Luận án tiến sĩ nâng cao hiệu quả sử dụng bauhinia acuminate trong chăn nuôi dê ở lào

HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PHONEVILAY SILIVONG IMPROVED UTILISATION OF BAUHINIA ACUMINATA FOR GOAT PRODUCTION IN LAO PDR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES HUE, 2020 HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY PHONEVILAY SILIVONG IMPROVED UTILISATION OF BAUHINIA ACUMINATA FOR GOAT PRODUCTION IN LAO PDR SPECIALIZATION: ANIMAL SCIENCES CODE: 9620105 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANIMAL SCIENCES SUPERVISOR 1: ASSOC.PROF NGUYEN HUU VAN SUPERVISOR 2: DR DUONG THANH HAI HUE, 2020 GUARANTEE I hereby guarantee that scientific work in this thesis is mine All results described in this thesis are righteous and objective They have been published in Journal of Livestock Research for Rural Development (LRRD) http://www.lrrd.org Hue University, 2020 Phonevilay Silivong, PhD student ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research in this PhD thesis was conducted at the farm and laboratory of Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resource, Souphanouvong University, in Luangprabang Province, Lao PDR with supported from Mekong Basin Animal Research Network (MEKARN II) project for funding this theses research and the scholarship for the PhD degree I am grateful for the support from all of those people and institutions I am greatly indebted to my main supervisor, Associate Professor Nguyen Huu Van and co-supervisor, Dr Duong Thanh Hai for his mentoring and constructive advice during my studies He made me much more confident as a scientist and researcher His patience and encouragement during my illness and positive criticism made it possible to accomplish this work My special thanks to Professor Thomas Reg Preston and Professor Dr Ron Leng, my teacher and adviser, for all your valuable guidance and support during the study I would also like to extend sincere thanks to Professor Dr Ewadle, International Coordinator MEKARN II project; Dr Vanthong Phengvichith, National Agriculture and Forestry Researcher Institute (NAFRI), Lao PDR; Dr Kieu Borin, MEKARN II regional coordinator for their facilitation, help and support to the whole course Professors, lecturers and assistant lecturers in Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry and MEKARN II program, for giving me care and useful knowledge Warm thanks are extended to my father, Mr Souk Silivong for his great help and support My mother, Ms Khampoun Silivong for her assistance and encouragement, my older brothers and sister Mrs Kesone Silivong, Mr Vone Silivong, Mr Sonexay Silivong and younger sister Mrs Bounmee Silivong for their supported and encouragement; to my wife, Mrs Souksadar Vongyalud and my son Phetsamone Silivong and my daughter Souphaphone Silivong for their love I would like to warmly thank Mr Khamlek and Mr Phonesavath, and Mr Siphone, my analysis assistants and my colleagues in the Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Forest Resource, Souphanouvong University All of my friends in the PhD program 2017-2020 from the three countries: Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia, for sharing the culture, friendship and creating a warm atmosphere throughout the time of the course I would like to thanks all the people who contributed to this study ABSTRACTS This study was aimed at the utilization of locally available feed resources for increasing growth performance and reducing enteric methane emissions from goats in Lao PDR Five experiments (two in vitro and three in vivo) were carried out and presented in four chapters of this dissertation Experiment evaluated the effect on methane production from leaves of Bauhinia acuminata and Guazuma ulmifolia of an increasing level of water spinach as source of soluble protein Experiment and were studied the effects of water spinach and biochar on enteric methane emissions and growth performance in local goats fed Bauhinia acuminata and molasses, or cassava root chip, as the basal diet Experiment aimed to determine the effect of different protein sources (cassava foliage or water spinach) with or without of brewers’ grain (5% of diet DM)) on feed intake, digestibility, N balance and growth performance of local goats Experiment was to determine the effect of biochar and leaf meal from sweet and bitter cassava leaves, on methane production in an in vitro incubation of Bauhinia acuminata and water spinach as basal substrate The main findings of the study were that: (1) Goats fed Bauhinia acuminata responded with improved diet digestibility, N retention and growth rate when the Bauhinia acuminata was supplemented with water spinach; (2) However an important negative effect was that the improvement in diet digestibility by supplementation with water spinach led to increases in methane production per unit diet DM digested; (3) Supplementing Bauhinia acuminata foliage with leaves from a bitter variety of cassava reduced the in vitro production of methane when compared with supplementation by leaves from a sweet variety of cassava; (4) Ensiled brewers’ grains fed as an additive (5% as DM) to a diet of Bauhinia acuminata improved the digestibility, N retention and growth rate of goats The degree of improvement was greater when the Bauhinia acuminata was supplemented with cassava foliage instead of water spinach; (5) Biochar fed at 1% of a diet of Bauhinia acuminata and cassava foliage was as effective as brewers’ grains in improving the growth rate of the goats The results of this study indicated that supplementation of foliage from water spinach or cassava improved growth of local goats fed Bauhinia acuminata as basal diet HCN present in the leaves of cassava could be the reason for the reduction in methane emission Ensiled brewers’ grains and biochar fed to goats as additives probably act as “prebiotics” to improve growth performance and assist in detoxification in the animal Key words: N-balance, protein solubility, bauhinia, water spinach, solubility Nbalance, rumen ammonia, biochar, prebiotics, HCN DEDICATION To my parents, my wife Souksadar Vongyalud, my son (Phetsamone Silivong) and daughter (Souphaphone Silivong) To: My country (Lao PDR) TABLE OF CONTENT GUARANTEE .I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II ABSTRACTS III DEDICATION IV TABLE OF CONTENT .IV LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND EQUIVALENTS .XIV INTRODUCTION .I PROBLEM STATEMENT THE OBJECTIVES THE HYPOTHESIS .5 SIGNIFICANT/INNOVATION OF THE DISSERTATION REFERENCES CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 10 GOAT PRODUCTION IN LAO PDR 10 ROLE OF GOAT PRODUCTION IN LAOS 12 2.1 GOAT POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION .12 2.2 GOAT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN SMALLHOLDER FARMS 15 2.3 GOAT BREED AND BREEDING 17 2.4 CONSTRAINTS OF GOAT PRODUCTION IN LAO 19 2.5 POTENTIAL OF GOAT PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT IN LAO 19 GOAT NUTRITION AND METHANE EMISSION 21 3.1 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR GOAT 21 3.2 METHANE EMISSION 25 LOCAL AVAILABLE FEES RESOURCES FOR GOAT IN LAO .29 4.1 FEEDING SYSTEM .35 REFERENCES 43 CHAPTER EFFECT OF WATER SPINACH ON METHANE PRODUCTION IN AN IN VITRO INCUBATION WITH SUBSTRATES OF BAUHINIA ACUMINATA OR GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA LEAVES AND MOLASSES 59 ABSTRACT .59 INTRODUCTION 59 MATERIALS AND METHODS .60 RESULTS 63 DISCUSSION 67 CONCLUSIONS 68 REFERENCES 68 CHAPTER EFFECTS OF WATER SPINACH AND BIOCHAR ON METHANE EMISSIONS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GOAT FED BAUHINIA ACUMINATA AND MOLASSES OR CASSAVA ROOT CHIPS AS 71 ABSTRACT .71 INTRODUCTION 71 MATERIALS AND METHODS .73 RESULTS 78 DISCUSSION 90 CONCLUSIONS 91 REFERENCES 91 CHAPTER EFFECT OF REPLACING WATER SPINACH (IPOMOEA AQUATICA) BY CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) FOLIAGE AND/OR BREWERS’ GRAINS ON FEED INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY, N RETENTION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN GOAT FED BAUHINIA ACUMINATA PLUS CASSAVA ROOT CHIPS AS THE BASAL DIET 95 ABSTRACT .95 INTRODUCTION 95 MATERIALS AND METHODS .96 RESULTS .100 DISCUSSION 105 CONCLUSIONS 105 REFERENCES .105 CHARPTER EFFECT OF SWEET OR BITTER CASSAVA LEAVES AND BIOCHAR ON METHANE PRODUCTION IN AN IN VITRO INCUBATION WITH SUBSTRATES OF BAUHINIA ACUMINATA AND WATER SPINACH (IPOMOEA AQUATICA) 107 ABSTRACT 107 INTRODUCTION 107 MATERIALS AND METHODS .108 RESULTS 111 DISCUSSION 116 CONCLUSIONS .116 REFERENCES .117 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 120 GENERAL DISCUSSION 120 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 123 IMPLICATIONS .123 FURTHER RESEARCH 124 REFERENCES .124 PUBLISHCATION LIST 127 LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIE Table The number of goat in Lao PDR 13 Table Estimated of animals requirement (2017-2020) 20 Table Daily Nutrient Requirements for Meat Producing Goats .22 Table Nutrient Requirements of Mature Does .24 Table Important fodder tree and shrubs in the Lao PDR .30 Table Chemical composition of fodder trees and shrubs leaves 31 CHAPTER EFFECT OF WATER SPINACH ON METHANE PRODUCTION IN AN IN VITRO INCUBATION WITH SUBSTRATES OF BAUHINIA ACUMINATA OR GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA LEAVES AND MOLASSES Table Composition of diets (% DM basis) .62 Table Ingredients of the buffer solution (g/liter) 62 Table The chemical composition of feed (% in DM, except DM which is on fresh basis) 64 Table Mean values for gas production, percentage of methane in the gas, methane production (ml), DM solubilized and methane production per unit DM solubilized according to leaf source (Bauhinia and Guazuma) and level of water spinach 65 CHAPTER EFFECTS OF WATER SPINACH AND BIOCHAR ON METHANE EMISSIONS AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF GOAT FED BAUHINIA ACUMINATA AND MOLASSES OR CASSAVA ROOT CHIPS AS THE BASAL DIET Table Chemical composition of dietary ingredients (% in DM, except DM which is on fresh basis) .78 Table Mean values of feed intake by goats fed Bauhinia acuminata supplemented with water spinach (WS) or biochar (BC) or not supplemented 79 Table Mean values for live weight, live weight change, feed DM intake and DM feed conversion for goats fed a basal diet of Bauhinia acuminata foliage and molasses 79 Table Mean values of apparent digestibility and N balance in goats fed Bauhinia acuminata and molasses supplemented with water spinach (WS) and biochar (BC) or not supplemented (No-WS; No-BC) .81 lag time either in the growth of organisms that ferment carbohydrate to VFA and hydrogen, and/or in the growth of those that convert hydrogen to methane Table Mean values for gas production, percentage of methane in the gas, DM digested and methane production per unit DM digested, according to source of cassava leaves (sweet SC or bitter BC) and with (Bio) or without (NoBio) biochar CL SC BC p Bio Bio NoBio p SEM Interaction SEM p 0-6 h Gas, ml 640 581 0.001 614 608 0.654 9.62 13.59 0.787 CH4, % 9.5 8.4 0.007 8.9 9.0 0.724 0.24 0.35 0.724 DM digested, % 54.9 46.4