Which statement describes the routing protocol OSPF choose 3

PRACTICAL TCP IP AND ETHERNET NETWORKING P14 PPT

The range of non-registered (i.e. private) AS numbers is 64512–65535 and ISP typically issues these to stub ASs i.e. those that do not carry third-party traffic. As mentioned earlier, iBGP is the form of BGP that exchanges BGP updates within an AS. Before information is exchanged with an external AS, iBGP ensures that networks within the AS are reachable. This is done by a combination of ‘peering’ between BGP routers within the AS and by distributing BGP routing information to IGPs that run within the AS, such as EIGRP, IS-IS, RIP or OSPF. Note that, within the AS, BGP peers do not have to be directly connected as long as there is an IGP running between them. The routing information exchanged consists of a series of AS numbers that describe the full path to the destination network. This information is used by BGP to construct a loop- free map of the network.

10

THE COMPLETE IS-IS ROUTING PROTOCOL- P10 PPT

This chapter provides a quick overview of IS-IS. A lot of the topics introduced in this chapter will be explained in more detail in subsequent chapters. If you just want to get a quick overview of how IS-IS works all you have to do is read this chapter. Readers of the basic speciﬁcation of IS-IS (ISO 10589) will most likely be surprised by the constant use of OSI jargon that tries to invent an OSI counterpart for every term and acronym used in IP and the Internet. So reading this often arcane language for under- standing can be very difﬁcult. Also, there is a lot of extra information contained in the base speciﬁcation unrelated to the protocol itself, like implementation details and even advice on how to code. However, most of this advice is completely outdated and it has become common to ignore most of the speciﬁcation text. Once you have developed an understanding about the jargon and what paragraphs not to read and consider, you will find that IS-IS is a lean but powerful protocol, easy to use and even simpler to understand. However, jargon cannot be completely avoided in IS-IS. This chapter also assumes that readers are familiar with the basic concepts of the OSPF routing protocol and the terms used in the IP protocol family. At ﬁrst, there will be translation of OSI jargon to IP terminology, but later in the book we use the OSI terms, which should become familiar as the book progresses.

10

TÀI LIỆU ROUTING INTRODUCTION PPT

To distinguish one autonomous system from another, an AS can be assigned a unique number from 1 to 65,535. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for assigning these numbers. Just like the public and private IP addresses defined in RFC 1918, there are public and private AS numbers. If you will be connected to the Internet backbone, are running BGP, and want to accept BGP routes from the Internet, you will need a public AS number. However, if you only need to break up your internal network into different systems, you only need to use the private numbers. Routing protocols that understand the concept of an AS are IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP. RIP doesn’t understand autonomous systems, while OSPF does; but OSPF doesn’t require you to configure the AS number, whereas other protocols, such as IGRP and EIGRP, do. Cisco’s BSCI exam spends a lot of time discussing autonomous systems and routing between them. The CCNA exam focuses only on the basics of IGPs.

43

THE COMPLETE IS-IS ROUTING PROTOCOL- P1 PPS

1.2.5 Large-scale Deployments Cisco gained a lot of momentum in the early 1990. The company attracted all the key talent in routing protocol and IP expertise and ﬁnally got more than a 98 per cent market share in the service provider equipment space. When the ﬁrst big router orders were placed and the routers deployed for the Web explosion, Internet service provider (ISP) customers started to ask their ﬁrst questions about scalability. Service providers were interested in a solid, quickly converging protocol that could scale to a large topology containing hundreds or even thousands of routers. Cisco’s proprietary, distance-vector EIGRP was not really a choice because the convergence times and stability problems of distance-vector-based protocols were well known from word-to-mouth in the service provider community. Ironically, it was Cisco’s recent code rewrite that made IS-IS more stable than the implementations of OSPF available at the time. For a while, IS-IS was believed to be as dead as the OSI protocols. However, the 1980s mandate of the US gov- ernment for supporting OSI protocols under the Government OSI Proﬁle (GOSIP) speci- ﬁcation (which was still in effect), plus recently gained stability, made IS-IS the logical choice for any service provider that needed an IGP for a large number of nodes.

30

COMPTIA NETWORK+ CERTIFICATION STUDY GUIDE PART 14 PPT

The main benefit of a dynamic router is that, depending on which type of routing protocol is used, it will attempt to route your network traffic to your destination as quickly as possible, for example, if you have a network that is standardized on Cisco routers (dynamic) that all communicate with one another using the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Routing Protocol. All of your routers are communicating with one another via broadcasts that they send whenever there is a change in their routing. This comes in very handy and adds a layer of redundancy so that if a segment of the network fails, your routers will be able to route the network traffic through other paths so that no matter what happens to the network, your data will always arrive at its destination.

10

CCNA 1 AND 2 COMPANION GUIDE, REVISED (CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM) PART 57 PPSX

More Information: A Closer Look at Routers (Continued) Many different types of routing protocols exist. Some, such as the Routing Information Proto- col (RIP), are quite simple. Others, such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), are remarkably powerful and feature-rich but complicated. In general, routing protocols can use two approaches to make routing decisions: distance vectors and link states. A distance-vector routing protocol makes its decisions based on some measurement of the distance between source and destination machines. A link-state protocol bases its decisions on various states of the links, or transmis- sion facilities, that interconnect the source and destination machines. Neither one is right or wrong; they are just different ways of making the same decisions. However, they result in different levels of performance, including convergence times.

10

Module 2- Lesson 1&2 – Introduction to EIGRP pptx

CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy  EIGRP is protocol-independent; that is, it doesn’t rely on TCP/IP to exchange routing information the way RIP, IGRP, and OSPF do.  To stay independent of IP, EIGRP uses the transport-layer protocol to guarantee delivery of routing information: RTP.

45

Lecture Computer networks 1: Lecture 7 - Phạm Trần Vũ

Lecture Computer networks 1 - Lecture 7: Network layer in the internet has contents: The network layer in the internet, the IP protocol, IP addresses, internet control protocols, OSPF – The interior gateway routing protocol,... and other contents.

31

PRACTICAL TCP IP AND ETHERNET NETWORKING P28 PPTX

The range of non-registered (i.e. private) AS numbers is 64512–65535 and ISP typically issues these to stub ASs i.e. those that do not carry third-party traffic. As mentioned earlier, iBGP is the form of BGP that exchanges BGP updates within an AS. Before information is exchanged with an external AS, iBGP ensures that networks within the AS are reachable. This is done by a combination of ‘peering’ between BGP routers within the AS and by distributing BGP routing information to IGPs that run within the AS, such as EIGRP, IS-IS, RIP or OSPF. Note that, within the AS, BGP peers do not have to be directly connected as long as there is an IGP running between them. The routing information exchanged consists of a series of AS numbers that describe the full path to the destination network. This information is used by BGP to construct a loop- free map of the network.

5

Tài liệu Choose Routing Protocol pptx

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) OSPF is an open standard link-state protocol, described in several RFCs. It calculates its best path using the Shortest Path First algorithm originated by Edgars Djikstra. OSPF’s metric is cost. On Cisco routers, “cost” is based on bandwidth – the default value is 108 divided by interface bandwidth. OSPF adds the cost of each link along the path to the destination net- work. The SPF algorithm uses this metric to build a tree containing the shortest (least-cost) path to each network. Running the SPF algorithm is very CPU intensive, which could be a lia- bility in an unstable network. Advertisements are sent as multicasts, and once a router has converged, only triggered updates are sent.

21

CCNA 1 AND 2 COMPANION GUIDE REVISED CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM PART 106 POTX

D. A section of RAM on each device that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses 12. Which of the following best describes the ARP reply? A. A device sends its MAC address to a source in response to an ARP request 13. Why are current, updated ARP tables important?

10

Tổng quan về thiết kế và cài đặt mạng phần 5 doc

5.5 Thiết kế liên mạng với giao thức IP 5.5.1 Xây d ự ng b ả ng ch ọ n đườ ng Cho ba m ạ ng Net1, Net2 và Net3 n ố i l ạ i v ớ i nhau nh ờ 3 router R1, R2 và R3. M ạ ng Net4 n ố i các router l ạ i v ớ i nhau. Công vi ệ c đầ u tiên trong thi ế t k ế m ộ t liên m ạ ng IP là ch ọ n đị a ch ỉ m ạ ng cho các nhánh m ạ ng. Trong tr ườ ng h ợ p này ta ch ọ n m ạ ng l ớ p C cho 4 m ạ ng nh ư b ả ng sau:

10

GIÁO TRÌNH HƯỚNG DẪN TÌM HIỂU VỀ TIẾN TRÌNH XÂY DỰNG VÀ KHAI THÁC HỆ THỐNG MẠNG PHẦN 5 PPSX

Hình 5.9 – B ả ng ch ọ n đườ ng c ủ a máy tính M ạ ng đ ích m ặ c đị nh (default) ý nói r ằ ng ngoài nh ữ ng đườ ng đ i đế n các m ạ ng đ ã li ệ t kê phía trên, các đườ ng đ i còn l ạ i thì g ở i cho NextHop c ủ a m ạ ng default này. Nh ư v ậ y, để g ở i gói tin cho b ấ t k ỳ m ộ t máy tính nào n ằ m bên ngoài m ạ ng 192.168.3.0 thì máy tính 192.168.3.3 s ẽ chuy ể n gói tin cho router 3 ở đị a ch ỉ 192.168.3.1.

10

BGP(BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOL) ROUTING PROTOCOL

Tổng quan về giao thức BGP.Các khái niệm của BGP. Các thuộc tính cơ bản chọn đường của BGP. Lọc route trong BGP.Như chúng ta thấy thế giới công nghệ ngày càng phát triển, Internet ra đời đã và đang là một bước tiến nhảy vọt của công nghệ thông tin. Vậy thực chất internet là sự kết nối của nhiều AS (Automatic System) với nhau để trao đổi thông tin giữa chúng. Và BGP cung cấp định tuyến các AS này. Nếu chỉ 1 kết nối đến ISP thì không cần dùng BGP, nhưng nếu nhiều kết nối đến 1 ISP thì BGP là 1 lựa chọn phù hợp.

19

CHAPTER 4 - DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING PROTOCOLS ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS CCNA PPS

TRANG 7 DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING PROTOCOLS • Routing Protocol Characteristics • Criteria used to compare routing protocols includes  Time to convergence  Scalability  Resource usage TR[r]

40

THE COMPLETE IS IS ROUTING PROTOCOL POTX

Each router in the Figure 6.13 setup forms an adjacency with the other routers, effectively forming a full-mesh . So far, so good. Now, consider the following scenario: the ATM vir- tual circuit between Seattle and Los Angeles breaks for some reason, as indicated by the dotted gray line. Both Seattle and LA notice the break and therefore generate a new LSP (incrementing the Sequence Number and removing the adjacency between Seattle and LA). The new LSP is sent according to the ﬂooding rule on all interfaces where there are adjacencies in the Up state. Thus, both Seattle and LA send four copies (gray arrows) of their new LSPs into the network. Next, the four other routers will receive the two LSPs (white arrows). Here is where the trouble starts: because the ﬂooding algorithm is so sim- ple, the algorithm does not yet know that all the other routers already been have updated and know that the adjacency between Seattle and LA is down. What follows is a multi- plication of LSPs due to the simplicity of the ﬂooding algorithm. All of the routers receive the two new LSPs and re-send the LSP to all the logical interfaces except on the ones on which they got the LSP (gray arrows). What results is that 32 LSPs are sent for a single broken ATM VC. This does not sound too stressful for a modern router’s control plane; however, just think if there are not six routers, but 100 routers in the network. The problem is that the number of LSPs grows by the square of the number of routers, or in mathematical speak O ( N 2 ). Thus, a single failing VC in the network may generate up to 10,000 LSP updates, all ﬂying around in a relatively short amount of time. This is an awful lot of stress for the control plane of a router, no matter how powerful.

548

INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP IP P75 PPTX

protocol A formal description of message formats and the rules two or more machines must follow to exchange those messages. Protocols can describe low-level details of machine to machine interfaces (e.g., the order in which the bits from a byte are sent across a wire), or high-level exchanges between application programs (e.g., the way in which two programs transfer a file across an internet). Most protocols include both intuitive descriptions of the expected interactions as well as more formal specifications using finite state machine models.

10

THE COMPLETE IS-IS ROUTING PROTOCOL- P2 POT

typically a single write operation, into a register on the lookup ASIC. While this ﬁx completely avoids the transient problem it can be very expensive since it requires doub- ling the size of memory. And most implementations that use paging still suffer from the problem of FIB regeneration. Reducing approximately 30 MB of control informa- tion down to 1–2 MB of forwarding table up to 5 times per second has still a large impact on the CPU. The next approach completely avoids this huge processing load. 3. Update-friendly FIB table structures: One of the classic problems of computer science is the speed vs. size problem. For Internet routing tables there are known algorithms to compress the overall table size down to 150–200 KB of memory and thus optimiz- ing the lookup operation. However, applying slight changes to those forwarding struc- tures is an elaborate operation because in most cases the entire forwarding table needs to be rebuilt. Table space-reducing algorithms have long run-times and do not con- sider the time it takes to compute a newer generation of the table. It is nice that the full Internet routing table can be compressed down to 150 KB, however, if the actual cal- culation takes several seconds (a long time for the Internet) on Pentium 3 class micro- processors, another problem is introduced. The router might have to process every BGP update 200 milliseconds (ms), or 5 times per second. So if an algorithm (for example) has a run-time of 200 ms it is 100 per cent busy all the time. The atomic FIB table structure, introduced to address this situation, has an important property: it is neither designed for minimal size nor is it designed for optimal lookup speed. Atomic FIB table structures are optimized for a completely different property, which is called

30

ĐỀ ÔN THI TỐT NGHIỆP THPT – ĐỀ 3 DOC

29. _____ I first met him in that resort. a. It was last winter when b. It was last winter that c. It was in last winter when d. It was the last winter which 30. _____ disappeared when I arrived at the airport. a. My passport b. It was my passport c. It is my passport that d. it is my passport

3

Báo cáo hóa học: " Research Article Field Division Routing" potx

Under the mild assumption that the network is within a finite field and that each node is aware of its geographic location, we introduce a Discovery protocol that computes a near-optimal shortest-paths routing table for a given node in a relatively message-intensive manner. Since Discovery must be repeated for each node upon every topology change, we reduce the network maintenance overhead by introducing a novel and near-optimal procedure for routing table Inheritance from neighboring nodes. Next, we propose a distributed protocol for network “initialization” with an objective to reduce the number of nodes that perform Discovery while computing their routing tables. In order to support a dynamic network topology, that is, arbitrary motion of nodes and obstacles, we introduce algorithms for routing table “updates” that address node movement that is modeled by node appearance and disappearance. The two procedures are based upon the low-cost Inheritance protocol. Therefore, we believe that FDR addresses the key system requirements (i–vii) simultaneously; it is scalable, establishes provable connectivity, is power e ﬃ cient because network dynamics initiates few messages to update routing tables, enables near-optimal shortest-path message delivery, and its routing tables are compact.

17

THE COMPLETE IS-IS ROUTING PROTOCOL- P3 PPTX

Looking at the IOS command line style and hierarchy, you can see that there is no sin- gle place where routing policies are conﬁgured. That’s no big surprise – with IOS, because of its multiprotocol nature, each routing protocol implements its own routing policy pro- cessing as part of the protocol’s speciﬁc routing code. So one policy module is there for RIP, one for IS-IS, and another one for BGP. This design choice is actually very conven- ient as long as your routing policy stays simple. However, for more complex policies, this approach quickly becomes difﬁcult to maintain, given the different styles sometimes used in the protocol’s redistribution policy. With the rise of BGP as an interdomain pro- tocol and the protocol for policy processing, it was clear that a new, common way of con- ﬁguring routing policies had to be implemented in IOS. That common routing paradigm in IOS is called route-maps . We will discuss only IS-IS-speciﬁc routing policies and route-maps, and only brieﬂy. But this is ﬁne. Due to the way IS-IS is used by service provider’s routing policies, which is as a pure topology discovery protocol, there are not many IP routes in the IS-IS routing protocol to worry about distributing, because BGP does that job much better. We do not need policy processing in IS-IS as much as we would need it in a book about BGP. Typically, in an ISP’s IS-IS network, there is only one place where policy processing takes place: when passing down routes from IS-IS Level 2 to Level 1. But let’s keep that aside for a while – there is more about IS-IS hier- archical routing levels in Chapters 4 and 12.

30

BÁO CÁO HÓA HỌC RESEARCH ARTICLE NAF OAF OR NONCOOPERATION WHICH PROTOCOL TO CHOOSE DOCX

per slot is chosen to make fair the comparison with no coop- eration case and to limit the interference level in the network. The considered criterion to be optimized is the instantaneous mutual information between the source and the destination. When the individual power constraint at the relay surpasses the transmitting one, the optimal solution is that the source and the relay should not share the power in the second slot: either the source or the relay should transmit and the choice is dictated by the channel conditions. However, when the co- operation is chosen and the relay has not su ﬃ cient power to achieve the allowed transmission level per slot, the remaining power is reallocated to the source to transmit in second slot. This is equivalent to the selective NAF protocol use.

7

THE COMPLETE IS IS ROUTING PROTOCOL P1 POT

1. IS-IS (Computer network protocol) 2. Routers (Computer networks) I. Goralski, Walter. II. Title TK5105.5675.G74 2004 004.6 ′ 2--dc22 2004049147 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.

10

OSPF ROUTING PROTOCOL

OSPF(Open Shortest Path First) là một giao thức định tuyến chuẩn chạy trên tất cả các thiết bị thuộc dạng định tuyến linkstates,có hiệu quả cao và hỗ trợ cho mạng lớn. Đây là một giao thức được sử dụng rộng rãi trong các mạng doanh nghiệp có kích thước lớn. Mỗi router khi chạy giao thức sẽ gửi các trạng thái đường link của nó cho tất cả các router trong vùng (area). Sau một thời gian trao đổi, các router sẽ đồng nhất được bảng cơ sở dữ liệu trạng thái đường link (Link State Database – LSDB) với nhau, mỗi router đều có được bản đồ mạng của cả vùng. Từ đó mỗi router sẽ chạy giải thuật Dijkstra tính toán ra một cây đường đi ngắn nhất (Shortest Path Tree) và dựa vào cây này để xây dựng nên bảng định tuyến.

23

MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS APPLICATIONS PART 8 PPT

Distributed Ant Routing (DAR) . In DAR (Rosati et al. 2008) routes are created on-demand, in order to have a low routing signalling load. Forward ants collect information only about the identities of the crossed nodes and move towards the destination choosing the next hop only on a pheromone basis. The amount of pheromone deposited by backward ants on each crossed link is constant. In DAR, in each node the routing tables are stochastic: next hop is selected according to weighted probabilities, calculated on the basis of the pheromone trails left by ants. When a node receives a datagram with destination d , if the routing entry for d is available, then the datagram is forwarded. Otherwise, the datagram is buffered and forward ants are sent out at constant rate r ae (ant emission rate) in order to search a path to d . The forward ant goes to each node according to the probabilities for the next hop in the routing table at the current node. Thus, the forwarding of the forward ant is probabilistic and allows exploration of paths available in the network. Datagrams are routed deterministically based on the maximum probability at each intermediate node from the source node to the destination node. This process creates a complete global route by using local information. The simplicity of the protocol could be helpful in achieving seamless routing in networks constituted by heterogeneous elements.

35

CCNA 1 AND 2 COMPANION GUIDE, REVISED (CISCO NETWORKING ACADEMY PROGRAM) PART 74 PPTX

700 Chapter 15: Routing and Routing Protocols Figure 15-22 Link-State Topology Changes When the router receives an LSA packet, the database is updated with the most recent information. The accumulated data is used to compute a map of the internetwork, and the SPF algorithm calculates the shortest path to other networks. Each time an LSA packet changes the link-state database, SPF recalculates the best paths and updates the routing table. Every router takes the topology change into account to determine the shortest path to use for packet routing.

10

TEACH YOURSELF TCP IP IN 14 DAYS SECOND EDITION POT

The lack of choice in software and hardware purchases is why several dedicated minicomputer and mainframe companies either went bankrupt or had to accept open system principles: their customers got fed up with relying on a single vendor. A good example of a company that made the adaptation is Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). They moved from a proprietary operating system on their VMS minicomputers to a UNIX- standard open operating system. By doing that, they kept their customers happy, and they sold more machines. That's one of the primary reasons DEC is still in business today. UNIX is a classic example of an open software platform. UNIX has been around for 30 years. The source code for the UNIX operating system was made available to anyone who wanted it, almost from the start. UNIX's source code is well understood and easy to work with, the result of 30 years of development and improvement. UNIX can be ported to run on practically any hardware platform, eliminating all proprietary dependencies. The attraction of UNIX is not the operating system's features themselves but simply that a UNIX user can run software from other UNIX platforms, that files are

488

TECHNICAL ENGINEER EXAMINATION NETWORK MORNING POT

Q20. To decrease communication network costs, line multiplexing hardware (indicated by ” in the figure) has been installed for the communication network that directly connects the head office in Tokyo with each branch office. What is the monthly economic benefit of this in hundreds of dollars? For this problem, assume that the monthly cost of lines between each office in the old and new networks is as indicated in the figure. Also assume that the multiplexing hardware was installed under a lease agreement at a monthly rate of 2% of it's full cost of 30 thousand dollars per unit. The cost of communication equipment such as modems may be ignored.

23

CCNA2 SKILL BASED EXAMINATION - NUMBER 5 PPT

Enable routing on HQ, BRANCH1, and BRANCH2 by using the dynamic routing protocol as EIGRP.Using wildcard mask, AS number = 1.30 5.. Configure the static route for the Internet connection[r]

2

THE ILLUSTRATED NETWORK- P42 PDF

between ISP ASs. However, when it comes to the Internet today, the only EGP worth considering is BGP. In a very real sense, BGP is not a routing protocol at all. BGP does not really carry routing information from AS to AS, but information about routes from AS to AS. Generally, a route that passes through fewer ASs (ISPs) than another is considered more attractive, although there are many other factors (BGP attributes) to consider. BGP is a routing protocol without real routes or metrics, and both of those derive from the IGP. BGP is not a link-state protocol, because the state of links in many AS clouds would be diffi cult to convey and maintain across the entire network (and links would tend to “average out” to a sort of least common denominator anyway). But it’s not a distance- vector protocol either, because more attributes than just AS path length determine active routes. BGP is called a “path-vector” protocol (a vector has a direction as well as value), but mainly because a new term was needed to describe its operation.

10

CHAPTER 1 CCNA1 DOCX

the default gateway the locally configured subnet mask the routing protocol active TCP connections CÂU 20: WHICH TWO TYPES OF MEDIA CAN PROVIDE BANDWIDTH UP TO 1 GB/S?CHOOSE TWO 1000 BAS[r]

12

200 CÂU HỎI THI TRẮC NGHIỆM VỀ CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN PHẦN 1 PPTX

Câu 27: Refer to the exhibit. Host A is requesting a web page from the web server. Which option represents the socket to which the request is made? The cable simulates a point-to-point WAN link. The cable is terminated in a way that the transmit pin is wired to the receive pin. The cable is unusable and must be rewired. The cable is suitable for connecting dissimilar types of devices. The cable is suitable for connecting a switch to a router Ethernet port.

12

Tài liệu tham khảo LAB MCSA pptx

17 D ị ch v ụ DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) ñượ c thi ế t k ế ñể gi ả m th ờ i gian c ấ u hình m ạ ng TCP/IP b ằ ng cách t ự ñộ ng c ấ p t ấ t c ả thông tin c ấ u hình c ầ n thi ế t cho DHCP client khi chúng tham gia vào m ạ ng. DHCP t ậ p trung vi ệ c qu ả n lý các ñị a ch ỉ IP ở máy ch ủ ch ạ y d ị ch v ụ DHCP.

69

CCNA2 SKILL BASED EXAMINATION - NUMBER 1 PDF

Enable routing on HQ, BRANCH1, and BRANCH2 by using the dynamic routing protocol as EIGRP.Using wildcard mask, AS number = 1.. Configure the static route for the Internet connection 6.[r]

2

Contribution of early nutrition on the development of malnutrition and allergic diseases in the first year of life: A study protocol for the Mother and Infant Cohort Study (MICOS)

This paper describes the protocol of the Mother and Infant Cohort Study (MICOS), which aims to determine the contribution of early nutrition to the development of malnutrition and allergic diseases in infants’ first year of life.

9

SATELLITE NETWORKING PRINCIPLES AND PROTOCOLS PHẦN 10 POT

the scene changes), which again increase the computational complexity because it requires many calculations to generate a sample. 8.4.8 Multi-layer modelling for internet WWW traffic The Internet operations consist of a chain of interactions between the users, applications, protocols and the network. This structured mechanism can be attributed to the layered architecture employed in the Internet – a layering methodology was used in designing the Internet protocol stack. Hence, it is only natural to try to model Internet traffic by taking into account the different effects each layer of the protocol stack has on the resulting traffic. The multi-layer modelling approach attempts to replicate the packet generation mechanism as activated by the human users of the Internet and the Internet applications themselves. In a multi-layer approach, packets are generated in a hierarchical process. It starts with a human user arriving at a terminal and starting one or more Internet applications. This action of invoking an application will start the chain of a succession of interactions between the application and the underlying protocols on the source terminal and the corresponding protocols and application on the destination terminal, culminating in the generation of packets to be transported over the network. These interactions can generally be seen as ‘sessions’; the definition of a session is dependent on the application generating it, as we will see later when applying this method in modelling the WWW application. An application generates at least one, but usually more, sessions. Each session comprises one or more ‘flows’; each flow in turn comprises packets. Therefore, there are three layers or levels encountered in this multi-layer modelling approach – session, flow and packet levels.

35

CCNA 2 CHAPTER 5 POT

CCNA 2 Chapter 5 1. Refer to the exhibit. The network that is shown is running RIPv1. The 192.168.10.0/24 network was recently added and will only contain end users. What command or set of commands should be entered on Router1 to prevent RIPv1 updates from being sent to the end user devices on the new network while still allowing this new network to be advertised to other routers?

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PHẦN PHỤ LỤC ĐỒ ÁN 3 QUẢN TRỊ MẠNG PPS

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