The quality of google translate’s translations of metaphors in kafka on the shore by murakami haruki into vietnamese

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY HUỲNH HÀ MI THE QUALITY OF GOOGLE TRANSLATE'S TRANSLATIONS OF METAPHORS IN “KAFKA ON THE SHORE” BY MURAKAMI HARUKI Field: English Linguistics Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: LÊ NHÂN THÀNH, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN HUỲNH HÀ MI ĐÁNH GIÁ CHẤT LƯỢNG DỊCH ANH-VIỆT CỦA GOOGLE TRANSLATE KHI DỊCH CÁC PHÉP ẨN DỤ TRONG TÁC PHẨM “KAFKA TRÊN BỜ BIỂN” CỦA MURAKAMI HARUKI Ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8.22.02.01 Người hướng dẫn: TS LÊ NHÂN THÀNH STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP This thesis represents my own work and due acknowledgement is given whenever information is derived from other sources No part of this thesis has or is being concurrently submitted for any other qualification at any university except where due reference has been made in the text Quy Nhon, 2020 HUỲNH HÀ MI ACKNOWLEGEMENTS It is utterly impossible to complete this study without the support from many individuals around me First and foremost, I own a substantial debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Le Nhan Thanh, who is always willing to offer advice and encouragement during my course of conducting the study regardless of being overwhelmed with his heavy academic workload and personal life Secondly, I would like to show my strong indebtedness to all the lecturers of Foreign Languages Department in Quy Nhon University Honestly speaking, they not only instruct me academically to sharpen my language skills but are also of great inspiration for my orientation of ethical manner and professional development Last but not least, it is my family and friends that I profoundly appreciate and am indebted for their unconditional love as well as encouragement Their spiritual support keeps me positive and committed to my conduction of thesis Binh Dinh, August, 2020 ABSTRACT This thesis was conducted to investigate the quality of Google Translate when translating English metaphors into Vietnamese The data was extracted from the novel Kafka on the Shore by Murakami Haruki The metaphors in the novel were identified based on the theory put forward by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and the occurrences of translation errors were found using the framework of Nord (1997) The results after analyzing the number and frequency of translation errors for each metaphor type helped to assess the translation quality of Google Translate when dealing with metaphors It was noted that all the three types of metaphors were present in the novel Among these metaphors, ontological metaphor was the dominant type Regarding the translation errors, there were only three out of four types categorized by Nord (1997) found in the novel They were pragmatic translation errors, linguistic translation errors and text-specific translation errors Cultural translation errors were absent in the source text The data collected showed that Google Translate seemed to be reliable source to refer to when rendering the metaphorical meanings of the source text since approximately half of the metaphors' translations of done by Google Translate were correct The results of the study also showed that Google Translate handled orientational metaphors better than other metaphor types However, the occurrence of translation errors was not trivial The most challenging element was pragmatic errors followed by linguistic errors and text-specific errors TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNEX: TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF METAPHORS LIST OF TABLES Table Names of tables Table page number Table 3.1 Metaphor samples Table 3.2 Metaphor and translation error samples Table 3.3 The number and frequency of translation errors made 35 37 38 by Google Translate Table 4.1 The number and frequency of metaphors 40 Table 4.2 Translation errors of Google Translate 45 Table 4.3 Rates of translation errors and correct translations 52 LIST OF ABBREVIATION B.C: before Christ etc.: et cetera GT: Google Translate MT: machine translation p.: page pp.: pages SL: source language ST: source text TL: target language TQA: translation quality assessment TT: target text CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE As the world has increasingly globalized in the past few decades, the need for reading literary works in English among Vietnamese people has risen as well However, in the process of reading, readers might encounter some challenges related to figurative languages, one of which is the translation of metaphors Generally, literary works such as novels are usually featured with figurative languages in order to give special effects on readers Through reading novels, they will get unlimited imagination, pleasure, and enjoyment Gibbs (2008, p 233) states —the literary writer uses metaphor to go beyond and extend our ordinary linguistic and/or conceptual resources and to provide novels insights and perspectives into human experiences” That is to say, by using metaphors, the writers invite readers to read between the lines instead of clinging only to the literal meanings Interesting as it might seem, metaphors can be problematic for translators since they are closely related to the source language culture and requires translators to keep not only the meanings but also the aesthetic values of the story in the novel Besides, they compare one thing to another in a more indirect and subtle manner in which the sign of comparison is not clear as that in simile since metaphors not use signal words such as like, as, and as though In an attempt to partly bridge this gap, an obvious tool which has been created to help accommodate the urgent need for instant translation of metaphors within a short timeframe is using online machine translation Among those available on the market, Google Translate is one of the most prominent ones that came out in 2006 However, there has been considerable concern about the quality of Google Translate's translations as machine translation is known to experience certain problems among which translating metaphors is a significant one This is mainly because the interpretation of metaphorical expressions is strongly culturally conditioned Therefore, its replacement when translating by a literal equivalent expression in the target language does not seem to be sufficient to be trusted blindly 10 Taking this into account, this study seeks to examine to what extent Google Translate can be a help or a hindrance in the translation process This research is inspired by some thesis and articles that the author has consulted, one of which is the study —Translation of metaphors and idioms - Mission impossible?” In this study, the findings revealed that although the students' linguistic competence was relatively advanced, their intercultural competence was still in need of improvement Therefore, the author wants to conduct the study with machine translation to examine the extent to which the machine can handle metaphorical expressions The novel Kafka on the Shore by Murakami Haruki contains various metaphors It was translated into Vietnamese and published under the name Kafka bên bờ biển Therefore, the researcher opted for this work due to the readiness of the professionally translated version for better and more convenient comparison The study is entitled The quality of Google Translate’s translations of metaphors in “Kafka on the shore” by Murakami Haruki into Vietnamese with the main focus on the extent to which Google Translate may aid translators and readers in the process of interpreting the meanings of metaphors used in this literary work 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The study was conducted in order to fulfill the following aim and objectives: 1.2.1 Aim The study aimed to examine the quality of Google Translate's Vietnamese translations of the metaphors in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki 1.2.2 Objectives To attain this aim, the following objectives had to be achieved: • to identify the metaphors in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki • to identify Google Translate's translation errors of the metaphors in the extracted sentences from Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki • to examine the frequencies of Google Translate's translation errors of different types of metaphors in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In this final chapter, the main findings that have been discussed in details will be summarized Besides, limitations of the research will be addressed The researcher will also recommend some implications for teachers, students, translators, and other researchers 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS The source text contained all the three types of metaphors with 421 items Among them, ontological metaphors made up the largest part, with 252 items accounting for 59.9% Structural metaphors ranked second with 150 expressions more than one-third of the total metaphors In contrast to the high volume of these kinds of metaphors, orientational metaphors only took up a small fraction of 4.5% presented by 19 items This had posed a challenge for the researcher in assessing the quality of Google Translate in rendering the meanings of the English metaphors into Vietnamese since there were not enough data for a more solid conclusion on the translation of orientational metaphors Only three out of four types of translation errors were committed by Google Translate They were pragmatic translation errors, linguistic translation errors and text-specific translation errors, among which pragmatic problems were the most prevalent type of errors, with 113 items representing more than half of the total errors Linguistic translation errors were the second popular problems, accounting for 30.6% with 66 instances It was followed by text-specific translation errors, with 37 items equivalent to 17.1% It came as a big surprise that cultural translation error did not exist in the data This result could be accounted for essence of each type of translation errors Pragmatic problems were caused by differences between the source-text and target-text situation, including differences in the sender, receiver, medium, time, place, motive, and text function Therefore, misunderstanding the original author's intention or neglecting the context will lead to translation errors Linguistic translation errors were mainly caused by the inability of Google Translate when opting for the appropriate term in a set of equivalents Text-specific translation errors were rather limited as the researcher only focused on metaphors Cultural problems were even harder to be found as no traced of them appeared in the data The possible reason for this was that the scope of the research was restricted to metaphors The most remarkable point was that Google Translate seems to be a useful tool in rendering the meanings of metaphors found in the text Indeed, the data collected show that the majority of reproduction done by Google Translate was categorized as readable Specifically, 105 out of 252 translations of the ontological metaphors, accounting for 41.7%, ensured readability The share of that type in structural metaphors was relatively higher, with 85 items equivalent to 56.6% Orientational metaphors had the largest proportion of readable translations as nearly four-fifth of these metaphors were readable The high percentage of appropriate expressions left small room for translation errors, among which pragmatic problems took up a more significant part of all three types of metaphors, while text-specific translation errors only accounted for a humble part in these three types The high level of readability might lie in the fact that this localization platform applies Statistical Machine Translation in which statistical analysis and predictive algorithms are used to define rules that are best suited for target sentence translation These models are trained using a bilingual corpus Therefore, if the source texts are similar to content from the training corpora, the accuracy of translation can partly be ensured Another possible reason explaining the accuracy of Google Translate was because of the similarities between the two cultures There are many metaphor expressions which are widely accepted by people in these cultures such as TIME IS A RESOURCE, IDEA IS A RESOURCE AND LIFE IS A JOURNEY Therefore, even when Google Translate employed word-by-word mechanism for translation, it would not distort the original meanings that the author wanted to convey 5.2 IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY The results of the investigation offer some implications for not only translators and researchers but also teachers and students in order to enhance the translation productivity 5.2.1 Implication for teachers and students The research examined the quality of Google Translate in metaphorical translation and proposed some possible reasons that could be blamed for the inaccuracy of machine translation They include pragmatic issues, semantic issues or types of writing Regarding pragmatic aspect, the major focus should be given to the intention of the sender, the interpretation of the receiver and the pragmatic situations of language at the time of speaking Linguistic problems mainly be caused by one-tomany equivalence, so adequate training on identifying factors contributing to the correct option of vocabulary can be useful for students Paying attention to the writing style of the source text is also an important requirement when translating Therefore, if writing lessons offer more insight into this domain, it can help students respond better to different types of text 5.2.2 Implication for translators It is a widespread belief that Google Translate is terrible for translating especially literary texts However, the results of the study show that this localization platform seems to improve its quality since the level of readability is rather high for three types of metaphors Therefore, it is feasible for translators to utilize machine translation as a source for reference Translators should also keep in mind that there are some obstacles preventing Google Translate from performing translation tasks accurately as mentioned in the preceding section Therefore, having adequate knowledge and practice focusing on these challenges will help translators dramatically in selecting wiser and more suited terms for their translation products 5.2.3 Implication for researchers The world is now becoming a small village where information from all corners can reach you just with a click of the computer mouse Therefore, the demand for translation to bridge the language gap and connecting different cultures will be continuously increasing This phenomenon requires more research to involve so that the enhancement of machine translation can be ensured Firstly, researchers can examine Google Translate's translation quality with different genres of texts and different types of linguistic elements so that we can have a more comprehensive overview of its productivity Secondly, the length of the text is also a factor affecting the translation 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điều đến lúc," tơi nói Nó muốn hành PE "Khi thời đến," Crow lặp lại, thể cân nhắc từ "Đúng lúc," Quạ nhắc lại thể cân chữ lòng bàn tay LE Cuộc sống bạn bắt đầu có vơ số điều giới mà bạn chưa để mắt tới Cuộc đời cậu bắt đầu có vơ số điều gian cậu chưa để mắt tới LE give me a hard time "I'll think about that when the time comes," I say "When the time ONT ONT comes," 10 ONT Crow words in his hand Your life's just be gun and there's a ton of things out in the world you've never laid eyes on Get everything else out of your head I what he says, STR STR Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate Vietnamese Types sentences of translated by errors Tuongkhi NE Kiểu giọng CáiDuong thứ giọng bạn vừa thức dậy vừa thức giấc, miệng bạn cảm miệng thấy nề thấy nặng nề buồn nề nhạt tẻ thơi "Tớ nghĩ đến chuyện vào lúc," tơi nói LE PE NE ONT Lấy thứ khác Gạt bỏ thứ khỏi đầu bạn khác khỏi đầu NE ONT Tôi làm anh NE Tơi làm theo lời nó, Pl74 N o 1 English sentences containing metaphors Types of metaphor s get everything else out of my head You ONT Bạn đổi hướng Mày đổi hướng bão cát đuổi bão cát đuổi theo mày bạn NE STR Sẽ tuần để Chắc phải vào tồn bộ, tất tuần nói hết chuyện với đầy đủ chi tiết chi tiết NE Khi phát tơi lấy nó, cha tơi khiến cơng ty điện thoại cắt dịch vụ Một biết lấy nó, có lẽ cha tơi báo cho cơng ty điện thoại cắt bỏ dịch vụ NE STR Mất lúc Cũng chút trừ nhiều gian, song tơi có thứ danh sách thể loại khối thứ khỏi danh sách PE STR Bất kỳ sau tơi Muộn lỡ bỏ lỡ hội hội NE STR Anh dành phần Phần lớn thời gian thời gian phịng ơng phịng thu mình, làm việc mình, xa, tơi cố cố để tránh anh tránh mặt ông Mặc dù vậy, Tuy vậy, tơi ý đến ý nghe giảng NE change you It'd take a week to go into the whole thing, all the details Once he finds out I've taken it, my father will probably get the phone company to cut off service It takes a while but I'm able to subtract a lot of things from my list Any later and I would ONT Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate Vietnamese Types sentences of translated by errors nói, lấy thứ gạtDuong thứTuong khác khác khỏi đầu khỏi đầu have chance He spends most his time in his studio, far away, and I my best to avoid him I always paid close attention to STR NE Pl75 N o English sentences containing metaphors Types of metaphor s what was said in class, though 18 You nói lớp 19 20 to But time 22 when comes Types of errors Bạn khơng cịn hội đến nữa, thích hay khơng bạn tiếp thu tốt điều bạn bạn có hội Có lẽ cậu chẳng may học nữa, dù muốn hay không, tốt hấp thu điều cậu có hội NE ONT Não miếng bọt biển, tơi tập trung vào lời nói lớp để tất chìm vào, tìm ý nghĩa cam kết thứ vào nhớ Với óc miếng bọt biển, tơi tập trung vào lời giảng để thấm vào đầu, hình dung ý nghĩa nhập tất vào LE STR everything and 21 Vietnamese sentences translated by lớp.Duong Tuong STR probably chance to go to school anymore, so like it or not you'd better absorb whatever you can while you've got My brain like a sponge, I focused on every word said in class and let it all sink in, figured out what it meant, Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate LE nhớ the ONT it rushes out, chilling every cell in your body I can erase my mother from my Nhưng đến lúc âm thầm lao ra, làm lạnh tế bào thể bạn Nhưng vào NE thời điểm, lặng lẽ trào ra, làm ớn lạnh tế bào thể mày Tơi xóa mẹ tơi khỏi trí nhớ STR Tơi xóa mẹ tơi khỏi nhớ tơi STR Nhưng khơng có cách Nhưng khơng cách để xóa DNA mà xóa LE memory 23 But there's no way to erase the they passed down to me họ truyền lại cho gien họ truyền cho NE Pl76 N o English sentences containing metaphors Types of metaphor s 24 I look around, standing stockstill, and take a breath ONT 25 ORI 27 No sooner I settle down than my consciousness, like a battery that's lost its charge, starts to fade away, and I asleep Ifall wake up every 28 once in a while, part the chintzy curtain at the window, and gaze out at the highway rushing by Automatically 26 29 Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate Vietnamese Types sentences of translated by errors Tơi nhìn xung quanh, TơiDuong nhìnTuong quanh, NE đứng n, hít đứng im sững thật sâu hít thật Chẳng chốc ổn định ý thức mình, giống cục pin bị điện, bắt đầu mờ dần ngủ thiếp Vừa yên vị, ý thức lịm chìm cục pin hết điện tơi ngủ thiếp ORI Thỉnh thoảng thức dậy, phần mờ ảo cửa sổ, nhìn đường cao tốc ạt Thi thoảng, thức giấc, rèm cửa xe nhìn đường xa lộ vùn qua NE ONT Và, tự khắc bị đẩy sân khấu, sinh nhật lần thứ mười liền xuất PE shoved to the front, my birthday makes Tự động đẩy phía trước, sinh nhật thứ mười lăm cho xuất its appearance Khi tìm kiếm ký ức, đơi lúc cô trở nên căng thẳng, điều xảy ra, có xu hướng nói chậm Trong moi óc nhớ lại, đơi cô trở nên căng thẳng lúc vậy, có khuynh hướng nói chậm lại As she searched her memory she grew very tense at times, and whenever this ORI STR PE NE PE Pl77 N o English sentences Types of containing metaphor metaphors s 30 Supply routes from Taiwan and the continent had been cut off by this time and urban areas 31 32 33 were suffering terribly from a lack of It was like carrying empty completely drained from them All sixteen of them had fallen to the ground and lost consciousness Same with the engine, STR STR 34 Vietnamese Types sentences of translated by errors Các tuyến đường CácDuong tuyếnTuong đường LE cung cấp từ Đài Loan tiếp tế từ Đài Loan lục địa bị cắt lục địa hồi bi đứt cắt đứt vào thời điểm vùng khu vực đô thị đô thị bị thiếu phải chịu đựng lương thực chất khủng khiếp thiếu đốt ghê gớm lương thực nhiên liệu Nó giống mang Như vỏ NE vỏ rỗng, ốc rỗng - sức mạnh bị rút sức lực bị hút hoàn toàn khỏi chúng kiệt ONT Tất mười sáu Toàn mười sáu người số họ em ngã xuống ngã xuống đất bất đất, bất tỉnh tỉnh NE ONT Tương tự với động cơ, âm đơn điệu tiếng súng cối nghiền nát thời ý thức NE its monotonous down time and sound like a the consciousness of the people board Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate người tàu người xe on Her smile steps offstage for a moment, then does an encore, all while I'm dealing Cả động vậy, tiếng ro ro đơn điệu nghe cối nghiền gian ý thức ONT Nụ cười cô bước khỏi sân khấu lúc, sau encore, tơi đối phó với Nụ cười cô rút vào hậu trường lát xuất trở lại, đánh vật với đỏ TE Pl78 N o 35 English sentences containing metaphors with my blushing face I just want to Types of metaphor s ONT catch a few before we arrive, and you seem like a nice guy Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate Vietnamese Types sentences of translated by errors Tuong khn mặt đỏ bừng mặtDuong Tơi muốn bắt Tơi muốn chợp PE vài nháy mắt chút trước tới trước đến, nơi, thấy cậu bạn người tốt chàng trai tốt 36 She cranes her neck and sweeps the place with her eyes STR Cô quàng cổ Cô vươn cổ, lia nhìn khắp xung quét mắt mắt quanh PE 37 Behind his glasses his eyes very sharp, alert look, and his ONT Đằng sau cặp kính có sắc bén, cảnh giác trí nhớ đáng tin cậy TE ONT Anh nói với tơi Ơng nói lớp ý chơi đồi để học bị dã ngoại hái nấm đồi STR Cơ thể khơng cịn chút sức lực memory 38 39 40 seems He told me that an entire class had lost while on an outing in the hills to pick mushrooms Her body had no strength in it at all and was limp as a rag doll Other than their eyes moving back and forth like a searchlight, there was nothing the ordinary Đằng sau cặp kính đơi mắt có sắc linh hoạt với lớp ngất xỉu hái nấm LE Người chẳng chút lực NE khập khiễng mềm oặt tã ONT búp bê giẻ rách Khác với đôi mắt họ di chuyển qua lại ánh sáng tìm kiếm, khơng có khác thường Ngồi việc mắt chúng lia qua lia lại đèn quét, lạ thường NE Pl79 N o English sentences containing metaphors Types of metaphor s 41 Sadly, there was one child, a boy, who didn't regain consciousness At the station I pop into the first little diner that catches my eye, and eat my fill of udon I decide to kill ONT 42 43 STR ONT time till evening at a library 44 For some reason ONT 46 came A pleasant middleaged lady marks the spot on a tourist map and gives me instructions I nod, but the words come 47 When I open them, most of the books Vietnamese Types sentences of translated by errors Duong Đáng buồn thay, có Buồn thay,Tuong em NE đứa trẻ, cậu không tỉnh lại bé, không tỉnh lại Ở nhà ga, ghé vào quán ăn nhỏ bắt mắt ăn miếng udon Tại bến xe, tạt vào quán ăn tơi nhìn thấy đánh chén udon đến căng Tôi định giết bụng Tôi định giết thời gian thời gian buổi tối thư tối thư viện viện PE NE Vì số lý mà ảnh thực lại tơi, tơi muốn tận mắt nhìn thấy điều ngày hội đến Vì lý ONT Một phụ nữ trung niên dễ chịu đánh dấu vị trí đồ du lịch cho hướng dẫn việc nên tàu Một bà trung niên hòa nhã đánh dấu vị trí đồ du lịch dẫn phải tàu nào, chuyến LE ONT Tôi gật đầu, Tôi gật đầu, lời khơng khơng biết nói PE that photo really stayed with me, and I wanted to see this in person if someday the chance 45 Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate PE đó, ảnh lưu lại trí tơi tơi muốn ngày đó, có dịp, đến xem tận mắt Khi mở chúng ra, Mỗi lần mở hầu hết sách sách ấy, Pl80 N o English sentences containing metaphors Types of metaphor s have the smell of an earlier time leaking ONT out between odor of the knowledge and emotions that for ages have been calmly resting between 48 49 50 the Back ONT Vietnamese sentences translated by Google Translate Vietnamese sentences translated by Tuong mộtDuong mùi thời xưa lại phả từ có mùi thời gian trước bị rò rỉ trang trang chữ Một mùi đặc biệt mùi đặc biệt kiến thức cảm tri thức xúc mà từ lâu bình cảm xúc từ bao đời tĩnh nghỉ ngơi an trang bìa nghỉ Types of errors TE TE bìa in the reading room I return to "The Tale of Abu-lHasan, the Wag," but my mind ONT Quay trở lại phịng đọc, tơi trở lại "Câu chuyện Abu-lHasan, Wag", tâm trí tơi rời khỏi sách Quay phịng đọc, tơi đọc tiếp "Truyện anh Abu-IHasan," đầu óc tơi lang bang khỏi sách LE wanders Unfortunately, some exceptional artists did not win their favor or were not received by them as they deserved to be.name just The STR Thật không may, số nghệ sĩ đặc biệt không giành ưu họ không họ nhận họ xứng đáng Rủi thay, số nghệ sĩ kiệt xuất lại không chiếm ưu họ không đón nhận cách xứng đáng NE ONT Tên đến với Cái tên đến đầu lão PE came to me ... more convenient comparison The study is entitled The quality of Google Translate’s translations of metaphors in ? ?Kafka on the shore? ?? by Murakami Haruki into Vietnamese with the main focus on the. .. questions: What are the metaphors used in Kafka on the shore by Murakami Haruki? What are Google Translate's translation errors of the metaphors in the extracted sentences from Kafka on the shore by. .. conducted in order to fulfill the following aim and objectives: 1.2.1 Aim The study aimed to examine the quality of Google Translate's Vietnamese translations of the metaphors in Kafka on the shore by