II. CACH MANG MIEN NAM Tl /NAM 1954 DEN NAM
9. Ngh? thuat xay dung the tran chien luge trong Tong tien cong van oi day mua Xuan
mua Xuan 1975
Thoi C O de quan va dan ta mo cupe Tong tien cong chien lupc nam 1975 la
tren co so thMng Ipi ciia cupc tien cong chien lupc nam 1972 6 chien truong mien N a m , buoc dau ta da tieu di^t luc lupng Ion quan djch va giai phong mpt so v u n g dat dai ciing v o i don danh bai cupc chien tranh pha hoai bang khong quan ciia djch ra mien Bac, bupe M i phai ngoi vao dam phan voi ta tai H p i nghi Pa-ri (27-1-1973).
Sau that bai nang ne do, djch da suy yeu toan di^n ca ve luc lupng, the tran va tinh than. So sanh luc lupng tren chien truong co Ipi cho ta va bat Ipi cho djch, nhung nguy quan Sai Gon van con co su vien trp ve v u k h i va giiip d o
ciia CO van quan sy d u o i dang co van hanh chinh ciia M i . Chinh quyen ngyy
Sai Gon ra sue pha hoai Hiep dinh Pa-ri, tang cuong mo cac cupc hanh quan Ian chiem v u n g giai phong ciia ta.
Truoc tinh hinh do. Bp Chinh trj. Ban Chap hanh Trung u o n g Dang ha quyet tarn lich su giai phong hoan toan mien N a m trong 2 nam 1975-1976, ne'u
thoi C O den som thi giai phong hoan toan mien N a m trong nam 1975. Dong
thoi, nha't tri phe chuan phuong an ciia Bp Tong tham muu la chpn N a m Tay Nguyen lam huong tien cong chien lupc chii yeu, day la h u o n g djch tuy ; manh nhung co nhieu so ho va la noi co tinh chat hiem yeu, se gay bat ngo Ion, cSt doi chien t r u o n g toan mien N a m , lam dao Ipn the chien lupc ciia djch. Trong cupc Tong tien cong va noi day miia Xuan 1975, ta tien hanh 3 chien ich Ion. Day la ba don tien cong chien lupc, the hi?n ro ngh^ thuat chi dao tac
ie'n chien lupc, dac bi^t la nghe thuat xay d u n g the tran chien lupc.
Truoc het, la the tran diing chan ciia cac binh doan chii luc. The tran ciia ta the tran ciia chien tranh nhan dan da dupe xay dung tir daiu cupc chien tranh, do chien tranh nhan dan phat trien cao, nen cac binh doan chii luc ciia ta da dirng chan 6 phia N a m vT tuyen 17, lap the tien cong 6 phia tay chien tuyen ciia djch, tir v l tuyen 17 den Sai Gon, den dong b3ng song Ciru Long. Cac binh 161
doan chu li^c ciia ta khong tie'n cong djch t u phia BSc vT tuyen 17, khong danh vao chieu dpc chien tuyen cua djch. Boi v i , neu ta m o cupc tong tie'n cong t u phia B3c vT tuyen 17 danh theo chieu doc chien tuyen cua djch, c6 dp day va chieu sau ion t u Quang Tri den Hue - Da Nang - Nha Trang thi kha nang va sue dpt pha khong d u manh de tieu di?t djch, pha vo cac tuyen phong ngu cua chung. Do do, cac binh doan chu lyc cua ta trien khai d u n g chan 6 phia tay chien tuyen cua dich, chi each Hue - Da Nang khoang t u 30 den 40km, tham chi cung d u n g chan a sat nach Sai Gon, chi each phia Tay Bae Sai Gon khoang 60km, thue hanh tien cong djch la hgp l i , de choc thiing va chia eat cac tuyen phong n g v ciia dich, gianh thang Ipi nhanh chong.
The tran trien khai t u phia tay danh vao chieu ngang dpi hinh mong ye'u cua dich, khong eo chieu sau, thi ta c6 the nhanh chong danh ehiem chien tuyen phong n g u eo ban cua dich tren duong so 1. 6 Hue, Da Nang va Tam K i , ta chi can mpt Ian dpt pha chien djch la c6 the dat toi chieu sau chien lupc. Thue teta danh t u phia Tay cac thanh pho Hue^ Da N i n g va thj xa Tam K i thi tuyen phong n g u ciia djch khong c6 chieu sau chien lupe ma chi c6 chieu sau chien dich. V i cac binh doan ehii lyc ciia ta dung san a phia Bac Sai Gon, nen Sai Gon gan n h u khong eon chieu sau chien lupc, tao dieu kien cho ta nhanh chong pha v o chien tuyen, lam syp do nhanh chong the tran chien lupe ciia dich. The tran chien lupc ma ta tao dupe da chia cat the tran, pha dupe the lien hoan chien lupc eiia dich, c6 lap va chia eat cac tap doan lue lupng eiia dich ra t i m g cym, kho c6 the ling euu dupe nhau, ta tie'n cong vao dau ciing de gianh dupe thang Ipi, de phat trien tie'n cong, khue'ch truong thang Ipi truoe de gianh thang Ipi sau Ion hon, thang Ipi sau tao cho ta mpt the tran v i i n g chae hon de tie'n cong de b?p dich nhanh chong. Day la net dae sac trong xay d y n g the tran chien lupc ciia ta. Trong chien djeh Tay Nguyen, tran Buon M a Thupt la tran then chot dau tien c6 y nghla quye't djnh v i , giang mot don sa'm set rat nhanh vao tran dja - tuyen phong n g y ciia dich, mo ra va thiic day su phat trien Ion ve the'ehie'n lupe eiia ta, pha v o the chien lupc eiia dich. Tran t h i i 2 6 Hue - Da Nang, ta da giang mpt don rat manh, rat nhanh cCing eo y nghla then chot quye't djnh, lam dao Ipn the chien lupc eiia djch, tao ra eye d i ^ n chien tranh mod, gay ra dpt bien ehieh tranh, tao dieu ki^n vo cung thuan Ipi cho don thii ba la chien djeh H o Chi M i n h thanh mpt tran then chot quye't djnh, ke't thiic chien tranh.
The tr$n ciia eupe tong tie'n cong va noi day mua Xuan 1975 la mpt the tran chien tranh nhan dan, trien khai t u Quang Trj qua Tay Nguyen den Sai Gon, la mpt the tran danh tir phia tay sang phia dong, danh cat giao thong, theket hpp
162
ac vung, mien va sy noi day ciia quan chiing. Xay d y n g the tr|in chien lupc n h u the, bupc djch phai phan tan doi pho de ta c6 dieu k i ^ n tap trung lyc lupng danh cac don chien lupc quye't dinh 6 Tay Nguyen, Hue - Da Nang, roi phat trien thang Ipi giai phong N a m Trung Bp. Tren da thang Ipi, ta diing tat ca lyc lupng, ca quan doan tong d y bi chien lupc va lyc lupng 6 Dong bang song Cuu Long, cung tap doan chien lupc phia N a m da d u n g chan san 6 ngoai v i Sai Gon thye hi?n d o n chien lupe then chot quye't djnh giai phong Sai Gon mpt each nhanh gpn.
Nghe thuat xay d y n g the tran chien lupe trong cupc Tong tien cong va noi day miia Xuan 1975 la mpt nghe thuat dpc dao tai tinh, day sang tao ciia chien tranh nhan dan Vi?t N a m , la bude phat trien rye ro, la dinh cao ciia nghe thuat quan sy chien tranh nhan dan Vi?t N a m trong thoi dai H o Chi M i n h . Do la bieu t u p n g sang ngoi ciia nghe thuat chi dao tac chien chien lupc tai gioi ciia Dang va t u tuong quan sy H o Chi M i n h .