b u t Q u a n g D u n g thuong h u o n g v e n h i i n g con n g u o i p h i t h u o n g t r o n g hoan canh p h i t h u o n g . Nhiey b i ^ n p h a p n g h ^ t h u a t khac n h u : d o l lap, t u o n g phan, a n d u . . . c u n g dupe sii d u n g m p t each t r i ^ t de m a n g d e n h i n h a n h d o a n q u a n t h o i c h o n g Phap gi^^
k h o n h u n g rat d o i hao h u n g .
b. V e gia tri npi d u n g va ngh^ thuat trong bon cau tho ciia bai V i ? t Bic.
V e npi dung: N e u n h u 6 n h i m g doan t h o t r u o c . To' Huu tvt s y v e n h i r n g ky n i ^ m v o i t h i e n n h i e n v a c o n n g u o i V i ^ t Bac. N h u n g k y n i e m ay d u p e dien ta bang n h i m g cau t h o m a n g d a m da'u an ca dao d a n ca d a m d a t i n h nghla, thi 6 doan t h o nay nha t h o lai tap t r u n g d i e n ta cupe t h a n h chie'n cua d a n toe "Boh m u o i t h e ' k y c i m g ra t r a n " . D o a n t h o la n h i m g h i n h a n h g o i ra an t u p n g ehung ve sue m a n h cua d a n tpc t r o n g k h a n g chie'n, la h i n h a n h ciia n h u n g doan quan ra t r a n v 6 t a n d i ^ p t r i m g , la h i n h a n h h i i n g vT cua cupc chie'n t r a n h nhan dan
tix h i n h anh n h i r n g d o a n d a n cong, h i n h a n h n h i h i g d o a n xe co g i o i tren d u o n g ra t r a n l a m b u n g sang n h i i n g d e m k h a n g chie'n.
T r u o c het do l a an tugng chung ve sue manh tong h p p cua dan tpc ta
trong k h a n g chien qua hai cau tho dau:
Nhitng du&ng Viet Bac ciia ta Dem dem ram rap nhu la dot rung
C a u t h o d a u t i e n v a n g l e n r a t d o i t u hao. D o la n i e m t u hao v e n h i h i g con d u o n g V i f t B I c . H a i c h i i "eua t a " v a n g len k h i n g k h a i , chac nich, h u n g hon K h i tac gia n o i " N h i i n g d u o n g V i ^ t Bac" d o la n h u n g c o n d u o n g v u a rat thi"^ n h u tac gia t i m g vie't:
Tfl di giita ban ngay
Tren duong cdi, ung dung ta buac. ' ' Du&ng ta rong thenh thang tdm thuac
Duong Bac Son, Dinh Ca, Thai Nguyen Duong qua Tay Bac, duong len Dien Bien Duong each mang, ddi theo khang chien...
\
Den horn nay duong xuoi vebien Mai tinh khoi mau dot do tuai
Dep vd cung, Toquoc ta ail r
D o la n h i m g c o n d u o n g m o ra c i i n g v o i chie'n t h a n g cua q u a n d a n ta,
^ u n g eijng la eon d u o n g d a y y n g h i a t u p n g t r u n g k h a i quat ca m p t qua t r i n h
di len ciia k h a n g chien v a each m a n g . Con d u o n g ay d a n g m o t o i chien cong. Con d u o n g d a y l u a m a u ay da t r o t h a n h con d u o n g chie'n thang t r o n g Vi^t
p i c . V i the ah t u p n g c h u n g ve sue m a n h cua d a n tpc da g a n lien v o i a n t u p n g ve con d u o n g chien thang nay, m p t con d u o n g "Dem dem ram rap nhu la dot rung"- Do c h i n h la sue m a n h cua q u a n v a d a n ta, sue m a n h d a d u p e d o bang thuoc d o song niii. D p c cau t h o ta d a thay ngay a m h u o n g h e t sue h i i n g trang
cua bai ca k h a n g chie'n v a n g len t u n h i r n g d i f p t u "dem dem", t u lay "ram rap".
Va t u g p i ta h i n h a n h "dot rung". N h i i n g t u ay d e u la nhCrng t u d u p e cau tao boi phu a m no {d - "dem dem"), n h u n g phu a m r u n g (r - "ram rap"). T a t ca da
tao nen b u c t r a n h t o n g h p p ciia sue m a n h V i f t N a m "Nude Viet Nam tit trong bien maul Nguoi vuon len nhu nhimg thien than".
H i n h anh mpt Vi^t Bac trong nhung nam thang hao hung b o n g tro n e n
rye sang va hiing vi b o i hinh anh cua nhung doan quan ra tr|n. D o la sue
manh cua quan dpi nhan dan V i| t N a m :
"Quan di diep diep triing triing Anh sao dau sung ban ciing mU nan".
IjfcCon n h o ngay 22 thang 12 n a m 1944, tai cay da T a n Trao, d o n g c h i V o Nguyen G i a p l a m le xua't q u a n cho d p i V i ^ t N a m t u y e n t r u y e n giai phong
quan. K h i d o q u a n d p i ta m o i c h i 34 n g u o i . D e n t h o i d i e m D i e n Bien P h i i q u a n dpi ta d a t r u o n g t h a n h v o i " Q u a n d i di^p di§p t r i i n g t r i m g " . S y h u n g trang, sy
manh m e cua doan q u a n d u p e the hi?n qua nghe thuat d i fp t i r "di^p difp", flbdng t r i m g " tgo an t u p n g ve m p t sy I o n m a n h k h o n g 16 ciia q u a n d p i nhan
aan Viet N a m c6 the d u o n g d a u dap tra v a dap tan m p i h a n h d o n g gay hah
cua ke t h i i . D o a n q u a n n o i d a i tren n h i i n g eon d u o n g V i ^ t Bac that h i i n g vT
4png dao n h u t r a i d a i v u o n r p n g khap m p i neo d u o n g V i f t Bac.
" H i n h a n h doan q u a n ra tran da dupe cam h u n g lang m a n tao nen tarn voc t r y b o i h i n h a n h "anh sao dau siing", m p t h i n h anh rat t h y e n h u n g c i i n g ra't
'5ng m a n . D o la h i n h a n h n h i i n g n g u o i linh t r o n g d e m h a n h q u a n . D i d u o i t r o i
^30, anh sao troi soi vao d a u sung thep a n h l e n l a p lanh, c i i n g c6 the h i e u la
"^QTig n g o i sao t r e n m u n g u o i chie'n sT anh len d u o i sao t r o i . Co le v i v a y m a
'3 n h u thay ca da't t r o i dang h a n h quan c i i n g n g u o i l i n h ra tran. K h a u sung ^<?ng t r u n g cho y chi d a n h giac ciia n g u o i l i n h , chie'e m i l la each n o i hoan dy
nguai linh. Quang Dung cung c6 each noi tuang ty "Heo hut con may sung ngifi trai". Tu hinh anh ay To Hiru nhu dung len truoc mat nguoi doc ve d^p cu^ nhung doan binh ra tran ma nhu mot dai ngan ha lap lanh cuon cupn do ve phia tien phuong.
Trong buc tranh tong hgp ve sue manh eiia dan tpc ta trong khang ehien To Huu da khai quat them mpt sue manh. Do la sue manh eua doan dan eong, nhung eon nguoi da cung quan dpi ta lam nen trang su vang eho dan tpc:
"Dan cong do duoc timg doan Buac chdn ndt da mudn tan lita bay"
Dan cong la nhirng nguai di mo duong, xe niii, Ian bom... gop phan larri
nen chien th3ng ve vang. Trong bai Hoan ho chien sT Dien Bien, To' Huxx tung
vie't ve cac anh chj dan cong:
May tang may, gio Ion mm to -V' hh Doc pha Din, chi gdnh anh tho
•y; Deo Liing Ld, anh ho chi hat
Dii bom dan, xifong tan thit ndt ni Khong son long, khong tie'c tuoi xanh.
W (Hoan ho chien si Di^n Bien)
Cau tho khong he c6 mot chu "diep diep", "triing trimg" nao ma ta van thay
su diep trung ay. Do la cam giac c6 dugc bai cau true het sue doc dao cua cau
tho. Tac gia khong viet "Timg doan dan cong do duoc", ma ma dau cau tho la hai chi> "dan cong", cuoi cau tho la hai chii "timg doan". Cau true ay goi ra su diep
trung v6 tan cua nhi>ng doan dan cong. 6 day la hinh anh "Buac chdn ndt dd
mudn tan Urn bay". Hinh tugng ban chan la hinh tugng bieu trung cho sue manh eiia con nguoi gan lien voi nhiing chang duong dau tranh each mang.
Ve mat ngh^ thuat: The tho kic bat, am dieu hung trang, su thi, lang man. Su dung nhieu su tuong phan, do'i lap, diep tu, diep ngu, phong dai, tham xung... tao nen mot doan tho giau an tugng ve khong khi khang chien chong Phap cua dan toe ta.
3. Qua vi^e phan tich 6 tren ta can nit ra nhung diem tuong dong, khac bi?t:
Ve s\f tuong dong: Ca hai bai tho deu vie't trong thai chong Phap. Deu six
dung but phap su thi, lang man de mieu ta doan quan. Vi the've d^p anh linh vua su thi vua lang man hao hung.
Su khac bi?t: Quang Diing vie't bai tha "Tay Tien" trong nhung nam daU khang chien chong Phap. Hinh anh nguai linh con nhieu kho khan gian kho- Hon tho Quang Diing thien ve mieu ta cai phi thuang. Bai tho "Viet Bac" du^c