Tài liệu COMPARISON & EXERCISES

COMPARISON A - Comparison with -er/-est clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest We use -er/-est with the following adjectives: 1) adjectives with one syllable clean new cheap cleaner cleanest newer newest cheaper cheapest 2) adjectives with two syllables and the following endings: - 1) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y dirty easy happy pretty dirtier easier happier prettier dirtiest easiest happiest prettiest - 2) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er clever cleverer cleverest - 3) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le simple simpler simplest - 4) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow narrow narrower narrowest Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est large big sad dirty larger bigger sadder dirtier largest biggest saddest dirtiest shy shyer shyest PAGE leave out the silent -e Double the consonant after short vowel Change -y to -i (consonant before -y) Here -y is not changed to -i (although consonant before -y) COMPARISON B - Comparison with more - most difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see - to - 4) C - Irregular adjectives good bad much many little little better worse more more less smaller best worst most uncountable nouns most countable nouns least smallest D - Special adjectives Some ajdectives have two possible forms of comparison common likely pleasant polite simple stupid subtle sure commoner / more common likelier / more likely pleasanter / more pleasant politer / more polite simpler / more simple stupider / more stupid subtler / more subtle surer / more sure Difference in meaning with adjectives: farther far further later late latter x old older PAGE farthest distance distance or furthest time latest x last oldest people and things commonest / most common likeliest / most likely pleasantest / most pleasant politest / most polite simplest / most simple stupidest / most stupid subtlest surest / most sure COMPARISON elder nearer near x eldest people (family) nearest distance next order Ghi chú: Các cách so sánh tính từ áp dụng cho trạng từ (adverbs) Để tiện lợi hơn, phần gọi chung tính từ Khi đưa vào so sánh tính từ có ba mức độ: mức độ nguyên thể (positive degree), mức độ so sánh (comparative degree) mức độ cực cấp (superlative degree) Các hình thức so sánh hơn, bằng, kém, dựa mức độ Người Việt Nam học tiếng Anh quen gọi thể so sánh hơn, so sánh bằng, so sánh so sánh Cách gọi có khơng thích hợp khơng thể so sánh người hay vật tình trạng “nhất” Tuy nhiên cách gọi quen thuộc nên tạm thời xếp theo cách gọi Trong dạng so sánh ta cịn có khái niệm tính từ dài tính từ ngắn Tính từ ngắn (short adjectives) tính từ vần (syllable) tính từ hai vần tận phụ âm + Y Tính từ dài (long adjectives) tính từ hai vần cịn lại tính từ từ ba vần trở lên I Thay đổi hình thức thêm ER hay EST Tính từ tận phụ âm + Y: Chuyển Y thành I trước thêm ER/EST Ví dụ: happy - happier/happiest; dirty - dirtier/dirtiest grey - greyer/greyest; gay - gayer/gayest Tính từ tận nguyên âm + phụ âm: Gấp đôi phụ âm cuối trước thêm ER/EST Ví dụ: thin - thinner/thinnest; big - bigger/biggest PAGE COMPARISON green - greener/greenest Tính từ tận E: Bỏ E trước thêm ER/EST: ripe - riper/ripest ; white - whiter/whitest II Thể so sánh (Comparison of Superiority) Tính từ ngắn: adj + ER (than) Tính từ dài: more adj (than) long - longer ; beautiful - more beautiful Harry is older than William Alice is more careful than her brother III Thể so sánh (Comparison of Equality) Bằng: as adjective as Không bằng: not so (as) adjective as This garden is as large as ours (Khu vườn lớn khu vuờn chúng tôi.) She is as careful as her sister (Cô cẩn thận chị cô ấy) It is not so (as) hot as it was yesterday (Trời khơng nóng ngày hơm qua) David is not so (as) careful as Kathy (David không cẩn thận Kathy.) IV Thể so sánh (Comparison of Inferiority) less adjective (than) PAGE COMPARISON It is less cold today than it was yesterday Ngày hôm lạnh ngày hôm qua Tuy nhiên, tiếng Anh người ta thường sử dụng cấu trúc so sánh Thay vào đó, người ta dùng cấu trúc so sánh Ví dụ: Thay nói: This table is less long than that one Người ta nói: This table is not so (as) long as that one V Thể so sánh cực cấp (Superlative) Tính từ ngắn: the adj.+ EST Tính từ dài: the most adjective clear - the clearest; sweet - the sweetest interesting - the most interesting; splendid - the most splendid VI Các tính từ (trạng từ) đặc biệt Positive Comparative Superlative good/well better best bad/ill worse worst little less (lesser) least near nearer nearest (next) many/much more most far farther (further) farthest (furthest) late later (latter) latest (last) old older (elder) oldest (eldest) (out) outer (utter) outmost (utmost) PAGE COMPARISON outermost (uttermost) (up) upper uppermost (in) inner inmost, innermost (fore) former foremost, first VII Thể so sánh kép (Double Comparative) Khi cần diễn tả ý nghĩ “càng… càng…” người ta dùng thể so sánh kép (double comparative) Thể so sánh kép tạo thành tùy theo số lượng ý mà ta muốn diễn đạt Nếu có ý ta dùng: Đối với tính từ ngắn: (adjective) and (adjective) It is getting hotter and hotter (Trời ngày nóng) His voice became weaker and weaker (Giọng nói ngày yếu) Đối với tính từ dài: more and more adjective The storm became more and more violent (Cơn bão ngày dũ dội) The lessons are getting more and more difficult (Bài học ngày khó) Nếu có hai ý ta dùng The (adjective)…, the (adjective)… cho tính từ ngắn lẫn tính từ dài (Lưu ý cấu trúc (adjective) có nghĩa tính từ thể so sánh hơn) The sooner this is done, the better it is (Chuyện làm sớm tốt) The older the boy is, the wiser he is (Thằng bé lớn thông thái) VIII Ghi thể so sánh tính từ PAGE COMPARISON Well trạng từ (adverb) Tuy lại tính từ vị ngữ (predicative adjective) thành ngữ như: I am very well, He looks/feels well In, up, out trạng từ (adverbs) Tuy dạng so sánh so sánh cực cấp từ lại tính từ Vì ngữ pháp đại dạng xem có liên quan đến từ gốc Lesser dạng so sánh cổ, thấy thi ca Nearest đề cập đến khoảng cách next nói đến thứ tự trước sau Farther/farthest đề cập đến khoảng cách không gian further/furthest - dù dùng thay cho farther/farthest - có nghĩa “hơn nữa, thêm vào” Older/oldest dùng cho người lẫn cho vật Elder eldest dùng cho thành viên gia đình dùng tính từ thuộc tính (attributive adjectives) My elder brother is three years older than me Latter có nghĩa “cái / vật / người thứ hai hai người/vật” Nó phản nghĩa với former He studied French and German The former language he speaks very well, but the latter one only imperfectly Last có nghĩa “sau chót, sau cùng” He’s the last student that came this morning Latest có nghĩa “gần nhất, sau tính đến tại” The latest news Khi có hai người hay hai vật đưa so sánh, ta dùng thể so sánh Dù vậy, số trường hợp văn nói người ta dùng thể so sánh cho hai người hay vật The comparative form of an adjective or adverb shows the difference between two objects The superlative form of an adjective or adverb expresses the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things a Forming regular adjectives PAGE COMPARISON Adjectives One syllable light Comparative Add –er lighter Superlative Add –est lightest neat neater neatest fast Only one syllable, ending in E wide faster Add –r fastest Add –st wider widest fine finer finest cute One syllable, with one vowel and one consonant at the end hot cuter Double the consonant, and add –er cutest Double the consonant, and add –est hotter hottest big bigger biggest fat fatter fattest sad Two syllables, ending in Y happy sadder Change y to i, then ad – er happier saddest Change y to i, then ad– est happiest silly sillier silliest lonely Two syllables or more, not ending in Y modern lonelier Use “more” before the adjective more modern loneliest Use “most” before the adjective most modern interesting more interesting most interesting beautiful more beautiful most beautiful Some two syllables add “-er’ or “-est’ and “more” or “most” before the adjective clever cleverer/ more clever cleverest/ most clever PAGE COMPARISON gentle gentler/ more gentle gentlest/ most gentle friendly friendlier/ more friendly friendliest/ most friendly quiet quieter/ more quiet quietest/ most quiet simple simpler/ more simple simplest/ most simple Examples:    A cat is fast, a tiger is faster but a cheetah is the fastest A car is heavy, a truck is heavier, but a train is the heaviest A park bench is comfortable, a restaurant chair is more comfortable, but a sofa is the most comfortable b Irregular adjectives These adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative Adjectives good bad little much far Comparative better worse less more further / farther Superlative best worst least most furthest / farthest Examples:  Italian food is better than American food My dog is the best dog in the world My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking  Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst   a Forming regular adverbs Like adjectives some adverbs can take comparative and superlative forms, with -er and –est Examples:  PAGE Jim works harder than his brother COMPARISON      Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all The teacher spoke more slowly to help us to understand Could you sing more quietly please? Jim works harder than his brother Everyone in the race ran fast, but John ran the fastest of all b Irregular adverbs Adverbs well badly little far Comparative better worse less further / farther Superlative best worst least furthest / farthest Examples:   The little boy ran further than his friends You’re driving worse today than yesterday! Note: Comparatives can be modified by the following words: a bit, a little, much, a lot, far (=a lot), even, no, still Examples:  Let’s go by car It’s much cheaper Ann worked a lot harder than most of her friends Could you speak a bit more slowly Her illness was far more serious than we at first thought  This is even worse than that one    Comparison of Equality (So sánh ngang bằng) When things being compared have equal characteristics, the comparison of equality is used Examples:   The book is as good as the movie The boy is as tall as the girl - To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use the following formula: as adjectives/adverbs as PAGE 10 COMPARISON Examples:      Peter is 24 years old John is 24 years old Peter is as old as John A bicycle is not as expensive as a car Moscow is as cold as St Petersburg in the winter He doesn’t run as fast as I She drives as carefully as her mother - To form the comparisons of equality using nouns, use the following formula: S + V + the same + (noun) + as + {noun/ pronoun} Examples:      My house is the same height as his Ann gets the same salary as me These trees are the same as those He speaks the same language as she Her address is the same as Rita’s - To show the differences between things, people …, we can use the following formula: different from + (noun/pronoun) or different + (noun) + (noun/pronoun) Examples: Their teacher is different from ours She takes different books from her friends Comparative/Superlative of inferiority (So sánh kém/kém nhất) Examples:   He visits his family less frequently than she does This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s PAGE 11 COMPARISON   She chose the least expensive of the hotels This is the least interesting part of the dictionary Double comparative (So sánh kép) We use the ‘double comparative’ when we want to show that something is changing or is in the process of changing We use the following formula: ….er and ….er or … more and more … Examples:  Children spend more and more time watching TV (Trẻ ngày dành nhiều thời gian cho ti vi)  She is getting fatter and fatter (Cô ngày béo)  He became more and more anxious with every passing minute (Mỗi phút trôi qua, thêm lo lắng) Proportional comparative (So sánh cấp tiến) We can use comparatives with the … the … to say that things change or vary together Note the word order in both clauses The + comparative + the noun, the + comparative + the noun or The more + clause, the more + clause or The more + clause, the + comparative + the + noun PAGE 12 COMPARISON Examples:    The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel (Trời nóng, tơi thấy khó chịu) The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel (Anh uống thuốc sớm bao nhiêu, anh cảm thấy dễ chịu nhiêu) The more you study, the better the prospects of finding a good job (Càng học nhiều triển vọng tìm cơng việc tốt lớn)   The bigger they are, the faster they fall (Vật to rơi nhanh nhiêu) The more you study, the smarter you will become (Càng học, anh thông minh hơn) EXERCISES EXERCISES A EXERCISE 1: Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences Use much/ a bit … etc.+ a comparative Her illness was ………………… We thought at first (much/serious) This bag is too small I need something ……………… (much/big) I’m afraid the problem is ……………… it seems.(much/complicated) You looked depressed this morning but you look ……… now(a bit/happy) I thought she was younger than me but in fact she’s ……….(slightly/old) EXERCISE 2: Complete the sentences using an/no + a comparative I’m fed up with waiting I’m not waiting…………… (long) This shop isn’t expensive The prices are …………… Anywhere else(cheap) The traffic isn’t particularly bad today It’s ……………… usual (bad) EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences using “Double” Comparatives PAGE 13 COMPARISON It’s becoming ……………… to find a job (hard) The hole in your pullover is getting ………… (big) My bags seemed to get …………… As I carried them (heavy) As I waited for my interview, I became …………… (nervous) As the day went on the weather got ………… (bad) Travelling is becoming …………… (expensive) As the conversation went on, he became …………… (talkative) Since she has been in England, her English has got … (good) EXERCISE 4: Finish these sentences using a comparative structure I like warm weather The warmer the weather, ………… (good/ feel) It’s hard to concentrate when you are tired The more tired you are ……… (hard/concentrate) She had to wait a very long time The longer she waited,………… (impatient/become) EXERCISE 5: Match the two halves containing the structure “the ……the……” the earlier we leave the longer he waited the more I got to know him the more you practise your English the longer the phone call the more goods you sell the faster you’ll learn the more you have to pay the sooner we’ll arrive the more profit you’ll make the more impatient he became the more I liked him EXERCISES B Of the four dresses, which is ……………… expensive? A the best B the most C the more D the greater The larger the apartment, the the rent A expensive B more expensive C expensively D most expensive The faster we walk,………… we will get there A the soonest B the soon C the more soon D the sooner “ Why did you buy these oranges? ” “They were ……….… I could find ” A cheapest B cheapest ones C the cheapest ones D the most cheapest She plays the piano …………… as she sings PAGE 14 COMPARISON A as beautifully B more beautifully C as beautiful D the most beautifully The streets are getting more and …………… these days A crowded B less crowded C more crowded D most crowded The larger the city, …………… the crime rate A highest B higher C the highest D the higher You must explain your problems ………… A as clear as you can B as clearly as you can C as clear than you are D as clearly as you are Pil is ……………… person we know A the happier B the happiest C happier D happiest 10 Which woman are you going to vote for? –I’m not sure Everyone says that Joan is………… A smarter B the smarter C more smarter D more smart 11 Bill is ……………… A lazier and lazier B more and more lazy C lazier and more lazy D more lazy and lazier 12 It’s too noisy here Can we go somewhere …………………? A noisier B more quiet C more noisy D quieter 13 ……………… the time passes, …………….I feel ! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it A The faster / the nervous B The more fast / the nervous C The fast / the more nervous D The faster / the more nervous 14 China is the country with………………… population A the larger B the more large C the largest D the most large 15 She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting…………….Finally she exploded A more and more angry B the more angry C angrier and angrier D the most angry 16 For ……………… , it is certain that in the future some things will be very different A the better or the worse B the good or the bad C good or bad D better or worse 17 Her grandfather’s illness was………………… we thought at first A more seriously as B as seriously as B more serious than D as serious than 18 My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed………… usual A more early than B as early as C more earlier as D earlier than 19. _ you study for these exams, _ you will A The harder / the better B The more / the much C The hardest / the best D The more hard / the more good 20 His house is _ mine A twice as big as B as twice big as C as two times big as D as big as twice 21 Nobody is happy than Miss Snow is ( happier) 22 He needs many more sugar than I (much) 23 Does Mary feel weller today than she did yesterday? (better) 24 It’s becoming hard and harder to find a job (harder) PAGE 15 COMPARISON 25 The more you have, the most you want (The more) Combine the ideas given into a double comparative: 1-As he got older, he became more and more bad-tempered  The , the 2- He worked hard He felt very bad  The , the 3- When we think of the exam, we get more and more excited  The , the 4- As this road gets busier, it becomes more and more dangerous  The , the 5- When you get near to the Equator, the temperature becomes high  The , the 6- If she stays in England a long time, her English will be very good  The , the 7- When I write fast, my writing becomes illegible  The , the 8- She sings well A lot of people admire her  The , the 9- She visited many countries She had lots of friends  The , the 10- He works harder He feels more tired  The , the 11 There are a few tourists from Asia (tourists from more are Asia There more and )  The , the 12 A lot of immigrants came from Europe (immigrants come more from Europe and More )  The , the 13.Australian wine wasn't that good in the past (better better Australian is and wine )  The , the 14 Surfing used to be less popular.(Surfing more and more is popular )  The , the 15 Coastal cities used to be less populated.(are and Coastal populated more more cities )  The , the 16 Many people didn't realise how dangerous it was to lie in the sun.(is how sun more and dangerous realise the lie to it More in people )  The , the 17 Children spend a lot of time watching TV (spend watching and time more TV Children more )  The , the 18 There are not many French songs on French radio (French and fewer radio songs There fewer French are on )  The , the PAGE 16 COMPARISON 19 It is difficult to find a parking place (find to difficult a is It and more parking place more )  The , the 20 Nowadays, personal computers are not very expensive (expensive computers Nowadays, and less less are personal)  The , the THE END PAGE 17 .. .COMPARISON B - Comparison with more - most difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult all adjectives... thinner/thinnest; big - bigger/biggest PAGE COMPARISON green - greener/greenest Tính từ tận E: Bỏ E trước thêm ER/EST: ripe - riper/ripest ; white - whiter/whitest II Thể so sánh (Comparison of Superiority) Tính... (as) careful as Kathy (David không cẩn thận Kathy.) IV Thể so sánh (Comparison of Inferiority) less adjective (than) PAGE COMPARISON It is less cold today than it was yesterday Ngày hơm lạnh