1. T h a i k i 1954 - 1957: Hoan thanh cai each r u p n g dat, k h o i phue k i n h te, han
g i n vet t h u o n g chien tranh
* Hoan thanh cai each ruong dat
Can cu vao hoan canh thuc te'mien Bac va nham dap u n g yeu cau ve quyen Igi kinh te, chinh tri ciia nong dan, cung co khoi lien minh cong nong, m o rgng mat tran dan tgc thong nha't. Dang va Chinh phu quyet d j n h "Day manh phat dgng quan chiing thuc hien cai each rugng dat".
Thuc hi^n chu truong cua Trung uong, trong hai nam (1954 - 1956), mien Bac tien hanh cai each rugng dat 6 3314 xa thugc 22 tinh dong b5ng va trung du.
Qua 5 dgt cai each rugng dat, da tjch thu trung inua khoang 81 van hecta rugng dat, 10 van nghin trau bo, 1,8 trieu nong cu t u tay giai cap dja ehii dem cho tren 2 trieu hg nong dan lao dgng.
Ke't qua: Giai cap dja ehii can ban bj xoa bo. Nong dan da lam chu nong thon,
nguyen vgng lau doi ciia nong dan la "ngifffi cay co riion;^" da dugc thuc hien.
Sai lam: Da'u to ea nhOng nguoi co cong voi each mang, quy nham mot so' nong dan, can bg, dang vien thanh dja chii. j •
* Khoi phuc kinh te, han gan vet thuong chien tranh
Cong cugc khoi phuc kinh te dugc toan dan tich cue h u o n g ling va trien khai trong ta't ca cac nganh.
Trong nong nghiep, nong dan hang hai khai khan rugng dat bo hoang, bao dam cay cay he't rugng dat vang chu, tang them dan trau bo, sam them cong cu. He thong de dieu da dugc tu bo. N h i e u cong trinh thuy nong m o i dugc xay
d y n g , CO tac d y n g m o rgng dien tich t u o i va tieu nuoc. i ,
Trong cong nghiep, giai cap cong nhan da nhanh chong khoi phuc va m o hau he't cac co so cong nghiep. Den cuoi nam 1957, mien B^c co ta't ca 97 nha may, xi nghiep Ion nho Nha nuoc quan l i .
Cac nganh thu cong nghiep mien Bac cung dugc khoi phuc nhanh chong. Den nam 1957, nganh thii cong nghiep da cung cap gan 59% so hang hoa cong nghiep trong ca nuoc, giai quyet phan nao vi^c lam cho nguoi lao dgng.
Trong t h u o n g nghiep, he thong m a u djch quoc doanh va hgp tac xa mua ban dugc m o rgng, da cung cap ngay cang nhieu mat hang cho nhan dan; giao luu hang hoa giira cac dia p h u o n g ngay cang phat trien; hoat dgng ngoai thuong dan dan tap trung vao tay Nha nuoc. Den cuoi nam 1957, mien Bac dat quan he buon ban voi 27 nuoc.
Giao thong van tai duoc chii trong, khoi phuc gan 700km d u o n g sat, sua chua va lam m o i hang nghin kilomet duang 6 to, xay d u n g va m a rpng them mpt so cang n h u H a i Phong, Cam Pha, Ben Thuy; d u o n g hang khong dan d y n g quoc teduQC khai thong.
Van hoa giao due dugc day manh. Nen giao due dugc phat trien theo h u o n g xa hoi chii nghla. He thong giao due pho thong theo chuong trinh 10 nam da dugc khang dinh, giao due dai hoc dugc ehii y phat trien.
He thong y te eham soc sue koe cho nhan dan dugc Nha nuoe quan tam xay d y n g . Nep song lanh manh, giii gin v^ sinh dugc van dgng thue hien 6 khap mgi noi.
Trong giai doan nay, chinh quyen va quan dgi dugc eiing co, tang cuong kha nang phong thu dat nuac, mo rgng quan he ngoai giao. Mat tran To quoc thanh lap thang 9 -1955 da tang cuong khoi dai doan ket dan tgc xay dung dat nuoe.
2. Thai ki 1958 - 1960: Cai tao quan hf san xuat, buoc dau phat trien kinh te -van hoa van hoa
Trong 3 nam tiep theo (1958 - 1960), mien Bae lay cai tao xa hgi chii nghla lam trgng tam: cai tao doi vai eong nhiep, thii eong nghiep, thuang nghiep
nho, eong thuong nghiep t u ban t u doanh, trong do khau chinh la hgp tac hoa
nong nghiep.
Thue hien chii truong tren, khap noi soi noi phong trao thi dua xay d u n g hgp tac xa. Cugc van dgng hgp tac xa nong nghiep dugc tien hanh theo nguyen tac t u nguyen, eung co Igi va quan li dan chii; t u n g buoc dua nguoi nong dan vao lam an tap the d i tir to doi eong len hgp tac xa bac thap, den bac cao, t u quy mo nho den quy mo Ion.
Do'i v o l t u san dan toe, cai tao hang phuang phap hoa binh, su dung mat
tieh eye eiia t u san dan toe, dua hg vao lam an tap the d u o i hinh thue eong t u hgp doanh.
Doi voi luc l u g n g tieu thuong, tieu chii, thg thii eong, dua vao eon duong lam an tap the trong cac hgp tac xa thii eong nghiep, hgp tac xa mua ban.
Ket qua cai tao la da xoa bo co ban che'dg nguoi boc lot nguoi, co tac dung thiie day san xuat phat trien, nhat la trong dieu kien ehie'n tranh, hgp tac xa da
bao dam doi song vat chat, tinh than cho nhtrng nguoi ra d i chien da'u, phyc
v u chien dau.
Dong thoi v a i nhiem vu cai tao xa hgi chii nghTa, eong nghiep quoc doanh dugc u u tien dau t u xay dung. Den nam 1960, mien Bac co 172 xf nghiep Ian do trung uong quan l i , tren 500 xi nghiep do dja phuong quan l i .
134
3. Thoi k i 1961 - 1965: Xay dung buoc dau co so vat chat, k l thuat ciia chu
nghia xa hpi • * Dai hpi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thu III ciia Dang (thang 9 - 1960)
- Hoan earth: Gi&a liic each mang 6 hai mien N a m - Bac co nhirng buoc tien
quan trgng. Dang Lao dgng Vi#t N a m to chiic Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc Ian thu I I I . Dai hgi hgp t u ngay 5 den 10 - 9 -1960 6 Ha N o i .
- Noi dung Dai hpi
Dai hgi de ra nhiem v u chien luge ciia each mang ca nuoe va nhiem v y ciia each mang t u n g mien; chi ro vj tri, vai tro ciia each mang t u n g mien, moi quan
h? givea each mang hai mien. Cach mang xa hgi chii nghla 6 mien Bac co vai tro
quye't djnh nhat doi vai su phat trien ciia each mang ca nuoe. Cach mang dan tgc dan chii nhan dan 6 mien N a m co vai tro quye't dinh true tiep doi voi su nghiep giai phong mien N a m .
Cach mang hai mien co quan h ^ mat thie't, gan bo va tac dgng Ian nhau nham hoan thanh cugc each mang dan tgc dan chii nhan dan trong ca nuoe, thue hi^n hoa binh thong nhat dat nuoe.
Dai hgi thong qua Bao cao chinh tri, bao cao sua chira doi Dieu 1^ Dang va thong qua ke'hoaeh Nha nuoe 5 nam thii nhat (1961 -1965) nham xay d u n g
buoc dau CO so vat chat - k l thuat eiia chii nghla xa hgi, thue h i ^ n mgt buoc
eong nghiep hoa xa hgi chii nghla. am * n
Dai hgi bau Ban Chap hanh Trung uong m o i eiia Dang. H o Chi M i n h
dugc bau lam Chii tjch Dang, Le Dan giu chiic Bi t h u t h i i nhat ciia Dang. - Y nghla: Dai hgi dai bieu toan quoc Ian t h i i I I I eiia Dang "nguon anh sang
moi, luc l u g n g m o i cho toan Dang va toan dan ta xay d u n g thang Igi chii nghla
xa hgi a mien Bac va da'u tranh thue hien hoa binh tho'ng nhat nuoe nha".
* Mien Oic thue hi?n ke hoach Nha nuoe 5 nam (1961 -1965)
N h i ^ m v u co ban ciia ke'hoaeh 5 nam la ra sue phat trien eong nghiep va nong nghiep, tiep tuc eong cugc cai tao xa hgi chu nghla, ciing co va tang cuong thanh phan kinh te'quoc doanh, cai thien mot buoc d o i song vat chat va van hoa ciia nhan dan lao dgng, eiing coquoc phong, tang cuong trat t u va an ninh xa hgi.Trong kinh te^ nganh eong nghiep dugc u u tien dau t u xay dung.
Trong nong nghiep, sau khi dua dai bg phan nong dan vao cac hgp tac xa nong nghiep, t u nam 1961, cac dja phuang thue hien chii truong xay d u n g hgp
tac xa san xuat nong nghiep bac cao. '' '
Thuong nghiep quoc doanh dugc Nha nuoe u u tien phat trien nen da chiehi
* iTnh thi truong, gop phan phat trien kinh te. Cling co quan h? san xuat m o i , on
djnh va cai thi^n doi song nhan dan.
thong giao thong ctuang bq>, duong sat, duong lien tinh, lien huy?n, duong song, duong hang khong dug-c cung co. Vi^c di lai trong nuoc va giao
duong song, duong hang khong dug-c cung co. Vi^c di lai trong nuoc va giao
thong quoc tethuan Igi hon.
thong giao due tu pho thong den dai hoc phat trien manh.
thong y te, cham lo sue khoe dugc dau tu phat trien. Nhiing loai dich b^nh a mien Bac co ban dugc xoa bo.
b^nh a mien Bac co ban dugc xoa bo.
Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam dugc xay dung tung buoc thanh quan dgi chinh quy va buoc dau dugc trang bj hien dai, du sue bao ve vung chic mien
chinh quy va buoc dau dugc trang bj hien dai, du sue bao ve vung chic mien
Bac va dap ung nhu cau ngay cang tang cua each mang mien Nam.
Nhi>ng thanh tuu dat dugc trong viec thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam (1961 -
1965) va noi chung trong 10 nam (1954 - 1964) da thay doi bg mat xa hgi mien
Bic. Tai Hoi n;^hi Chinh tri dqc biet thcin^ 3 - 3964, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh noi:
"Trong 10 nam qua, mien BMc nuoc ta da tien hanh buoc dai chua tung thay trong Ijch su dan tgc. Dat nuoc, xa hgi va con nguoi deu doi moi".
trong Ijch su dan tgc. Dat nuoc, xa hgi va con nguoi deu doi moi".
4. Thai ki 1965 - 1968: Mien BIC vira san xuat vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian thu nhat cua M i
tranh pha hoai Ian thu nhat cua M i
* M l tien hanh chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac
Cuoi nam 1964 dau nam 1965, dong thoi voi day manh chien tranh xam luge mien Nam. MT mo rgng chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai
luge mien Nam. MT mo rgng chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai
mien BSc. Ngay 5 - 8 - 1964 sau khi dung len "sic kicn Vinh BSc Bo", MT cho may
bay nem bom bSn pha mot so noi 6 mien Bac, nhu cua song Gianh (Quang Binh), Vinh - Ben Thuy (Nghf An), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa), thj xa Hon Gai
Binh), Vinh - Ben Thuy (Nghf An), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa), thj xa Hon Gai
(Quang Ninh).
Ngay 7-2 - 1965, lay co "tra dua" viec quan giai phong mien Nam tien cong
doanh trai quan M i 6 Playku, MT cho may bay nem bom b i n pha thj xa Dong Hoi, dao Con Co (Quang Binh)..., chinh thi>c gay ra cugc chien tranh bSng
Hoi, dao Con Co (Quang Binh)..., chinh thi>c gay ra cugc chien tranh bSng
khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian thu nhat).
Tien hanh chien tranh pha hoai, M I am muu pha tiem luc kinh te, quoc
phong, pha cong cugc xay dung chu nghai xa hgi 6 mien Bac; ngan chan nguon
chi vi^n tu ben ngoai vao mien BSc va tu mien Bac vao mien Nam; uy hiep tinh
than, lam lung lay y chi chong M I cua nhan dan ta 6 hai mien dat nuoc.
May bay, tau chien MT nem bom, bin pha lien tuc, khip mgi noi, mgi liic, trong mgi thoi tiet, voi cuong do ngay cang tang. Trung binh moi ngay co 300
trong mgi thoi tiet, voi cuong do ngay cang tang. Trung binh moi ngay co 300
Ian chie'c may bay di gay tgi ac voi 1600 tan bom dan trut xuong cac lang mac,
pho xa,. Bom dgn cau chiing ta da cuop di biet bao sinh mang va gay thuong
tich cho bao nhieu nguoi khac. Bom dan cua chiing da tan pha biet bao cua cai.
CO
co SO kinh te^ cong trinh van hoa, giao due, y te ma nhan dan ta da tao nen trong hon 10 nam truoc.
trong hon 10 nam truoc.
* Mien BSc vvra san xuat, vira chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai
Mien Bac chuyen mgi hoat dgng sang thoi chien, thuc hien quan sii hoa toan dan. Mien Bic vua san sang chong lai hanh dgng danh pha ciia MT vua
toan dan. Mien Bic vua san sang chong lai hanh dgng danh pha ciia MT vua
lao dgng san xuat. i
Trong chien dau, mien Bac da ban roi va pha huy 3 243 may bay MT; ban chay va chim 143 tau chien MT. Ngay 1 - 11 - 1968, MT tuyen bo ngung hln
chay va chim 143 tau chien MT. Ngay 1 - 11 - 1968, MT tuyen bo ngung hln
chien tranh pha hoai mien Bac.
Trong san xuat, mien Bic lap dugc nhi>ng thanh tich quan trgng: Trong nong nghifp, dien tich canh tac mo rgng, nang sua't lao dgng khong ngung
nong nghifp, dien tich canh tac mo rgng, nang sua't lao dgng khong ngung
tang len. Trong cong nghi^p, nang luc san xuat 6 mot so nganh dugc giO vOng.
cac CO so cong nghiep Ion kjp thoi so tan. Cong nghiep dja phuong va cong
nghiep quoc phong deu phat trien.
* Mien Bac thuc hi^n nghia vu hau phuong Ion
La hau phuong Ion cua khang chien chong mT cuu nuoc, mien Bic luon
huong ve mien Nam. Vi mien Nam rugt thjt, mien Bic phah dau "Moi n^u&i
lam vice bang hai". Vi tien tuyen keu ggi, hau phuong san sang danh dap lai "Thoc khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngitvi"
"Thoc khong thieu mot can, quan khong thieu mot ngitvi"
Tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge Bic - Nam mang ten Ho Chi Minh tren bp (dgc day nui Truong Son) va tren bien (dgc theo bo bien) bit dau khai thong h>
bp (dgc day nui Truong Son) va tren bien (dgc theo bo bien) bit dau khai thong h>
thang 5 -1959, dai hang nghin cay so, da noi lien hau phuong voi tien tuyen.
Qua hai tuyen duong van chuyen chien luge do, trong 4 nam (1965 - 1968) mien Bac da dua hon 300.000 can bg, bg dgi vao mien Nam tham gia chien
mien Bac da dua hon 300.000 can bg, bg dgi vao mien Nam tham gia chien
dau, phuc vu chien dau, xay dung kinh te^ van hoa tai cac vung giai phong, va
cijng da gui vao Nam hang chuc van tan vu khi, dan dugc, quan trang, quan
dyng, xang dau, luong thuc, thuc pham, thuoc men va nhieu vat dung khac.
Tinh chung site nguoi, sue cua tu mien Bac chuyen vao Nam trong 4 nam da
tSng gap 10 Ian so voi thoi ki truoc.
5. Thoi k i 1969 - 1973: Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi,
chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai Ian thu hai ciia M i * Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi
* Mien Bic khoi phuc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi
Tren khap mien Bac day len phong trao thi dua hgc tap, cong tac, lao dgng in xuat, nhim truoc het khoi phyc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi.
in xuat, nhim truoc het khoi phyc va phat trien kinh te - xa hgi.
Trong nong nghiep, ta co mgt so chu truong khuyen khich san xua't. Chan
fiioi dugc dua len thanh nganh chinh. Cac hop tac xa tich cue ap dung tieh bg «^oa hgc kT thuat, nhieu bifn phap tham canh tang vu. Nho do, nhieu hgp tac
«^oa hgc kT thuat, nhieu bifn phap tham canh tang vu. Nho do, nhieu hgp tac
xa dat duQc muc tieu 5 tan, mot so hop tac xa dat tir 6 den 7 tan. San luQng
luong thuc nam 1970 tang Hon 60 van tan so voi nam 1968.
Trong Cong nghiep, nhieu ca so cong nghiep trung uong va dja phuong tar, pha dugc khoi phyc nhanh chong. Nhieu cong trinh dang lam dang do duoc
UTJ tien dau t u xay d u n g tiep, dua vac heat dong.
He thong giao thong van tdi, nha't la cac tuyen giao thong chien lup-c, h\a hoai nang ne d u g c k h a n t r u a n g k h o i phuc.
Van hod, giao due, y te, cung nhanh chong dugc khoi phuc va phat trien. D6i
song nhan dan on djnh. M o t so kho khan do sai lam khuyet diem cua ta trong chi dao, quan li kinh te - xa hoi buoc dau dugc khac phuc.
* Mien Bac vvra chien dau chong chien tranh pha hoai vira san xuat
Ngay 6 - 4 - 1972, MT cho may bay nem bom ban pha mgt so' noi thugc khu IV cu. Ngay 16 - 4 - 1972, Nich-xon tuyen bo'chinh thuc gay ra cugc chien tranh khong quan va hai quan pha hoai mien Bac (Ian t h u hai); den ngay 9 - 5 - 1972, tuyen bo phong toa cang Hai Phong ciing cac cua song, luong lach, viing bien mien Bac.
N h o dugc chuan bj truoc va vai t u the luon luon san sang chien dau, mien Bac da c6 the chu dong, kjp thoi chong tra djch ngay t u tran dau.
Ngay 14 - 12 - 1972, gan 2 thang sau khi tuyen bo'ngung nem bom ban pha
