Bai hpc ve tap hpp luc lupng chinh trj cua dong dao quan chung: Cach m^ing thang Tam no ra va gianh thang Ipi, ben canh lyc lupng vu trang con c6 lyc lypng chinh trj ciia quan chiing da chuan bi san sang, khi c6 l^nh Tong khoi nghia la hp nhat te vung day.
Bai hpc ve su dung hinh thuc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii: Cach
mgng thang Tam la cupc each m^ng bao lyc, 6 do ket hpp dypc nhieu hinh thuc va phuong dau tranh phong phii nhu vu trang khoi nghia, mit tinh, bieu
tinh, tuan hanh,... de danh chiehi cac try so aia dich, giai tan chinh quyen djch. 6. Cac hinh thuc to chiic m|t tr|n dan tpc thong nhat tir nam 1930 den nam 1945. Vai tro ciia tung m|t tr^n
Ten m|t tr|n Hinh thuc to chuc Vai tro
M^t tran thong
nhat nhan dan phan de Doi-^g Duong. Den thang 3 - 1938, doi thanh M3t' tr|in dan chu Dong Duong.
Van dpng quan chiing tham gia vao m^t tran de tranh chong phat xit va bpn phan dpng thupc dia doi cac quyen ty do dan chii, com ao hoa binh.
Tgp hpp dong dao quan chiing hang tri^u nguoi dau tranh doi cac quyen dan sinh, dan chii. Giao dye va giac ngp quan chiing hieu dypc chii truong ciia Dang, san sang tham gia dau tranh each mang.
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Mat tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong.
Mat tran Vi?t Minh
Van dpng, to chiic va loi keo cac giai cap, tang lop va ton giao vao mat tran de dau tranh chong chii nghia de quo'c va phat xit Phap - Nhat lam cho Dong Duong hoan toan dpc lap.
Lien hi^p he't thay cac gidi dong bao yeu nude, khong phan biet giau ngheo. Thanh lap cac doan the ciiu quo'c de van dpng quan chiing dau tranh each mang.
Tap hpp quan chiing dau tranh cho'ng de quo'c Phap phat xit Nhat. To chiic cac cupc khoi nghia vu trang chuan bj cho thdi ki dau tranh mdi.
- Tap hpp dong dao quan chiing, hinh thanh nen lyc lupng chinh trj each mang dong dao dudi sy lanh d^o ciia Dang, dpng vien dupe sue manh eiia ca dan tpc,
thye hi^n chinh sach d^i
doan ket dan tpc, phan hoa va CO l$p ke thii.
- Tren co so phat trien cac doan the ciiu quoc trong Mat tran de hinh thanh va phat trien lyc lypng vu trang, chuan bj tien tdi Tong khdi nghia thang Tam nam 1945.
7. Chii truomg xay dyng mat tran thong nhat do Hpi ngh; Ian thu 6 (11 -1939)
va Hpi nghj Ian thu 8 (5 -1941) ciia Dang Cpng san Dong Duong. Ho?t dpng cua M|t tr|n Vi?t Minh doi voi thSng Ipi ciia Cach m^ng thang Tam 1945
a. Chu truong xay dung mat tran:
De gianh dpc lap, phai tap hpp rpng rai lyc lupng dan tpc, xay dyng mat trgin dan tpc thong nhat. Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 6 (11 - 1939) da chii truong thanh lap M$t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de'Dong Duong.
M5t tran thong nhat dan tpc phan de Dong Duong doan ket rpng rai cac tang Idp, cac giai cap, cac dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude d Dong Duong, chia mui nhpn vao ke thii chii yeu trude m3t la chii nghia de'quoc - phat xit Phap - i,Nh^t, gianh dpc lap dan tpc cho cac nude Dong Duong.
Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian thii 8 (5 - 1941) dudi sy chii tri ciia Nguyen Ai ioc chii truong giai quyet van de dan tpc, tap hpp lyc lupng, xay dyng mat | r | n thong nhat dan tpc cho timg nude d Dong Duong. 6 Vi?t Nam Dang ta
lanh IgpVi^t Nam dpc lap dong minh (gpi tit la M|t trgn Vi?t Minh).
Mat t r a n Vi%t M i n h lien hi^p het thay cac giai dong bao yeu nuac, khong phan bi^i giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, khong phan bi^t ton giao va xu h u o n g
chinh tri/ dang cung nhau m u u C U Q C dan tpc giai phong va sinh ton.
b. Ho fit dqtig cua Mat tran Vi?t Minh:
Qua t r i n h chuan bj cua M a t tran Vi^t M i n h de tien tai gianh thang Igi trong Cach m a n g thang Tarn
* Xay dimg luc luang chinh tri:
Tai B^c Son - V u Nhai: Luc lugng du kich thong nhat thanh C u u quoc quan va phat d p n g chieh tranh d u ki'ch trong 8 thang (hj- thang 7 -1941 den thang 2 -1942) sau do p h a n tan thanh nhieu bp phan de gay co so trong quan chiing.
Tai C^o B5ng: Cao B3ng la noi thi diem xay d u n g cac hoi cuu quoc trong
Mat tran Vi?t M i n h . Den nam 1942 khip 9 Chau deu c6 H g i cuu quoc, U y ban
Vi^t M i n h tinh Cao Bang va U y ban Viet M i n h lien tinh Cao - Bac - Lang lap ra 19 ban x u n g phong " N a m tien" de phat trien lyc l u g n g each mang xuong cac tinh mieri xuoi.
6 cac noi khac: Dang tranh thii tap hgp nhan dan vao M a t tran cuu quoc,
nam 1943 dxia ra "Ban de cuong van hoa Vi?t N a m " va van d p n g thanh lap
" H p i van hoa cuu quoc Viet N a m " .
* Xay dvng can cit dia each mang:
Thang 8 - 1942, hai can cu Bac Son - V u N h a i va Cao Bang noi lien nhau. Lye l u g n g each mang phat trien trong k h u vyc rgng Ion Cao Bang, Bic Can, Lang Son/ Ha Giang, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang.
Den thang 6 - 1945, khu giai phong Vi?t Bac ra doi, la h i n h anh thu nho ciia
mgt nuoC Vi^t N a m m o i .
* Xay dvng luc lugng vu trang va chuan bj khai nghia vu trang:
Ngay 7 - 5 - 1944, Tong bp Vi?t M i n h ra Chi thj "Sua soan k h o i nghia" va keu ggi nhan dan "sam sua vCi k h i duoi thu ehung". Khong k h i chuan bj khoi nghia sue soi trong can cu.
Ngay 22 - 12 - 1944, theo Chi thj ciia H o Chi M i n h , dgi Vi^t N a m tuyen truyen giai phong quan duge thanh lap va hai ngay sau da ha don Phay Khat - Na Ngan,
Ngay 9 - 3 - 1945, Nhat dao chinh Phap, tiep theo Chi thj " N h a t Phap ban nhau va hanh dpng ciia ehiing ta" cua Dang, Mat tran Vi^t M i n h ra l^nh keu gpi dong bao toan quoc day manh Cao trao khang Nhat cuu nuoc.
Thang 5 - 1945, sap nhap " V i ^ t N a m tuyen truyen giai phong q u a n " v o l " C u u quo'c q u a n " thanh "Vi?t N a m giai phong quan".
HA
T^TNMH MTV mVH Khang Vifit
Den Cach mang thang Tarn, M a t tran Vi^t M i n h da phat trien rgng khap, va dong vai tro quan trgng trong k h o i nghia gianh chinh quyen.
8. N h u n g d i e m chung va n h u n g net khac nhau cua cac t h a i k i each mang tir 1930 den 1945 1930 den 1945
a. NhUng diem chung:
E)eu khMng dinh vai tro lanh dao ciia Dang trong thuc tien dau tranh each mang. E)eu tap hgp va toi luyen quan chung dau tranh, nhat la quan chiing cong - nong. Deu la n h i j n g cuge dien tap tren con d u o n g d i toi thang Igi cua Cach mang thang Tam 1945.
Deu de lai n h u n g bai hoc kinh nghi^m quy gia cho thoi k i each mang sau.
b. Nhung diem rieng:
Thoi ki 1930 - 1931: N o i bat ve vai tro cua lien m i n h cong nong; h i n h thuc nha nuoc ciia dan, do dan, v i dan do la X6 vie't Ngh$ - Tinh theo kieu Nga.
Thai ki 1932 - 1935: N o i bat ve sy v i i n g vang ciia Dang trude chinh sach khiing bo'da man ciia de quoc.
Thoi k i 1936 - 1939: N o i bat v a i v i f c ket hgp cac p h u o n g phap dau tranh, t$p hgp va xay d u n g dgi quan chinh t r i hiing hau ciia quan ehiing.
Thai k i 1939 -1945: N o i bat v o i vi#c giuong cao ngpn c6 giai phong dan tpc; t?ip hgp lye l u g n g quan ehiing rgng rai trong mat tran dan tgc thong nhat dau tranh danh d u o i quan xam luge; to chuc lye l u g n g v u trang ket hgp vai lye lugng chinh trj noi day gianh chinh quyen.
Trong n h u n g diem ehung va diem rieng do thi diem ehung la rat quan trpng v i d u trong thoi k i nao eCing deu chju sy lanh dao thong nhat cua Dang.
So d l CO nhij-ng diem rieng la do hoan eanh Hch sir ciia moi thai k i khac nhau. ^
9) N h u n g d i e u k i ^ n dua Cach mang thang T a m thang I g i '
a) Vedieu kien chu quan
( • 1 ) ' ' " ; ' . ; '
* Co su Idnh dao cua Dang Cgng sdn Vi?t Nam
Cach mang nuac ta do Dang Cong san Vi^t N a m lanh dao. T u nam 1930, Dang ta da gianh quyen d u y nhat lanh dao each mang nuac ta. Dang phai trai qua dau tranh ren luyen m o i ciing co duge quyen lanh d^o do va dua Cach mang thang Tam den thSng Igi.
Thua ke k i n h nghi^m chong ngoai xam hang ngan nam ciia to tien ta de l?i va kinh nghi?m ciia gan mgt tram nam chong Phap ciia cac bac tien boi, Cach mang thang Tam la ket qua ciia m u o i lam nam dau tranh ciia nhan dan ta d u o i sy lanh dao ciia Dang, do la ket qua ciia ba cuge dien tap Ion:
CuQC dien tap Ian t h u nha't (1930 - 1931) ma dinh cao la X6 viet Ngh§ - TTnh:
trong phong trao nay. Dang ta da giuong cao ngpn c6 dan tgc va dan chu, xay d y n g dup'c khoi lien minh cong- nong v i m g chic, gianh h i n dupe quyen lanh
dao each mang V i ^ t N a m . Trong cao trao X6 viet N g h ^ - Tinh, Dang ta da hpc dupe ngh$ thuat dpng vien va to chuc quan chiing tir n h i i n g nhom nho tien len mpt phong trao rpng Ion thu hut hang chuc van nguoi, ket hop chat che phong trao cong nhan v o i phong trao nong dan, sir dung each mang bao luc gianh
ehinh quyen a mpt so viing nong thon thupc hai tinh N g h ^ A n va Ha Tinh, de
m u d i lam nam sau c6 the khoi nghia gianh chi'nh quyen trong ca nuoe.
Cupc van dpng dan chii 1936 - 1939: day la cupc dien tap Ian t h u hai chuan bj cho each mang thang Tam thang Ipi. Cupc van dpng do do Dang ta to chuc va lanh dao da tap d u p t cho hang trieu quan chiing dau tranh chong bpn phan dpng thupc dja, doi t u do dan chii, doi cai thien dan sinh, chong chii nghla phat xit, chong chien tranh, bao v^ hoa binh. Dang ta chii truong thanh lap Mat tran dan chu Dong D u o n g de tap hpp rpng rai luc l u p n g each mang. Dang ta eon chu truong sir d u n g nhieu hinh thirc va phuong phap dau tranh phong phii. N h o do, uy tin ciia Dang ngay cang nang cao.
Trai qua hai cupc dien tap do, phong trao each mang do Dang ta lanh dao da dupe chuan bj ve ehinh trj, t u tuong va to chuc 6 ca thanh thj va nong thon; nhan dan ta da trai qua dau tranh khong hpp phap va hpp phap. Dang ta da riit ra dupe nhirng bai hpc kinh nghi^m tir hai cupc dien tap do de lanh dao each mang thang Tam thang Ipi.
Cupc van dpng giai phong dan tpc 1939 - 1945 la cupc dien tap t h i i ba tryc tiep dan den thang Ipi Caeh mang thang Tam nam 1945. Trong thoi gian ay. Dang ta da de ra d u o n g 16'i each mang dan toe dan chii nhan dan, giai quyet dung dan moi quan h$ giira hai nhi^m vu chong de quo'c va phong kie'n, giuong cao ngpn co dan toe, tap hpp dupe toan dan doan ket d u o i la c6 cua Mat tran Viet M i n h de dau tranh chong de quoe Phap va phat xit Nhat ciing tay sai cua chung. Thang 9 - 1939, Chien tranh the'gioi thir hai b i m g no, tinh
hinh CO kho khan cho each mang. Dang ta binh tinh va kjp thoi chuyen trpng
tam cong tac ve nong thon, dua vao nong thon xay d u n g can cu dia each mang, trong khi do van chii trpng phong trao 6 thanh thj, ket hpp chat ehe phong trao thanh thj v o i nong thon; ket hpp vife xay d u n g luc lupng chinh trj voi xay dvmg Ivc l u p n g v u trang; nam thoi co, thue hi^n khoi nghla tirng phan, gianh ehinh quyen 6 dia phuong, tien len tong khoi nghla, gianh ehinh quyen trong ca nuoc.
* Thuc hien khoi lien minh cong - nong vitng chdc:
Giai cap cong nhan, nong dan Vi^t N a m chie'm so dong trong nhan dan, la nhirng nguoi bi ap buc, boc lot nang ne nha't, v i vay, hp la giai cap hang hai 'each mang nha't, cong - nong la chii luc ciia each mang.
Ngay tir k h i m o i thanh lap. Dang ta da xac dinh cong - nong la goe ciia each mang, la lue l u p n g tien phong va hang hai nha't ciia each mang.
Trong phong trao each mang 1930 - 1931, cong - nong da v u n g ra mpt sue ingnh phi thuong, giang mpt don nang ne vao bpn thuc dan, phong kieh. Trong cupc van dpng dan chii 1936 - 1939, Dang ta tap hpp dupe mpt lye lupng ehinh t r i quan ehiing hang tri^u nguoi, trong do dong dao va hang hai ^ha't van la cong nhan va nong dan.
Trong Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945, cong nhan, nong dan da lien minh chat che va hang hai tham gia each mang, cho nen da loi cuon dupe toan dan noi day tong khoi nghia gianh ehinh quyen trong ca nuoe, 6 nong thon va thanh thj.
Thuc hi§n dupe khoi lien minh cong nong virng chae. Dang ta da cimg co' dupe quyen lanh dao cua giai cap cong nhan, ciia Dang trong each mang. Day "a mpt dieu v6 cimg quan trpng, v i quyen lanh dao do dupe ciing eo' thi Caeh mang thang Tam m o i gianh dupe thang Ipi, chinh quyen m o i ve tay nhan dan.
* Cong tdc xay dung Mat tran doan kit toan dan:
Khi Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai biing no, thuc dan Phap tang cuong dan ap, boc Ipt nhan dan Dong Duong, van menh cae dan tpc Dong D u o n g bj de do? nghiem trpng. De gianh doe lap, phai tap hpp rpng rai lue lupng dan tpc, xay dung mat tran dan tpc thong nha't. Hpi nghj Trung uong Ian t h u 6 (11 -1939)
a chii truong thanh lap Mat tran thong nha't dan toe phan de'Dong Duong. Mat tran thong nha't dan tpc phan de Dong D u o n g doan ket rpng rai cae *ng lop, cae giai cap, cae dan tpc, ke ca ca nhan yeu nude 6 Dong D u o n g , chla i i i i nhpn vao ke thii ehii yeu truoe mat la ehu ngia de'quoe - phat xit Phap - Jh^t, gianh doe lap dan tpc cho cae nuoe Dong Duong.
Den H p i nghj Trung uong Ian t h u 8 (5 - 1941) d u o i sy chu t r i cua Nguyen A i Quoe ehu truong giai quyet van de dan toe, tap hpp lue lupng, xay d y n g ^t tran thong nha't dan tpc cho tirng nuoc 6 Dong D u o n g . 6 Viet N a m , Dang b thanh lapVi^t N a m doc lap dong minh (gpi tat la Mat tran Vi?t Minh).
Mat tran Viet M i n h lien hiep he't thay cae gioi dong bao yeu nuoc, khong ^han bi?t giau ngheo, gia tre, gai trai, khong phan bi?t ton giao va xu huong hinh trj, dang ciing nhau m u u eupe dan tpc giai phong va sinh ton. Mat tran Vi^t M i n h co vai tro to Ion trong viee chuan bj va lanh dao Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 thang Ipi. " '' "
* Co luc luang vu trang do Dang xdy dung va lanh dao
Cupc da'u tranh gianh chinh quyen a mpt nuac bi de quoc thong trj nhu
nuoc ta nhat dinh phai qua con duong bao luc each mang. De lam tron sii m^nh lanh dao each mang Vi^t Nam di den thang Igi, ma thang loi quye't djnh m^nh lanh dao each mang Vi^t Nam di den thang Igi, ma thang loi quye't djnh la gianh dup-c chinh quyen. Dang ta luon cham lo xay dung lue lugng chinh tri cua quan chiing va tren co so phat trien luc lugng chinh tri ma xay dung luc
lugng vu tranh nhan dan duoi nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau.
Trong euge van dgng giai phong dan tgc (1939 - 1945), Dang ta coi trgng van de ehuan bi khoi nghia vu trang la nhiem vu trung tam ciia toan Dang, van de ehuan bi khoi nghia vu trang la nhiem vu trung tam ciia toan Dang, toan quan va toan dan ta. Co khoi nghia vu trang moi gianh dugc chinh quyen. Muon tien hanh khoi nghia vu trang phai co luc lugng. M g i hoat dgng ciia Dang trong thoi ki do deu nham muc dich chuan bi luc lugng chinh trj va ly^c lugng vu trang de Hen toi khoi nghia vu trang gianh chinh quyen. Dang ta cung nhan thuc ro r3ng gianh chinh quyen moi chi la buoc dau ciia each m?ng; sau khi gianh dugc chinh quyen phai bao ve eho duge chinh quyen each mang. Do do, phai cham lo xay dung va phat trien luc lugng vu trang nhan dan de tien hanh khoi nghia gianh chinh quyen va de chien da'u bao v^ chinh quyen each mang sau khi khoi nghia da thang Igi.
Ngay sau khi euge khoi nghia Bae Son bj that bai. Dang ta da quye't djnh duy tri lue lugng vu trang nhan dan do euge khoi nghia do de lai, roi t u nhiS-ng