Hoa Ki va cac nuoc cam ket ton trpng dpc lap, chu quyen, thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia Vi?t Nam. thong nhat va toan ven lanh tho ciia Vi?t Nam.
Cupc ngung ban 6 mien Nam Vi?t Nam dupe thuc hi^n vao 24 gia ngay 27 - 1 -1973. Hoa Ki cam ket cham dut mpi vao 24 gia ngay 27 - 1 -1973. Hoa Ki cam ket cham dut mpi hoat dpng quan su chong mien Bac Vi^t Nam.
Hoa Ki riit het quan dpi cua minh va quan dong minh trong thoi han 60 ngay ke tu khi ki hi?p djnh, huy bo cac trong thoi han 60 ngay ke tu khi ki hi?p djnh, huy bo cac can cu quan sy Mi, cam ket khong tiep hie dinh liu quan su hoac can thi^p vao cong vi|c npi bp ciia mien Nam Vi^t Nam.
N h a n dan mien N a m Viet N a m t u quyet d j n h t u o n g lai chinh trj thong qua tong tuyen cir t u do, khong c6 su can thiep cua nuoc ngoai.
Hai mien N a m - Bac Viet N a m se t h u o n g l u p n g ve vi^c thong nhat da't nuoc khong c6 sy can thi^p cua nuoc ngoai.
H a i ben tien hanh trao tra tu binh va dan t h u o n g bj bSt. Cac ben cong nhan thyc te mien N a m Vi^t N a m c6 hai chinh quyen, hai quan doi, hai v u n g kiem soat va ba luc l u g n g chinh tri (luc l u g n g each mang, luc l u g n g hoa binh trung lap va luc l u g n g chinh quyen Sai Gon).
Hoa K i cam ket gop phan vao vi^c han gan vet t h u o n g chien tranh 6 Viet N a m va Dong D u o n g tien toi thiet lap quan he m o i , binh dang va cung c6 Igi giira hai nuoc.
Uiep dinh Pari ve Viet Nam la thang lai cua su ke\ gim dau tranh quan su dau tranh chinh tri va dau tranh ngoai giao, la ket qua cua cuoc dau tranh kien cuang, bat khud't cua quan dan ta a hai mien da't nuoc, mo ra buac ngoqt mai cua cuoc khang chien cho'ng Ml cuu nu&c cua dan toe.
Voi Hiep dinh Pari, Mi phdi cong nhan cac quyen dan tgc co ban cm nhan dan ta, phai rut he't quan venudc. Do Id thang loi lich sie quan trong, tqo ra thai ca thuqn lai denhdn dan ta tick len gidi phong todn mien Nam.
9. Cong tac xay dimg hau phuong trong khang chien chong Phap va chong MI
a) Khang chien chong Phdp (1945 -1954)
* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhitng nam 1946 -1947
Ve chinh tri, C h i n h phii quyet dinh chia ca nuoc thanh 1 4 k h u hanh chinh. Cac liy ban hanh chinh chuyen thanh Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh de thuc
hien nhiem v u khang chien va kien quoc. M a t tran dan tgc thong nhat dugc m o rgng, thanh lap H g i Lien Hiep quoc dan Viet N a m (Lien Viet).
Ve kinh te, Chinh phii de ra cac chinh sach nham d u y t r i va phat trien san
xuat, truoc he't la san xuat l u o n g thuc.
Vevdn hod, phong trao binh dan hoc v u tiep tuc dugc d u y tri va phat trien.
T r u o n g pho thong cac cap dugc xay d u n g . Viec cham soc sue khoe cho nhan dan dugc chu trong.
-ujy r/vrm TvnvT'TTTTKnangyTVT * Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1948 - 1950:
Ve chinh tri: Dau nam 1949, Chinh phu quyet d j n h to chuc bau cu Hoi dong nhan dan va Uy ban khang chien hanh chinh cac cap. Thang 6 - 1 9 4 9 , M a t tran Vi^t
M i n h va H g i Lien Vi?t quyet d i n h tien toi thong nhat hai to chuc.
Vekinh te: Chinh p h u ra cac sac l?nh giam to 2 5 % , giam tuc, hoan ng, xoa
no, chia lai rugng da't cong, tam cap rugng dat vang chii, r u g n g da't cap t u tay de'quoc, bgn phan dgng.
Cong nghiep va thu cong nghi^p phat trien theo quy m o nho va phan tan, chu trgng cong nghiep dja p h u o n g va cong nghiep quoc phong, dap u n g nhu cau can thie'l ye'u cua d o i song va chien dau.
Tren mat tran van hod, gido due: N a m 1948, tai H g i nghj van hoa toan quo'c, Tong Bi t h u T r u o n g Chinh dgc bao cao chu nghia Mdc va van de van hod Viet Nam, neu ro nen van hoa m o i each mang Viet N a m dugc xay d u n g theo
p h u o n g cham: Dan tgc - Khoa hgc - Dai chiing.
Phong trao "Binh dan hgc v u " va giao due pho thong cac cap dugc d u y t r i va phat trien. Thang 7 - 1950, Chinh phu de ra chii t r u o n g cai each giao due pho thong.
* Xay dung hau phucmg trong nhung nam 1951 -1953:
Ve chinh tri: T u ngay 3 den ngay 7 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , Dai hgi toan quoc thong nhat
Mat tran Viet M i n h va H g i Lien Vi^t thanh mot mat tran d u y nhat, lay ten la
Mat tran Lien hiep quoc dan Viet Nam (Mat tran Lien Vi$t). Ngay 1 1 - 3 - 1 9 5 1 , thanh lap Lien minh nhan dan Viet - Mien - Lao n h a m tang cuong h o n nCra tinh
doan ket giCra nhan dan ba nuoc trong cuoc dau tranh chong ke thu chung la thuc dan Phap va can thiep M I .
Phong trao thi dua yeu nuoc ngay cang an sau, Ian rgng trong cac nganh, cac gioi lam nay no nhieu d o n v i , ca nhan u u t u . Ngay 1 - 5 - 1 9 5 2 , Dai hgi anh hung va chien sT thi dua toan quoc Ian thii nhat da tong ket, bieu d u o n g thanh
tich cua phong trao thi dua ai quoc va bau chgn 7 anh h u n g . D o la: CM Chinh Lan, La Van Cau, Nguyen Quoc Tri, Nguyen Thi Chien, Ngd Gia Khdm, Tran Dai Nghia, Hodng Hanh.
Vekinh te: N a m 1 9 5 2 , Chinh p h u de ra cuoc van dgng san xuat va thuc hanh
tiet k i ^ m . Cugc van dgng da loi cuon mgi nganh, mgi gioi tham gia. San xuat thu cong nghiep va cong nghiep ve co ban dap i m g nhu cau ve cong cu san xuat nhirng mat hang thiet yeu cua doi song.
D i doi voi day manh san xuat, Chinh phii de ra n h i m g chinh sach nham chan chinh che do thue'khoa, xay d u n g nen tai chinh, ngan hang, thuong nghiep. "
De boi d u o n g sue dan, nha't la nong dan, dau nam 1953 Dang va Chinh phu quyet djnh phat dpng quan chiing trift de giam to va cai each rupng da't.
T u thang 4 - 1953 den thang 7 - 1954, ta thuc hi^n 5 dgt giam to va mgt dgt eai each rupng da't a 53 xa thuoe viing t u do Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa. Deh euol nam 1953, t u Lien K h u IV tro ra, each mang da tam cap eho nong dan 184.000ha ruong da't
Ve van hod, gido due, y te: Ta tie'p tuc euoe eai each giao due (tu nam 1950) thue hi^n theo ba phuang cham: phuc vu khdng ehie'n, phue vu dan sink, phuc vu sdn xud't, gan nha truong vol doi song xa hoi. Van n g h | si hang hai tham nhap
moi mat eua doi song, ehien dau va san xua't, huong u n g lai day eiia H o Chi
M i n h "Khdng ehien hod van hod va van hod khdng ehie'n".
Cong tae van dong ve sinh phong b?nh, thue hi^n doi song moi, bai t r u me tin dj doan ngay eang eo tinh chat quan chiing rong Ion. Cong tae cham lo sue khoe eho nhan dan dupe coi trpng. B^nh v i f n , benh xa, phong y te, tram euu thuong dupe xay d u n g khap noi.
* Tdc dung cua hqu phuctng trong nhung nam 1951 -1953:
Cung cap day d i i , k i p thai sue nguoi va sue eua de d a m bao eho eupe khang ehie'n gianh thang Ipi euo'i eiing. Hau phuang la nhan to' thuong xuyen quyet dinh den thang Ipi eua ehien truong true tie'p gop phan vao thang Ipi tren mat tran quan su trong nhi>ng nam 1951 - 1953; Chien eupe Dong - Xuan 1953 - 1954 va ehien djeh Ijeh sir D i ^ n Bien Phii.
Dap u n g nhu eau bue thie't eiia eupe khang chien, day manh su nghi^p quoc phong, tao tien de (chinh quyen, eo so kinh te, van hoa xa hpi) de tie'n len ehii nghla xa hpi sau nay.
b) Khdng chien chong Mi (1954 -1975)
* Xay dung hau phuang mien Bac trong nhicng nam 1954 -1960:
Sau khi hoa binh lap lai, mien BSe tien hanh cai each rupng da't, khoi phuc kinh te'va han gan vet thuong ehie'n tranh.
Trong nhirng nam 1958 - 1960, mien Bac thue hi^n eong eupe eai tao xa hpi chu nghla tren cae ITnh vue cpng nhi^p, thii eong nghiep, thuong nghif p nho, cong thuong nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la hop tae hoa nong nghiep.
Ke't qua cai tao la da xoa bo eo ban che'dp nguoi boe Ipt nguoi, c6 tae d y n g thue day san xua't phat trien, nha't la trong dieu ki^n ehien tranh, hpp tae xa da bao dam d o i song vat chat, tinh than eho nhirng nguoi ra d i chien dau, phyc v u ehie'n dau.
Dong thoi v o i nhi^m v u cai tao xa hpi chu nghla, eong nghif p quo'e doanh dupe u u tien dau t u xay dung. Den nam 1960, mien Bae eo 172 xi nghiep Ion do Trung uong quan li, tren 500 xi nghiep do dia phuong quan l i .
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* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1961 -1965:
Trong thai gian nay, mien BSc thue hi^n ke'hoach Nha nuoc 5 nam (1961 -1965). Nhiem v u eo ban eiia ke'hoach 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va nong nghiep, tie'p tuc cong eupe eai tao xa hpi ehii nghla, cung eo va tang cuang thanh phan kinh te quo'e doanh, eai thien mpt buoe doi song vat chat va van hoa cua nhan dan lao dpng, cung eo quoc phong, tang cuang trat t u va an ninh xa hpi.
Ve kinh te: Nganh cong nghiep dupe u u tien dau t u xay dung. Nong nghiep, t u nam 1961, cae dia phuang thue hien ehii truong xay d u n g hpp tae xa san xua't nong nghiep bac cao.
Thuong nghiep quo'e doanh dupe Nha nuae u u tien phat trien nen da chie'm linh thi truong, gop phan phat trien kinh te. Cling eo'quan h$ san xua't m o i , on dinh va eai thi^n d o i song nhan dan.
Trong giao thong: H ^ tho'ng giao thong d u o n g bp, d u o n g sat, d u o n g lien tinh, lien huy^n, d u a n g song, duong hang khong dupe ciing c6'. Viee di lai trong nuae va giao thong quo'e te'thuan Ipi hon.
Ve giao due, y te: He tho'ng giao due t u pho thong den dai hpe phat trien manh. H ^ thong y te, cham lo sue khoe dupe dau t u phat trien. N h u n g loai djch b^nh 6 mien Bae eo ban dupe xoa bo.
* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhitng nam 1965 -1968:
Trong thoi gian nay, mien Bac vua c6 hoa binh, vua phai doi dau voi eupe chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u nha't eiia MT.
Mae dau vay, mien Bac van lam nghla v u hau phuong Ian ciia khang ehie'n chong MT euu nuoc, mien Bae luon hudng ve mien N a m . V i mien N a m rupt
thit, mien Bac phan dau "Moi nguoi Idm viec bdng hai". V i tien tuye'n keu gpi, hau phuong s i n sang danh dap lai "Thoc khdng thieu mot can, quan khdng thieu mot nguoi".
Tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc Bac - N a m mang ten H P Chi M i n h tren bp (dpe day niii Truong Son) va tren bien (doc theo bo bien) bat dau khai thong t u thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay s6^ da noi lien hau phuong voi tien tuyeh.
Qua hai tuye'n d u o n g van ehuyen chien lupc do, trong 4 nam (1965 - 1968) mien BMc da dua hon 300.000 can bp, bp dpi vap mien N a m tham gia ehien dau, phuc v u ehie'n da'u, xay d u n g kinh te, van hoa tai cae v i m g giai phong, va cGng da g u i vao N a m hang ehyc van tan via khi, dan dupe, quan trang, quan dung, xang dau, luong thue, thuc pham, thuoe men va nhieu vat d y n g khae. Tinh chung sue nguoi, sue eiia t u mien Bae d i u y e n vao N a m trong 4 nam da tang gap 10 Ian so voi thoi ki truoe.
* Xdy dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1969 - 1973:
Tren kh5p mien Bac day len phong trao thi dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao dpng san xua't, nh3m truoc he't khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi.
Trong nong nghiep, chan nuoi duoc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hgp tac xa
tich eye ap dung tien bo khoa hoc k l thuat, nhieu bien phap tham canh tang vu.
Trong cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep trung u a n g va dja phuong tan
pha dupe khoi phuc nhanh chong. Nhieu cong trinh dang lam dang do dupe u u tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, dua vao hoat dpng.
He thong giao thong van tai, nha't la cac tuyen giao thong ehien lupe, bj pha
hoai nang ne dupe khan truong khoi phuc.
Van hod, giao due, y te, cCing nhanh chong dupe khoi phuc va phat trien. Doi
song nhan dan on djnh.
Trong khi mien Bac tap trung xay d u n g hau p h u o n g thi M l tien hanh eupc chien tranh pha hoai Ian t h u hai, mien Bac phai vua san xua't vua chong ehien tranh pha hoai cua M l .
Trong dieu kien tuong doi hoa binh, ca trong chien tranh pha hoai, mien Bac da tap trung Ian kha nang ve lue lupng va phuong tien de khae phuc kip thoi hau qua ciia nhij-ng tran danh pha ae liet, vupt qua nhi>ng eupc bao vay phong toa gat gao cua djch, bao dam tiep nhan tot hang vien trp t u ben ngoai va ehi v i ^ n theo yeu cau cua tien tuyen mien N a m , c6 ca chien truong Lao va Campuchia.
* Xay dung hau phuong mien Bac trong nhihtg nam 1973 -1975:
H i ^ p d j n h Pari nam 1973 ve Viet N a m , quan M I bupe phai riit khoi nuoe ta,
lam thay doi so sanh lue lupng 6 mien N a m eo Ipi eho each mang. Mien Bac tro
lai hoa binh, tien hanh khae phuc hau qua ehien tranh, khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, ra sue ehi v i ^ n eho tien tuyen mien N a m .
Sau hai nam (1973 -1974),ve eo ban mien Bac khoi phuc xong eae eo so kinh
te, cac h0 thong thuy nong, mang luoi giao thong, cae cong trinh van hoa, giao
dye, y te, kinh te'co buoc phat trien.
Den cuoi nam 1974, san xua't cong nghiep, nong nghiep tren mot so'mat tran quan trong da dat vupt muc nam 1964 va nam 1971 la hai nam dat muc cao nha't trong 20 nam xay d u n g ehii nghla xa hpi a mien Bac. Thuc hi^n nghia vu hau phuong, trong hai nam 1973 - 1974, mien BSc dua vao chien truong mien N a m , Campuchia, Lao gan 20 van bp dpi, hang van thanh nien xung phong, can bp chuyen mon, nhan k l thuat dpt xua't trong hai thang dau nam 1975. Mien Bac gap riit dua vao mien N a m 57.000 bp dpi (trong tong so 108.000 bp dpi cua ke'hoaeh dpng vien 1975).
Ve vat chat - k l thuat, mien BSc da eo nhirng no lyc p h i thuong, dap ung day d i i va k i p thoi nhu cau to Ian va cap bach ciia eupc tong tien cong chien lupe 6 mien N a m .
^harLJ: LICH SO THE QIOI H E N D A I
I N H U N G V A N D E ZQ B A N C U A L I C H S U T H E G I O I H I E N D A I
I (tu ndm 1917 den ndm 1945)
I, C A C H M A N G T H A N G MLfCJI N G A N A M 1917 V A C O N G C U Q C X A Y D l / N G C H U N G H I A XA H Q I 6 L I E N X 6