thoi d^i. S\f t r u o n g thanh cua cac dan tpc.
1 Sy that b^i cua chu nghia phat xit, sy suy yeu ciia chii nghia t u ban.
' Chii nghia xa hpi tro thanh h? thong the gioi, la eho d y a eho phong trao giai phong dan tpc.
Sy Ion m^inh ciia eae lye l u p n g dan chu, hoa b i n h va tien bp tren the gioi. 2* Q u a trinh phat trien cua phong trao g i i i phong dan tpc
li Tir nSm 1945 den nSm 1949: sy biing no va phat trien ciia phong trao giai
phong dan tpc 6 cac thupe dja, chii yeu 6 m p t so nude D o n g N a m A . D o la
19\^ng Ipi ciia each m^ng Vi?t N a m , Lao, Campuchia, hidonexia (1945); thSng Jd ciia each mgng A n D p (1947); t h i n g Ipi ciia each mgng T r u n g Quoc (1949)...
T u nSm 1949 den nSm 1954: phong trao giai phong dan tpc tiep tyc va gianh i n g Ipi 6 chau A . D o la t h i n g Ipi ciia cupe khang chien chong thyc dan Phap • Vi?t N a m , Lao, Campuchia (1945 - 1954); t h i n g Ipi ciia chien djch D i ^ n Bien
i i i 6 Vi^t N a m n a m 1954 da co tae d y n g thiic day phong trao giai phong dan : 6 chau Phi phat trien manh me.
T u nSm 1954 den nam 1960: phong trao phat trien o chau Phi va k h u vyc |iatinh. D o la t h i n g Ipi ciia each m^ing Angieri (1954); t h i n g Ipi ciia each m^ing
nghla phan bi?t chiing tQc (1960). Dac biet 6 chau Phi, n a m 1960, lich six ggi la
" n a m chau P h i " vol 17 quoc gia gianh doc lap.
T u n a m 1960 den nam 1975: tiep tuc danh bai chu nghla thuc dan cu va tieh len dau tranh chong chu nghla thuc dan m o i . D o la thang Igi ciia each mang EHopi (1974), cua each mang Modambi'ch, Anggola (1975); thang Igi ciia hang
loat nuoc a Mi L a t i n h trong su nghi^p dau tranh chong chu nghla thuc dan
m o i ciia M i . Dac biet la thang Igi ciia nhan dan Viet N a m t r o n g cugc dau tranh chong M l c i i u nuoc (1975).
T u nam 1975 den nam 1999: hoan thanh co ban su nghi?p dau tranh giai phong dan tgc. Sau thang Igi cua cugc Tong tien cong va n o i day m u a Xuan n a m 1975, hau het cac nuoc a M I Latinh dau tranh gianh dgc lap dan tgc. 3. N h u n g dac d i e m cua p h o n g trao giai p h o n g dan tpc
a) Phong trao giai phong dan toe phdt trim cd chieu rgng va chieu sdu, gianh nhung thang Iqn to Ion va c6 tinh quyet djnh Idm thay doi bg mat hdnh tinh. nhung thang Iqn to Ion va c6 tinh quyet djnh Idm thay doi bg mat hdnh tinh.
Sau Chien t r a n h the gioi t h u hai, phong trao dau tranh giai p h o n g dan tgc b i i n g phat d tat ca cac chau luc c6 thuc dan chie'm dong. Cugc dau tranh chong thyc dan k h o n g con ciia rieng ai, no da t r o thanh Ian song d g i t u chau A sang chau Phi den chau M I Latinh, cuon theo va nhan c h i m toan bg h ^ thong thugc dia cua chii nghla thyc dan.
Cugc dau tranh cua nhan dan chau A, Phi, M i Latinh k h o n g con d u n g lai 6 cai t h i f n d o i song, bao ton va phat trien van hoa dan tgc, n o i rgng quyen kinh doanh cho giai cap t u san... ma no da len den d i n h cao la doi dgc lap hoan toan, t r a thanh m g t chii the chinh trj ngang bang v o i cac nuoc thuc dan tren t r u o n g quoc te.
Phong trao giai p h o n g dan tgc sau Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai da m o ra m g t thai dai m o i " t h a i dai ciia chu nghla thvc dan va chii nghla de quoc cham d u t va m g t thai dai m o i dugc m o ra - t h o i dai dgc lap va cung ton tai hoa binh giCra cac nuoc c6 che dg xa hgi khac n h a u " .
b) Sau Chien tranh the giai thu: hai, phong trdo giai phong dan tgc, vai tro vd su thitc tinh cua cac dan tgc thugc dia tra thdnh net noi bat, trong do, c6 su vd su thitc tinh cua cac dan tgc thugc dia tra thdnh net noi bat, trong do, c6 su thiic tinh cua cong nong Id chu yeu.
Trudc Chie'n tranh the giai t h u hai, tham gia phong trao giai p h o n g dan tgc chu yeu la cac tang lop tren n h u t r i thuc, t u san, tieu t u san, cac sinh vien, hgc sinh. Sau Chie'n tranh the gioi t h u hai, phong trao da t h u h u t dong dao q u a " chiing nhan d a n ma truoc het la quan chiing cong nong. Day la n h u n g giai cap dong dao nhat, bj ap biic boc Igt nang ne nha't, n h u n g den t h o i d i e m nay ho
W dugc tap h g p lai, d u g c giao due, y thuc giai cap, y thiie dan tgc d u g c nang len.
H Do do, hg la n h u n g giai cap thuc tinh sam nhat, each mang nhat.
m H a n nua, sau Chie'n tranh the gioi t h u hai, k h u vue A, Phi, MT Latinh la n o i
I t i p t r u n g n h u n g mau thuan gay gMt nhat ciia thai dai: m a u thuan giCra nong I dan v o i dja chii phong kie'n; mau thuan giua cong nhan v o i giai cap t u san;
mau thuan giCra de'quoc v o i de'quoc; m a u thuan giua chii nghla xa hgi voi chii nghla t u ban. Cac m a u thuan nay da hoa quy^n vao nhau, lam cho k h u vuc tro thanh khau yeu nhat ciia chii nghla de'quoc, tao t h o i co thuan Igi cho cugc dau tranh giai phong dan tgc. C h i n h nhirng mau thuan nay da loi cuon tat ca cac ;tang lop nhan dan thugc dja tham gia vao cugc dau tranh gianh dgc lap, tao
nen sue manh chie'n thang chii nghla thuc dan.
c) Trong phong trdo giai phong dan tgc sau Chien tranh the giai thu hai, xu the tang cuang dodn kei, thong nhat hdnh dong dau tranh chong chu nghta de the tang cuang dodn kei, thong nhat hdnh dong dau tranh chong chu nghta de quoc, chu nghta thuc dan ngdy cdngphdt trim.
Day la dac d i e m n o i bat ciia phong trao giai p h o n g dan tgc t r o n g thai k i 'nay. Sy doan ket, thong nhat trong hanh dong chong de'quoc trong thai k i nay da v u g t k h c i k h u o n k h o dan tgc, khong con tinh chat eye bg ma mang tinh chat toan cau, k h o n g chi nham chong lai mgt cuong quoc ma chong lai toan bg chii nghla thuc dan n o i chung. Boi v i , chii nghla de'quoc, chu nghia thuc dan deu la ke thii chung ciia cac dan tgc.
H a n nCra, sau Chien tranh the gioi t h i i hai, truac p h o n g trao dau tranh m^nh me ciia cac dan tgc, cac nuoc de quoc tang cuong cau ket v o i nhau, sii d v n g chii nghla thuc dan de can thi^p vao noi bg cac nuoc. V i vay, luc l u g n g each mang ciia cac nuoc thugc dja can phai tap hgp lai de chong chii nghla thuc dan.
d) Trong cugc dau tranh gidnh dgc lap, cac dan tgc thugc dia sic dung cac hinh thiic dau tranh phong phii, da dang khong bo ggn vao mgt hinh thiic nha't dinh. thiic dau tranh phong phii, da dang khong bo ggn vao mgt hinh thiic nha't dinh.
T i i y hoan canh ciia tirng quoc gia ma cac dan tgc thugc dia van d u n g hinh Ithuc dau tranh cho p h i i hgp. V i dy, h i n h thiic dau tranh v u trang, khang chien h h u each m a n g T r u n g Quoc, Angieri; dau tranh v u trang ket h g p v a i dau tranh chinh t r j , dau t r a n h ngoai giao n h u each mang Vi^t N a m , L a o . . ; dieu d i n h t h u o n g l u g n g , thoa hi?p n h u nhieu nuoc o chau Phi; dau tranh o n hoa n h u A n Dp; v u a v u trang, d u kich v u a dieu d i n h n h u Indonexia; bai cong va via trang ^nhu cac nude M i Latinh.
So dong cac quoc gia d i theo con duong dau tranh giai phong dan tQC do
giai cap t u san lanh dao, sau khi gianh dgc lap da lua chgn con d u o n g phat trien theo d i n h h u o n g chu nghla t u ban.
M p t so nuoc tie'n hanh da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc d u o i su lanh d^o cua
chinh dang giai cap v6 san b i n g da'u tranh v u trang gianh dpc lap, sau do tie'n len xay d u n g chu nghia xa hpi n h u Vi?t N a m , Trung Quoc, Cuba...
M p t so nuoc dupe sy hau thuan, giup d o cua Lien X6 va cac nuoc xa hpi chu nghia, bang khoi nghia v u trang, khang chien gianh dpc lap, buac vao thoi
k i xay d y n g da't nuoc theo dinh huong phat trien xa hpi chu nghia n h u Etiopi,
Anggola, Modambich...
e) Tit nam 1947, cugc Chien tranh lanh bung phat trong the giai hai cue. Phong trdo giai phong dan toe dim ra trong khudn khocuge ehien tranh nay.
H a i eye X6 - M i , hai khoi Dong - Tay ngay cang cang thSng. Phong trao giai phong dan tpc b} chi phoi boi hai eye, do do, cupe da'u tranh gianh dpc l^p ciia cac dan tpc tro nen phuc tap, tham chi kho khan. Cupe Chien tranh lanh bat
dau tix nam 1947 keo dai deh nam 1989, khong d u n g lai 6 bien gioi MR va Lien
X6 ma no bao t r u m ca the gioi, dien ra tren cac ITnh vyc k i n h te, chinh trj, van hoa... loi keo cac nuoc m o i giai phong va ca cac nuoc dang da'u tranh de giai phong dan tpc vao vong quay cua no. 6 nhieu khu vyc A, Phi, M i Latinh, Lien X6 va cac nuoc xa hpi chu nghia d u n g ve phia nhan dan va cac lyc i u p n g tieh bp de chong lai cac the lyc dequoc thyc dan cung tay sai ciia chiing. Trong khi do. M l va cac nuoc dong m i n h cua M I lai ung hp cac the lyc thyc dan, dequoc va tay sai nhSm d u y tri ach thupc dja d u o i nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau. Tinh hinh nay lam cho k h u vyc A, Phi, M i Latinh ngay cang tro nen cang thimg.
K h i Chien tranh lanh ket thiic, sy doi dau giOa hai eye khong con nua thi nhung cupe xung dpt khu vyc va cupe chien tranh gianh dpc lap cung dupe
giai quye't theo quan diem eiia thoi ki hau Chien tranh lanh.
fi Sau Chien tranh the giai thii hai, phong trao giai phong dan tgc gan lien vai su ung hg cua phong trao cgng san, phong trao cong nhan vd cac luc Ittqng tieh bg tren the giai.
Chien tranh the gioi t h i i hai ket thiie, the gioi dien tie'n theo mpt chieu huong m o i , n h u n g nhan to thuan Ipi cho cupe da'u tranh de d i toi myc tieu cua thoi dai (hoa binh, dpc lap dan tpc, dan chu va tieh bp xa hpi) xuat h i f n . Trong hoan canh ay, phong trao epng san, cong nhan phat trien manh, cac lyc kupng tie'n bp tren the gioi dupe tap hpp Igi ngay cang dong dao, boat dpng chong chien tranh, v i hoa binh a i a loai nguoi tie'n bp ngay cang soi dpng. Nhan dan A, Phi, M l Latinh trong qua trinh da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc da nh^n dupe
sy ling hp ca ve vat cha't va tinh than t u phia cac luc Iupng tie'n bp tren the gioi.
Chang han, nhung cuoc bieu tinh ngoai d u o n g pho ciia nhan dan M I trong
nhimg nam 1965 den nhung nam 70 nham chong lai hanh dpng xam lupc ciia de
quoc M I doi voi cac nuoc thupc dja, nha't la cupe chien tranh xam lupc Vi^t Nam.
Trong thoi ki Chien tranh lanh, cac dan tpc A, Phi, M I Latinh da nhan dupe
sy giup d o tan tinh, sau sac ciia dang, chinh phii, cac to chuc xa hpi, quan chiing va toan the cac tang lop nhan dan 6 cac nuoc xa hpi chii nghia. H?
I thong xa hpi chii nghia the gioi khong chi la cho dua v u n g chae ve tinh than
jpho cac dan tpc dang da'u tranh giai phong, ma chinh cac nuoc xa hpi chii
lighia su dung triet de cac dien dan quoc te'(nhu Lien hpp quoc) de to cao chii
nghia thyc dan, dua ra nhung sang kien, nhung yeu cau phi thyc dan hoa de cac to chuc quoc te thong qua, tao co so phap ly cho cupe da'u tranh eiia nhan
dan A, Phi, M I Latinh. Dien hinh la "Tuyen ngon ehii nghia thuc dan, trao tra
dpc lap cho cac quoc gia, dan tpc thupc dia" (nam 1960) va "Tuyen ngon ve thii
; tieu hoan toan cac h i n h thuc ciia che'dp phan biet chiing tpc" (nam 1963), dupe
nhom cac nuoc xa hpi chii nghia dua ra tai Dai hpi dong Lien hi^p quoc va
dupe thong qua. N h a n dan cac nuoc A, Phi, M I Latinh eon nhan dupe so iupng J, Ion thuoc men, do d i m g , luong thuc, siing dan Kr cac nude xa hpi chii nghia.
g) Cugc dau tranh ddi dgc lap vekinh tephdt trim manh me
Sau Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, nhieu quoc gia da gianh dupe dpc lap chinh tri, nhung tinh trang doi ngheo con la ganh nang ciia chinh phii va nhan
dan cac nuoc nay. Cung chinh v i the ma cupe da'u tranh doi giam np, xoa np
jOia cac nuoc ngheo doi voi cac nuoc giau dang dien ra. Cupe da'u tranh cho sy
binh dang ve kinh te dat ra ngay cang quye't li^t, eon d u o n g d i toi sy phon vinh ve kinh te'6 the gioi t h u ba eon dai va day kho khan. Mae dau vay, buoc
vao thap nien 70 eiia the ki XX cho den nay, nhieu dan tpc da giai quye't tirUi
Irang doi ngheo kha thanh cong, n h u nhiing "eon rong" ehau A va nhieu nuoc dang buoc vao thoi ki cat canh n h u Thai Lan, Malaixia... Nhieu nuoc "nen
:6ng nghiep m o i " xuat hi?n nhu Han Quoc, Xingapo, Dai Loan, Braxin,
klehieo, Achentina, N a m Phi...
Tuy nhien, nhieu dan tpc eon kho khan dang tran tro t i m cho m i n h mpt
»u6ng d i len phu hpp. Cuoi thap ki 80 eiia the'ki XX tro d i , nhieu nuoc A, Phi,
Ai Latinh thyc hi?n chinh sach m o cua, da dang hoa. Dong thoi cac nuoc A,
'hi, M I Latinh cung dang da'u tranh doi hoi mpt san choi binh dMng trong quan I? kinh te'quo'e te.