1. Phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 chau Phi sau Chien tranh the giod thu hai
a. Nhitng nhdn to" thuc day phong trao giai phong dan tgc a chdu Phi sau Chien tranh the giai thii hai
Su ket thiic Chien tranh the gioi t h i i hai cung n h u n h i i n g thay d o i ve tinh
hinh quoc te sau chien tranh c6 tac dung thvic day phong trao dpc lap dan toe
tai chau Phi.
That bai ciia chu nghla phat xit, sy suy yeu cua A n h va Phap, hai quoc gja thong trj nhieu v u n g thuQC dja tai chau Phi, tao dieu k i ^ n thuan Ipi cho cupc
dau tranh giai phong cua nhan dan chau Phi.
Thang Igi cua phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 chau A, truoc het la cua Viet N a m va T r u n g Quoc da c6 v u cac cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan chau Phi.
Phong trao dau tranh cho'ng chii nghia thuc dan da dien ra soi noi tren luc dia nay.
b. Cugc dau tranh gianh dqc lap cua nhdn dan chau Phi sau Chien tranh the giai thu hai
Phong trao t u n g buoc gianh thang Ipi to Ion, h^ thong thupc dja ciia chu
nghla thuc dan chau A u a chau Phi noi tie'p nhau tan ra, cac quoc gia dpc lap
Ian lupt ra d o i :
* Nhung nam 50 cua theki XX:
M o dau la cupc binh chien ciia sT quan va binh linh yeu nuoc A i Cap {3-7 -
1952) lat do v u a n g trieu Pharuc, cho dua cua thyc dan A n h , lap nen nuoc Cpng hoa A i Cap (18 - 6 - 1953), nam 1952, nhan dan Libi gianh dupe dpc lap.
Sau 8 nam khang chien kien cuang chong Phap (1954 - 1962), nhan dan
Angieri da gianh dupe thang Ipi. Tir nua sau thap nien 50, h^ thong thupc dja cvia thye dan chau A u a chau Phi noi tie'p nhau ran ra, cac quoc gia dpc lap Ian
lupt xua't hi^n n h u T u y n i d i , Maroc, Xudang (1956); Gana (1957); Ghine (1958),...
* Tif nam 1960 den nam 1975:
N a m 1960, v o i 17 nuoc 6 Tay Phi, Dong Phi va T r u n g Phi gianh dupe dpc lap dan tpc, da dupe lich su ghi nhan la " N a m chau Phi", m o dau cho giai doan phat trien m o i cua phong trao giai phong dan tpc chau Phi.
N h i i n g thang Ipi c6 y nghla to Ion va gay anh h u o n g sau rpng trong giai dogn nay la thang Ipi ciia nhan dan Angieri. Sau 7 nam khang chien, da danh
bai de quoc Phap, bupc Phap phai k i ket hi^p d j n h cong nhan nen dpc lap cua
Angieri (3 - 1962); thang Ipi cua each mang Etiopi (1974), cua each mang Modambich, Anggola (1975).
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i * Tie sau nam 1975:
I N h a n dan cac thupc dja con lai 6 chau Phi hoan thanh cupc dau tranh danh I! do nen thong t r i thuc dan cu, gianh dpc lap dan tpc va quyen song ciia con
l|l n g u o i . Sau nhieu thap k i dau tranh, nhan dan N a m Rodedia da tuyen bo thanh
H I ^ P nuoc Cpng hoa Dimbabue (18 - 4 - 1980). v,,,,)! i
Br Truoc sue ep ciia nhan dan va Lien hop quoc, chinh quyen N a m Phi da phai
l l t r a o tra dpc lap cho Namibia; thang 3 - 1990, Namibia tuyen bo dpc lap. Ngay " chinh tai N a m Phi, truoc ap luc dau tranh ciia n g u o i da mau, thang 2 - 1990,
chinh quyen N a m Phi da tuyen bo t u bo chinh sach phan bi^t ehiing tpc (gpi la Apaethai). Sau do, v o i thang Ipi ciia cupc bau cir dan chii da ehiing tpc Ian dau tien 6 N a m Phi (thang 4 -1994) ong Nenxon Mandela tro thanh Tong thong da den dau tien ciia Cpng hoa N a m Phi. Su ki^n do da danh dau su cham d i i t che dp phan biet chiing tpc da man, day bat cong, mpt bieu hi$n ciia chii nghla thye dan.
c. Nhung kho khan cua cac nuoc chdu Phi tren buoc duang phat trim
Sau khi gianh dupe dpc lap, cac nuoc chau Phi bat tay vao cong cupc xay d y n g dat nuoc, phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, da thu dupe n h u n g thanh t y u buoc dau n h u n g chua d i i de thay doi can ban bp mat ciia chau luc nay.
Tuy nhien, nhieu nuoc chau Phi con nam trong tinh trang lac hau, khong on djnh va kho khan do xung dpt, dao chinh, npi chien dien ra lien mien; doi ngheo, b^nh tat va m u chu; sy bung no ve dan so'; np nan va sy p h u thupc vao nude ngoai v.v... Tat ea n h i i n g kho khan do da va dang la thach thuc Ion d o i voi nhan dan cac nuoc chau Phi.
T u nam 1952 den nam 1985, xay ra 241 Ian dao chinh quan sy. T u nam 1987 den nam 1997, c6 toi 14 cupc xung dot va npi chien.
Trong so 43 quoc gia ma Lien hpp quoc xac dinh la ngheo nhat the gioi
1(1997), a chau Phi c6 29 nuoc.
Vao dau n h i i n g nam 90, so np ciia chau Phi len tdi 300 t i USD v o i so lai hang nSm phai tra la 25 ti USD.
HI d. Dac diem phong trao giai phong dan toe a chdu Phi
B Phong trao giai phong dan toe a chdu Phi tie sau Chien tranh the giai thie hai den Bpiay fuy phat trien rong khSp va len cao, nhung dien ra khong dong deu giiea cac quoc Bpiay fuy phat trien rong khSp va len cao, nhung dien ra khong dong deu giiea cac quoc
Wm^a va cac khu vuc a chdu Phi. *'
• Sy phat trien khong dong deu do trinh dp phat trien kinh te^ chinh trj 6 cac •jftuoc chau Phi rat chenh l^ch. B3e Phi trinh dp kinh te, chinh t r j cao nhat roi •jden Tay Phi, con chau Phi xich dao thi lac hau.
B Phong trao giai phong dan toe a chdu Phi not chung do giai cap tu sdn Idnh dao.
O chau Phi, giai cap t u san deu c6 to chuc chi'nh dang cua m i n h va cac chinh dang nay anh h u o n g to Ion den nong dan va cac tang lop nhan dan. Giai cap cong nhan t u y c6 tang ve so l u g n g n h u n g phan Ion chua c6 chinh dang cua m i n h nen chua the lanh dao nhan dan dau tranh.
Khi chu nghia dequoc phucmg Tay xam luge, cac nuoc chau Phi ndi chung con d trong tinh trqng bo lac dang chuxjen sang xa hoi c6 giai cap, hoqc chua hinh thanh cdc quoc gia, dan tgc. Sau khi tra thanh thuoc dia, cdc nu&c chau Phi bj cdc dequoc chia cat thanh nhieu viing lanh tho, xen ke nhan.
6 chau Phi, uoc tinh c6 khoang 1000 dan tpc, bo toe khac nhau. V o i chinh sach "chia de t r j " , nhieu dan toe, bp toe da bj chia xe, phan thuoc nuoc nay, phan thupc nuoc kia. Sau k h i gianh dpc lap, cac nuoc chau Phi dupe thanh lap trong khuon kho thupc dia cu truoc day, mac d u no mang ten nuoc. Chinh dieu do la m o t trong n h i i n g nguyen nhan dan den tinh trang x u n g dot dan tpc, sac tpc a luc dja nay.
To chiec thong nhd't Phi dugc thanh lap nam 1963 dong vai tro dgc biet quan trong trong vice phoi hap hdnh dong va thuc day sir nghiep dau tranh cua nhan dan chau Phi.
Hinh thitc dau tranh gianh doc lap dan tgc a cdc nuac chau Phi chii xjeu thong qua dau tranh chinh tri hgp phdp, thuang lugng vox cdc nuac phuang Tay deduce cong nhan dgc lap.
Mite do dgc lap va su phdt trim dot nuac sau khi gianh dgc lap ral khong dong dm nhau. N h u n g nude bang sue manh cua minh khang ehien, dau tranh vu trang ket
h p p v o i dau tranh chinh t r j . . . danh duoi thuc dan thi m u c dp doc lap cao hon. N g u p c lai nhij'ng nuoc nhan dupe nen dpc lap bang eon d u o n g trao tra, t h u o n g l u p n g . . . thi eon phu thupc nhieu vao nuoc ngoai. Sau k h i gianh doc lap, cac nuoc chau Phi Xich dao eon trong tinh trang cham phat trien, con viing Bac Phi phat trien nhanh hon.
2. Phong trao giai phong dan tpc a M I Latinh sau Chien tranh the giai thu hai a. Nhimg nhan to thuc day phong trao giai phong dan tgc a Mi Latinh sau a. Nhimg nhan to thuc day phong trao giai phong dan tgc a Mi Latinh sau Chien tranh the giai thuhai
Sau Chien tranh the gioi t h u hai, voi u u the've kinh te va quan su, M I t i m each bien M I Latinh thanh "san sau" cua m i n h va xay d u n g cac che dp dpc tai than M l .
Cupc dau tranh chong che dp dpc tai than M i bung no va phat trien. Tieu bieu la thSng Ipi ciia each mang Cuba d u o i su lanh dao cua Phiden Catxtoro. Ngay 1 - 1 - 1959, che dp Batixta sup do, nuoc Cong hoa Cuba ra d o i do Phiden Catxtoro d u n g dau. Cach mang Cuba thang Ipi la la c6 dau thuc day phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 M i Latinh.
b. Nhieng net chinh ve qua. trinh gianh va bdo ve doc lap d chau Mi Latinh tic sau Chien tranh the giai thuhai tic sau Chien tranh the giai thuhai
Khac v o i chau A va chau Phi, nhieu nuoc 6 M i Latinh som gianh dupe dpc lap t u dau the k i XIX sau k h i thoat khoi ach thong t r i cua thuc dan Tay Ban Isiha va Bo Dao N h a . N h u n g , ngay sau do, hp lai bj 1^ thupc vao M i , tro thanh thupc dia kieu m o i ciia M I . Sau Chien tranh the gioi t h u u hai, v o i u u the ve ] kinh te va quan su. M i t i m each bien M I Latinh thanh "san sau" ciia m i n h va I xay d u n g cac che dp dpc tai than M i .
Cling v i the, cupc dau tranh cho'ng che dp dpc tai than M i bung no va phat trien. Tieu bieu la thang Ipi cua each mang Cuba d u o i sy lanh dao ciia Phiden fiCatxtoro.