Tinh thai la mot phdn ngir nghTa khong the ihie'u dugc ciia cau, phal ngon, "Qua cau ngudi la nhan hieu id ngudi ndi cd thai do nhu the nao ddi vdi hien thuc, ngudi ndi trinh bay hien th
Trang 1NGO THI MINH
^ /^'
MOT s o PHUONG TIEN BIEU HIEN
Y NGHIA TINH THAI
TRONG CAU GHEP TIENG VIET
Chuyeii ngnnli: Ly lu^n ngdn ngur
Ma so : 5.04.08
LUAN AN Tlf:N SI NGlJ VAN
NguM hir<yiig di>n 1>(;S TS H O A N G I U O N G PHIl^N
TS DAG THI THANH LAN
V^WZMC
U
HANOI-2001
Trang 2Ldi cam doan
MLIC IUC
Quy udfc trlnh bay
PHAN MO DAU
1 Muc dfch, y nghia ciia de lai 7
2 Ddi lugng nghien ciiu cua luan an |()
3 Phuang phap nghien ciJu 10
4 Bd cue cua lu^n an 13
5 Cai mdi cua lu^n an 14
PHAN NOI DUNG
CHUONGMOT:
Nhfrng khai nieni lam ca sa ly luan cho luSn an
] 0 Tmh tlnh Ihai Irong ngdn ngd" hgc
Y ngliTa linh thai va phuong lien bleu hien ngliTa tinh thai 16
2.0 Mgl sd phuang tien bi^'u hicn y nghTa linh thai trong tieng Viet 37
2.1 NhOng van d^ ve phucfng lien bleu hien nghTa tlnh thai 37
2.2 Cac phuang tien hiiu hien y nghTa tinh thai 39
2.2.1 Phucyng lien ngO Am 39
2.2.2 Phuong lien lir vung-ngu phap 40
2.2.3 Phuong tien ngij phap 46
3.0Tieuketchuang 1 53
Trang 31 Nhirng vA'n de ve c^u 54
2 Cuong vi cua cAu ghep lieng Vicl 60
3 Cau true cau ghep tieng Viet 63
4 Vai trd cua cac lac tii' linh thai Irong cfiu ghep tieng Viet 69
4.1 Dae diem liT loai ciia cac lac lu Irong C^LU true c^u ghep tieng Viet: 69
4.2 Sir tac dgng ciia cac tac lu Unh thai ddi vdi viec hinh thanh cac dac di^'m
ngir nghTa cua c^u ghep lieng Viet 75
4.3 Su lac dgng cua cac lac liV tlnh thai ddi vdi vi6c hlnh thanh cac dac did'm
ngir dung cua cau ghep lieng Viet 83
5 Tieu kel chucfng 2 92
CHUONG BA:
Mieu ta ngft ngliTa cua mot so cap tac tir trong cau ghep tieng Viet
A Dinli hudng khao sat, mieu la cac cap lac tir thih thai trong c^'u true phal
ngdn CO dang cflu ghep lidng Vicl 94
B Khao sal cac cap lac tu linh ihai Irong cA'u true phal ngdn c^u ghep cu
Ihd:
1 Khad sat cap tac lu: "Neu - llii" Hong c^u Iruc "Neu A lln B" 97
2 Khao sal cap lac lu: "He - Ihi/la" Irong cAu Iriic "Hg A - Ihi/la" B va cap tac
lir "Cii - Ihi/la" Irong cau true "Cu A Ihi/la B " 101
3 Khao sal cap lac tu: "Chi -(ihi ) mdi" trong cS'u true "Chi A (ihi) mdi B"
va cafl tac tu: "Co - mdi" trong cau true "Co A (ihi) mdi B": 107
4 Khao sat cap tac tU:"Da- ihi" trong c^u truc:"Da A ihi B" 109
5 Khao sal cap tac tu:"Gia- thV' Irong c^u lruc:'Xlia A thi B" Ml
6 Khao sal cap tac tu:"Bao gid- lln" Irong cau Uuc:"Bao gid A thi B" 118
Trang 49 Khao sat cap tac tu: "Gang- cang" trong cS^u true:"Gang A cang B" 126
10.Khao sal cap lac tu: "Khdng nhung A ma con B" va cap lac tu*: "Da- ihi
chd" trong cSu true: "Da A ihi chd lai con B" 128
11 Kliao sat cap tac tu:"Kh6ng phai- ma la" trong ca'u lnJc:"Kh6ng phai A ma la
B." va tac lu:"chi} khdng phai" Ux)ng cA'u tiijc "A chd* khdng phai B" 133
12 Khao sat cap lac tir"Khdng- ihi cung" trong ca'u truc:"Kh6ng A ihi
cungB" 138
13 Khaasat cap tac lu:"Chua- da" trong cA'u truc:"ChUa A ma da B" va cap
lac lU:"Da- chua" Irong cau true: Da A ma chua B" 141
14 Khao sal cap lactu:"Mdi- da" Irong cSfu truc:"Mdi A ma da B" va cap
lac lu:"Da- mdi" trong c^'u Uuc:"Da A mdi B." 145
15 Khao sat cap lac lir:"Cdn- da" Irong Cctu truc:"Cdn A da B" va cap lac
tu "Da- con" trong cA'u lruc"Da A con B" 147
16 Khao sal cap lac tir: "Nhung tudng - nao ngd" trong c^u truc"NhQng
tudng A nao ngd B" 150
17 Khao sat cap tac tu: "Co ihi- cijng cd th^" trong ca'u truc:"Cd the A
cung CO the B." 152
C Tidu kel chuang 3 154
PHAN KfeT LUAN 157
Trang 5nhung quy udc rieng nhu sau:
1 Cac tai lieu trich din dugc gbi theo ihu tu : sd thir lu lac pham trong thu muc luan an, sd trang Ch^ng ban nhu: |sd Ihii lu ihu muc: 29, sd trang 98]
2 Cac vi du dugc dal trong ngoac vuong, dSu lien la ten tac pham trich dSn dugc viel tdt b^ng chU' cai in boa, sau den sd trang Vi du nhu: [TTHCM,298|
3 Mot sd each viet tat trong luan an
Cach viet t^t nhii'ng tac phaim van hgc hoac bao chi dugc trich dSn trong luan an:
: Chin tac gia nu* "Truyen ng^n chgn Igc"
; Hd Chi Minh "Vi doc lap lu do -Vi chu nghTa xa hoi" H6 Chi Minh.Toan tap (1925-1930)
H6 Chi Minh.Toan lap (1945-1947)
Hd Chi Minh.Toan tap (1954-1957)
Hd Chi Minh Tuy^n lap
Nam Cao "Tuyen tap" Tap 2
Nguy6n Dinh Bon "Dudi quy" (Tap truyen ngdn) Nguyen Minh Chau " Cd lau" (Tap truyen ngdn) Nguyen Cong Hoan "Budc dudng ciang"
Nguyen Khai "Thai gian cua ngudi"
Nguydn Huy Thiep "Tuyen lap Nguydn Huy Thiep"
Trang 6Phan 1 lij Vang Anh "Hoi dig"
To Hoai "Nhirng ngo phd - Ngudi dudng phd"
Truyen ngdn hay 1996 (Irich trong tuan bao Van nghe) Truyen ngdn hay 1997.(lrich Irong ludn bao Van nghe) Truyen ngan hay 1998.(Irich Irong luan bao Van nghe) Truyen ngdn hay 1999 (Thai Ha truyen chgn)
Truyen ngdn du thi 1996 chgn Igc trong lap chi "Van nghe quan dgi"
Truyen ngan hay trong "Van nghe quan dgi cudi tudn" Truyen ngdn dang tai lien bao "Van nghe"nam 96-2000 Truyen ngdn dang tai tren tap chi "Tac pham
mdi" tu nam 1998-2000
Trang 7I MUC DICH VA YEU CAU CUA LUAN AN:
1.1 Trong nhung nam cua nhung Ihap nien cudi the ky thii XX, Cling vdi su phal irien cua cac nganh khoa hgc khac nhu ifn hieu hgc, tam ly hgc, xa hoi hgc, van bgc.ngon ngil' hgc cdng dat dugc nhung ihanh tun rat dang ke Ngdn ngu' dugc xem xet khdng phai chi d gdc do he ihdng ky hieu khep kin ma da chuyen sang mot ca che md, ral dgng Ngdn ngu' dugc khao sal nhu mgl ihuc ihe hoan chinh cua hai mat; hinh thuc va ngi dung; no luon van dgng va phal Irien irong giao tiep cua ddi song xa hoi Hinh thiic cua ngdn ngir bao gid cung chua dung ngi dung ngu' nghla nhal dinh Va phai xuat phal lir ngu nghTa de nghien cuu cac cau Iruc hinh thuc Cd nghTa
la phai di theo con dudng ngugc lai ciia cac xu hudng nghien cuu ngon ngir dau the ky xx von "giai thich ngdn ngu nhu la mot he Ihdng hinh thuc ma tir
do ngu" nghTa bam vao"[36|
M.A.K Halliday Irong cong trinh "Ddn luan cua ngu phap chue nang", khdng dinh can nghien cuu ngon ngu' "nhu la mgi he ihdng cac y nghTa, dugc kem dieo bdi cac hinh Ihiic ma qua do cac y nghTa dugc hien thuc hda."|36| Hudng nghien cuu nay ddi bdi cac nha ngon ngu' hgc phai tra ldi cau hoi: Y nghTa cua mgl don vj nao do dugc the hien bdng nhung hinh ihuc nao? Hg phai dal "cac hlnh thuc ngon ngCr nhu la mot phuong tien hudng tdi muc dfch, cliir khdng phai la muc dich tu than" "Phuong lien" dugc cac nha
nghien cuu hieu la van d6 cua ngu phap va "muc dfch" la van de ciia ngir nghTa Va nhu vay, van di dat ra la khong the' lach idi phuong tien ra klidi
muc dfch, cung nhu khong the lach rdi giua cac binh dien ngu' phap, ngiJ
Trang 8bieu hien y nghTa tmh thai trong cau ghep tieng Viet"
1.2 Tmh thai la van dt von Ion lai phd qual iroug cac ngon ngir va hien
dang thu hul su quan lam ciia cac nha nghien cuu ngon ngii' Tinh thai la mot phdn ngir nghTa khong the ihie'u dugc ciia cau, phal ngon, "Qua cau ngudi la nhan hieu id ngudi ndi cd thai do nhu the nao ddi vdi hien thuc, ngudi ndi trinh bay hien thuc vdi su danh gia ciia minh (danh gia diing hay sai, tin hay ngd, udc doan hay da tdn lai ihuc, khuyen bao hay ra lenh )"|76,3()| Cung nhu vdi bat ky ngon ngu' nao, trong tieng Viet van d6 linh ihai dugc the hien d mgi cap do cua cac dan vj ngon ngu" Tir ngii ^m,
tu vung cho den ngir phap; id' cac phal ngon, cac cau, doan van den van ban ddu cd Ifnh linh thai Ngudi ta cd the khao sal cac loai y nghTa tlnh thai trong su" bieu hien bdng nhieu phuong lien da dang khac nbau De lai chung tdi xem cau ghep nhu mot loai dan vi phal ngon vdi linh chat dac thu la su xuat hien cac lu ndi nhu lu each nbUng lac tu, tham gia true tiep vac ngi bg cau true, cd tac dung chi phdi den ngu nghTa -ngu dung cua loai don vi nay Chung l6n lai nhu nhung phuong tien bieu hien thai do ciia ngudi ndi ve di^u ndi den irong cau
Cho den nay, cac phuong lien bieu hien linh Ihai trong tieng Viet chua dugc nghien cuu sau sdc va loan dien Ngu phap Iruydn (bdng von chi chu trgng den cac hinh thuc bieu dal nen chua cd su quan lam dung muc den viec mieu ta cac phuong tien linh thai mot each cd he thong VI vay, luan
an nay nghien ciiu cac phuong tien ndi cau ghep bieu hien nghTa tinh thai, nhung phuong lien dd ggi la cac tac lu linh ihai
Trang 9nghTa ly luan ma con phuc vu cho viec giang day tieng Viet trong nha trudng hien nay
1.3 Cac lac tu tinh thai dugc nghien cuu d luan an nay la nhiTng lien
iix, hay la nhung cap phu lii" trong mot sd kie'u loai phal ngon cd dang cau
ghep Mot vai cong trinh trudc day cd de cap den nhung chua toan dien, nhal la viec nghien ciiu tac tu dudi gdc do phuong tien bieu hien nghTa tinh thai thi hoan loan mdi
Trong chuyen luan "Hu tu trong tieng Viet hien dai" (1986), NguySn Anh Que cho rdng: Hu tir "tuy khong cd vai trd trung tam trong cac kieu c^'u true nhung lai v6 cijng quan trgng trong viec the hien cac y nghTa ngir phap, cac sdc thai ngon tij: "|83,247| Cac loai y nghTa, cac sdc thai ngon tir von ral tinh le nay khong phai liic nao cung cd the dd dang nhan th^'y, khong phai Iuc nao chung cijng dugc danh dau trong cau Theo Nguyln
Dixc Dan, nen xem xet su lien kel cac tir ndi v6 phuong dien ngu" dung, tuc
la lir gdc do cua ngudi sii" dung ngon ngiv Cung vdi hudng khao sat nay, trong bang loai bai bao dang tai Iren "Tap chf Ngon ngu" [30|, [31], [32],
Le Dong cung da chi r5 nhiing dac trung ve ngir nghTa - ngu dung cua hu tir
tid'ng Viat Tac gid khdng dinh: " trong y nghTa ciia nhidu lien tCr, giai tijr
(nhung, ma, keo, tai, du.„v^n v.v.,.) ta ihay ngoai cai loi quan he 16 gich
la nhirng ngi dung tlnh thai danh gia khien cho chiing khdng phai chi la phuong lien ndi kel don thudn la hlnh tbiic" |30| De lai ciia chiing toi ke
ihixa cac quan niem ndi tren va ti6'p tuc xem xet cac lac lii" tlnh thai trong su
hlnh thanh cac loai y nghTa tlnh thai ciia phal ngdn cd cau triic cau ghep
Trang 10lien bieu hien y nghTa tinh thai trong cau ghep lieng Viet Dd la cac yeu to
kieu nhu: neu- thi; gia- thi; cii- thi; M- thi, da- thi; md^i- da; chua- da;
khdng nhung- ma con ; nhung tudng- nao ngd Cac tac lir tinh thai nay
iham gia true tiep vao id chue ngi bg ciia cau tao nen tfnh da dang vt cau
triic va ngir nghTa ciia cau ghep Trong thuc le, cac nha ngir phap da coi cbiing nhu nhung phuong tien lien kel va la phuang lien de bieu thi nhiing mdi quan he 16- gfch khac nbau nhu mdi quan he nguyen nhan - kel qua, dilu kien - kel qua, nhugng bg, tang lien Luan an nay xem xet cac tac tu" tren vdi chue nang bieu hien y nghTa tlnh thai Ngudi ndi the hien thai do danh gia cua minh qua each chgn lua cac tac lu ddi vdi cac su kien, su tinh trong phal ngdn- cau ghep M6 hlnh ciia cac kieu loai cau ghep tren boat dgng kha phong phu trong tieng Viet, tao nen mot bang mau tinh thai kha
da dang trong boat dgng ng6n ngO"
3.PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU:
Tien hanh nghien cilu de tai nay, luan an su dung nhieu phuang phap nghien ciiu khac nbau:
3.1.Phuang phap quy nap:
Day la phuang phap chii yeu cua luan an Chung toi di tir cu the den trirn tugng, tii' viec ph^n tfch cac phat ngdn cu the de dua den kel luta
nhiJng van d6 ly luan cd tfnh khai quat
3.2.Kv Ihuat xu ly lu lieu:
Chiing loi thong ke va phan loai hinh ihuc cau ihanh lung nhdm, dua vao su xuat hien ciia cac cap lien tu, phu lii"; cac trg tii' hoac dua vao dac
Trang 11diem y nghTa ciia toan cau Tren ca sd lu lieu dd, luan an nghien ciiu nhiing
dac diim ngu' nghTa-ngir dung va khao sal chiic nang bieu bidn y nghTa tinh
thai cua chung trong phal ngdn cd dang cau ghep
3.3.Mot sd Ihao tac thay the, cai bien
Luan an su dung triel de mot sd thao tac cai bien, ihay the he hinh NhOng thao tac nay cd uu diem la phan tfch va ly giai dugc cac hien tugng ng6n ngQ" theo hudng dfch cua ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe, tuc la theo chien luge cua ngudi dung cau ghep Su hien dien ciia moi lac lu trong phat ngdn
d6u bgc 16 rd Ihai do danh gia hien Ihuc ciia ngudi ndi Su thay the chiing
trong mot ngu canh nao dd cd muc dfch lam tudng minh hoa ngu nghia
ciia cac tac tu cu the trong phat ngon, phat hien gia Iri nghTa dfch thuc cua chung trong cau triic cau ghep Chdng ban:
(l)"Bd ndm kia cd nghe thay "Khiic ludng niem" gigng ba-ry-tong
trang trgng dugc phu hga bdi mot dan ddng ca vdi nhung niJ tu kfn? Gia
cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan v^ ban ai ca nay."
Trong cau ghep tren, cd the thay ihe "Gia" thanh "Phai chi"/"U'dc gi" :
"G/a cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan ve ban ai ca nay."
'Phdichi cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan vi ban ai ca nay."
"t/d'c g/ cdn song, hai bd con minh se binh luan vi ban ai ca nay."
Tac lu Phai chi/ U'6c gi diu cd kha nang thay the trong cau ghep Tat ca
deu cd tac dung bieu dat didu kien ngudi ndi gia dinh, cd tfnh dd'i lap vdi hien thuc da xay ra trong thuc te Qua dd, ngudi ndi mudn bay to su tiec nudi, udc mudn khong dat dugc trong phat ng6n
3.4 Mot sd thao tac ngir nghTa-ngu dung :
Trang 12CCing vdi ihao tac thay the, cai bien, di tai cdn van dung mgl sd thao lac ngii nghTa- ngu dung Dd la dua vao mot ngd' canh dii rgng de khao sat cac
dac diem tinh thai cua mot sd cau Iriic cau ghep Theo ibao tac nay, luan an nghien ciiu cau ghep trong chu canh ciia cac phat ngon lien kel
NghTa ciia cau bao gid cung hien ra tu" ngu' canh cu the Chinh vi vay, khi khao sat y nghTa va phuong tien tinh thai tdn tai Irong mot dan vi cu the
la cau ghep, luan an dat chung trong mot ngir canh rgng, hep khac nbau de Ian lugl xem xet cac loai y nghTa tien gia dinh, nghTa ham dn cd tac dgng true tiep hoac gian tiep den su hinh thanh ca che ngu' nghTa cua cau, phat ngdn Cac loai y nghTa nay cd the bgc 16 ro trong mdi luang tac vdi nhiing dan vi ng6n ngir kliac trong ngu canh Dac biet ddi vdi nghTa tlnh thai cua
cau, van di ngu canh lai cang quan trgng, nhi6u khi la nhan to quyel dinh
each ndi, each liep nhan cua cac ddi tugng ibam gia giao tiep Chang ban nhu doan ddi ihoai giira me con chi Chugt trong doan van sau:
"- A! Con biet rdi! khong phai che, cam ma bu bao la che!
Nhung me no dua mdt nhin no, lay ngdn lay chi ra phfa nha ngoai ndi khe, nhung hai gdt:
(2)- Khe khe cai m6m mot tf! Reo mai len, thdng bd may no nghe ih^y
thi no chet No da dm ndm day, ihudc kh6ng cd, ma lai con buc minh nfra
thi no chet."
(^rTNC,13)
Cac tac tu "da - ma lai con- thi" hien dien trong cau true cau ghep
" da A ma lai con B thi C" bieu hien y nghTa bat thudng cua cac su kien,
Ngudi ndi dua ra nhiing ly le mot phdn de ihuyet phuc ngudi nghe, mot
phdn de bay to thai do khdng dinh chdc chdn vi dieu minh ndi trong cau,
Trang 13cac tac tur hien dien Irong cau Iruc cau la phuong lien de chuyen ca che ngii
nghTa nay trong boat dgng giao tiep
4 BO c u e CUA LUAN AN:
Luan an gom cd ba chucfng, ngoai phdn Md ddu va Kel luan, ngi dung ciia tiing chuang dugc tdm lai nhu sau:
Phan Md dau gidi thieu nhung van de ca ban nhu muc dfch, y nghTa cua de tai, pham vi ddi tugng nghien ciiu; gidi Ihuyei chii yeu ve ngi dung
va phuang phap liep can cua luan an
4.1 Chuang I; Cac khai niem lam ca sd cho luan an
Chuang nay gom 37 trang, Irong dd Irinh bay nhirng van de ca ban nhal vi mat ly luan cd lien quan Iruc liep tdi luan an
Tinh thai la mgl bg phan ngu nghTa cung vdi khung nghTa menh de tao nen ca che nghTa ciia cau, phal ngdn M6i ngdn ngii deu cd nhiing phuong lien bieu hien y nghTa linh ihai khac nbau Trong phal ngon cd cau true cau ghep, cac tac lu iham gia true liep vao to chiic cau la phuang lien tai nghTa linh thai, bieu hien ihai do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi ve dieu ndi ra
4.2 Chuang II: Vai tro tac dong ciia cac tac tu tinh thai trong cau ghep tieng Viet
Day la chuang tmc tiep di vao ngi dung ciia luan an, gom 40 trang Trudfc hel, cdn xac dinh cuang vj cua cau ghep vdi cac van de ve cau true cu phap va ngir nghTa cua chung Su hien dien ciia mgl SQ cap tac tu trong ca'u iriic cd vai Ird lac dgng den ngii nghTa, ngu dung va ngii phap cua cau ghep Nhirng van de nay mang Ifnh khai quat, la djnh hudng cho viec khao sat cac dac diem linh thai ciia nhung lac lu trong chm^g liep theo
Trang 144.3 Chuang III: Cac dac diem ngur nghia - ngu dung cua mot so tac tu tinh thai trong cau ghep tieng Viet
Chuang nay cd 63 trang, irong dd chiing loi giai quyet nhiing van de irgng lam ciia luan an la khao sal, bien giai mot sd cap lac lu linh thai Irong cau Iruc cau ghep de chi ra nhiing dac diem ve ngii nghTa - ngii dung
Diiu nay cd y nghTa quan trgng de di den kel luan: cac lac lu nay la phuang
lien bidu hien nghTa linh thai Irong phal ngdn cd cau Iriic cau ghep Ngudi ndi su dung cac tac tu trong cau Iriic cau nhu chien luge hanh ngdn de bieu Ihi thai do danh gia hien ihuc Irong phal ng6n
Phdn Kel lu^n la nhiing danh gia khai qual ve kel qua nghien ciiu cua luan an Cac lac lu hien dien Irong cau Iriic cau ghep kh6ng chi la phuang lien lien kei cac ve cau ma cdn la phuang lien de ngudi ndi danh gia ngi dung y nghTa linh ihai cua loan bg menh de Irong cau ghep Ben canh do, Ihong qua viec sii dung cac lac lii" linh thai Irong phal ngon, ngudi ndi con
hiiu hien sdc thai danh gia tfch cue hoac tieu cue, khen nggi hay che trach,
khdng dinh hay phu dinh dieu dugc ndi ra trong phal ngon Cudi ciing, luan an dua ra nhung de xuat mdi, can liep tuc nghien ciiu ciia de tai
5 CAI MCil CUA LUAN AN:
5.1 Day la luan an ddu lien nghien ciiu nghTa linh thai th6ng qua viec khao sal, bien luan cd he (hong cac lac lii" nhu la phuang tien chuyen diing bieu hien y nghTa linh thai trong cau ghep lieng Viel Dd la cac cap lien tir, phu lir hoac mgl sd Irg lii hien dien Irong cau true cau ghep vdi tu each la tac lii linh thai bieu ihj ihai do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi Chung cd mgl vai Ird quan trgng trong viec hinh ihanh ngir nghTa va hieu lire giao liep ciia cau ghep
Trang 155.2 D^ lai cdn lam ro ihem ihem chiic nang tai nghTa ciia cac phuong tien nay trong quan he vdi chu ng6n
5.3 Ket qua nghien ciiu ciia luan an giup cho viec su dung diing cac phuang tien linh thai trong c^u ghep va biet tri nhan ngi ham ngii nghTa cua mgl sd mo hlnh cau ghep tieng Viet Cac tac tii' nay cd vai trd nhu mdt thanh to cau lao quan he va cd chiic nang mang nghTa bd sung, trong dd cd nghTa tinh thai
Trang 16PHAN NOI DUNG CHUONG MOT:
NHUNG KHAI NIEM LAM CO SOi CHO DE TAI
1.0 Tinh tinh thai trong ngon ngu hoc:
1.1 Tinh thai trong 16 gich hoc va tinh thai trong ngon ngu hoc:
Tmh thai la pham trii cd tinh phd quat trong cac ngdn ngii va la ddi lugng cua nhi^u nganh khoa hgc Tmh thai kh6ng chi dugc nghien ciiu trong ng6n ngir hgc ma cdn dugc cac nha 16- gfch hgc, tfn hieu hgc rat quan tam
Cac nha 16 gfch hgc la nhung ngudi ddu lien khai pha van di linh thai
Chuyen luan "De L'^interpretation va Premiers analytiques" ciia Aristote
dugc xem nhu cong trinh sdm nhal cd nhieu chuang muc ban vi menh dd
tlnh thai va phep tam doan luan tinh thai Ke dd la cac nha ky hieu hgc, ng6n ngu hgc cung chu y den tfnh tinli thai Hg xuat phat tii nhiing muc dfch khac nbau, each tiep can khac nbau nhung lai din tdi nhung ket qua gidng nbau
Ca 16- gfch hgc va ng6n ngii" hgc deu dac biet chu y tfnh linh thai
trong ng6n ngir tu nhien Mdi chuyen nganh diu xay dung he thdng thuat
ngii rieng; chdng ban, 16- gfch bgc cd khai niem phan doan tinh thai vdi hai loai thdng tin: lh6ng tin ca ban va ibdng tin bd trg:
'Th6ng tin ca ban la th6ng tin vi cac ddi lugng va cac dau hieu cua
chiing, ve dac Irung sd lugng ciia chung ( ); dugc bieu ibj trong chii ngu va
vi ngii cua phan doan, trong cac lien tii" 16 gfch va lugng lu Th6ng tin bd trg
Trang 17suat), lien cpian den nhung dac Irung ciia chung: danh gia, dieu chinh, thai gian "|29,72h
Thdng lin bd trg chfnh la dnh thai cua phal ng6n Mgl Irong nhirng phuang lien bieu hien th6ng tin nay la sir hien dien ciia cac tac tii' tinh thai
nhu: CO the, tat yeu, nhat thiet, ng^u nhien trong phal ng6n:
Co the CO su song d sao Hda
Co kha nans tdi nay mua
Gid nay anh ta cd thedd den trudng
Cac lii' tinh thai :"c6 the", "c6 kha nang" Irong cac vf du tren
kh6ng chi la ddi lugng ciia 16- gfch hgc, ma cdn la ddi lugng ciia ng6n ngii hgc Ng6n ngu lu nhien chiia dung rat nhidu tir ngu", hien lugng ndm trong
pham vi tinh thai, nhung itr nhu: Gia dinh, nghi ngd, c6 the, c6 kha nang,
dieu kien, lap luan, tat yeu, khong tat yeu, bat buoc, nghi van, phii djnh, danh gia deu chiia dung mot phdn ngi dung tinh thai [130,386] Ca
16 gfch hgc Idn ng6n ngii hgc deu chu trgng cac yeu to linh thai Irong ngon ngii tu nhien Su khac biet Idn giua hai nganh khoa hgc nay la mgl ben ihien
vi tinh thai khach quan, kh6ng quan tam deii vai lid ciia ngudi ndi trong
phat ng6n Va ben kia lai danh gia cao linh ihcli cbii quan "L6- gfch hgc
von chi quan lam nhieu tdi gia tri chan nguy ciia menh di cho nen cai am
giai tinh thai ciia no gidi ban trong tfnh hien (hue (xac ihuc), tfnh tat yeu va tfnh kha nang vdi nhiing miic do khac nbau ciia tfnh cha't ay va su phdi hop giiia cac tfnh cha'l ay"|40,50) Tuy nhien, d giai doan Irudc day thi giiia quan niem ve tinh thai ciia 16- gfch hgc va ngon ngii hgc mdi cd su kliac biet chu
\u .:- ,.,iv^
"^-J^ilfS
Trang 18Ngdn ngii' hgc quan lam tinh thai khach quan Idn linii thai chii quan, luy
cd phdn nghien vi tinh thai chii quan nhidu ban Cac nha ngon ngu' hgc cho
rdng: tinh thai la mgl pham tru "chi ra nhung dac diem ciia cac mdi quan he khach quan dugc phan anh Irong ngi dung ciia cau (linh thai kliach quan) va cbi ra muc do cua tfnh xac ihuc ve ngi dung ciia chfnh cau dd theo quan niem ciia ngudi ndi (tlnh thai chii quan)."|Bondarko.A.V, Din theo Pham Hung Viet,119|
Tinh thai khach quan d day dugc hieu trong mdi lien he giiia cai dugc lh6ng bao vdi thuc le d binh dien hien thuc ifnh va phi hien thuc tfnh Dd la dau hieu nghia linh thai ciia bai ky phal ng6n nao
Cdn tinh thai chii quan la mdi quan be giua ngudi ndi vdi dieu dugc lb6ng bao; la dau hieu khong bdi bugc cua phal ng6n Dung lugng cua tinh thai chu quan cd tfnh chat rgng ban tlnh thai khach quan va kb6ng ddng nhat Thai do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi lam co' sd cho linh thai chii quan Ngudi ndi bao dam, cam ket tfnh chan thuc cua thdng lin dugc ndi d trong
phal ngon: Tdi ndi mot dieu nhu the Toi khdng dinh hoac toi phii dinh n6 ,Va\ pham vi tinh thai khach quan, ngudi ndi chi ndi hoac gbi nhan mot
su kien nao dd trong phat ngdn Do vay, phal ng6n ihugc tinh thai khach quan thudng chiia cac thanh to phi danh gia
Trong thuc le su dung ngdn ngir, y nghTa tinh ibai khach quan va tinh thai chii quan kb6ng lach rdi trong mot phal ng6n Ca hai deu la ddi lugng khao sal ciia ng6n ngu" hgc
L2 Mot sdauan niem ve tinh tinh thai cua ccic nha n^it hoc:
Trang 19lai gay ra nhieu y kien khac biet va ddi lap nhu" pham Iru linh Unh thai." Ngay lii nhung nam ciia thap ky bai muoi, O Jespersen (1921) da danh gia cao tfnh chii the trong giao liep Ong cho rdng, cac Ihiic xac dinh (indicative), ihiic gia dinh (subjunclive), Ihuc cdu khien (imperative) deu bieu hien ihai do, quan niem cua ngudi ndi ve ngi dung cua cau; mac dd trong nhieu trudng hgp, viec chgn lua thiic dugc xac djnh khong phai bdng thai do thuc le ciia ngudi ndi ma bdng chii ihe ciia menh de va nd doc lap vdi ngudi ndi.| I35,9|
Jespersen de xudt hai he thdng tinh thai Mot be Ihdng bao g6m su bdi bugc, cho phep, hiia hen,, Va he thdng kia bao gdm su tai yeu, xac djnh, gia dinh, dieu kien, Dua vao each phan loai nay, quan niem ciia Jespersen thuc cbai da dat nen mdng cho su phan chia hai pham trii n6i dung y nghTa linh thai: tinh thai nhan ibii'c (epislemic modality) va tinh thai dao nghTa (deontic modality)
Sau O.Jespersen, Von Wright (1951) dua ra cac kieu linh thai nhu:
-Tmh thai chan nguy (alethic)
-Tinh thai nhan ibiic (epislemic)
-Tmh thai dao nghTa (deontic)
-Tinh thai I6n tai (existential)
Ben canh dd, 6ng cdn chii y mot sd phuang tien bieu hien y nghTa tinh thai, dac biet la he thdng dgng tir tinh thai Chang ban, each diing cua MUST va MAY:
You may be there by now
(Bay gid ban dugc phep cd mat d dd.)
Trang 20You may come in now
(Bay gid ban dugc phep vao)
Va:
John niusl be there by now
(Bay gid John phai cd mat d dd)
You must come in now,
(Bay gid ban bugc phai vao.)
Trong cac phat ng6n tren, MAY dien dal su cho phep Cdn MUST mang nghTa bat bugc Mudn phan biet gia tri ngii nghTa cua hai dgng tii' nay, cdn diing d gdc do cua ngudi ndi, muc dfch cua phal ngon Trong thuc le', nghTa ciia phal ng6n chi cd the bgc 16 qua each su dung ngdn tu ciia ngudi ndi Ben canh cac pham trii tinh thai nhan ihuc, tinh thai dao nghTa, tinh thai idn lai ,Von Wright cdn dua ra khai niem tlnh thai dgng Iuc (dynamic modality) Khai niem linh thai dgng Iuc dugc hieu la su ket hgp giiia nang Iuc (ability) va thien chf (disposition) ciia ngudi ndi Chdng ban nhu trong phat ngon:
John can speak German
(John bie't ndi tieiig Diic.)
Dgng tu CAN ( nghTa la c6 the] cd kha nang) nhu mot hinh thiic bieu
hien ciia tinh thai dgng Iuc, chi kha nang, nang Iuc cua ddi tugng
Ngudi ndi cd vai trd quan trgng Irong viec id chue va bie'u hien cac thdng lin linh thai Irong phal ngon John Lyons (1979) cho rdng "tinh thai
la thai do ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi ngi dung menh de ma cau bieu ihj hay tinh trang ma menh de dd mieu la."[133,452] F.R.Palmer (1986) cung cho rdng linh thai la lh6ng lin ngir nghTa cua cau bieu ihi thai do (attitude) hoac y
Trang 21- Tinh thai chu quan (Subjectivity)
- Tmh thai hien thuc (Facluality)
- Tmh thai nhan thiic va dao nghTa ( Epistemics and deonlics)
- Tmh thai kha nang va tat yeu (Possibility and necessity)
John Lyons va F.R.Palmer la nhiing ngudi quan tam nhieu den cac
pham lin n6i dung y nghTa ciia tfnh tlnh Ihai Cac lac gia nay cho rdng c6 hai pham trii tinh thai ca ban: tinh thai nhan thiic va tinh thai dao nghTa
+ Tinh thai nhan thuc (epistemic modality):
Khai niem linh thai nhan thiic, theo quan niem ciia J, Lyons cd nghTa la
"su hieu biet" (understanding), "kien thuc" (knowledge) va su lin tudng cua
ngudi ndi Day la ngi dung tinh thai the hien mice do cam ket ciia ngudi ndi ve tinh chdn thuc cua dieu ndi ra trong phat ngon Cd nghTa la hg
hieu ca sd thuc te nhu la cac dieu kien cdn Ihiel cua phat ngon Hg tin, hg khang dinh dieu hg ndi la chan thuc Day la each trinh bay the' gidi theo quan diem cua ngudi ndi, "cd lien quan den sir dien dal hien thuc nhung dd
la hien thuc lien quan hda giiia ngudi ndi va ihe gidi khach quan,"[133,407] Pham trii tinh ihai nay gdm cac ngi dung sau:
-Tinh thai thuc (factive):
Ngudi ndi cam kel dieu minh ndi la dung vdi hien ihuc, mang tfnh tat yeu Tfnh xac thuc ciia cau, phat ngdn dugc phan anh th6ng qua lang kfnh chu quan ciia ngudi ndi; dugc can cii lii' sU hieu biei hay trai ngbiem thuc te ciia hg hoac lu su suy luan hoac true liep hoac gian liep cua ngudi ndi tren
ca sd cac luan cii' trong cau Chdng ban,
(3) Chac chan nd se den, khong sdm thi mugn
Trang 22Th6ng qua phat ng6n lien, ngudi ndi cam kei ifnh chan thuc ciia dieu
hg ndi, Hg qua quyel ve su kien, su linh xay ra Irong phat ng6n dua tren kinh ngbiem hoac dua uen mot sd lh6ng lin cd lien quan den ddi tugng
-Tinh thai phi thuc (non factive):
Ngudi ndi khong cam kei dieu minh ndi Irong phal ngdn la diing hay sai, ma chi dua ra su phdng doan, gia djnh ve tfnh cd kha nang hay tfnh tat yeu ciia hien ihuc Dieu nay dua nen nhung kien giai chu quan ciia ngudi ndi hoac su mong mudn chii quan nao dd cua hg Loai y nghTa tinh thai khdng ihuc huii nay Ihudng kel hgp vdi cac sac ihai danh gia tfch cue hoac
tieu cue ciia ngudi ndi Sdc thai danh gia ifch cue ihudng gdn vdi su mong
mudn chu quan ciia ngudi ndi Cdn sdc thai danh gia lieu cue lai di kem vdi
su nghi ngd, e ngai ciia ngudi ndi Chdng han,
(4) Toi khong ch^c minh cd the di Ha Ngi dgt nay hay phai ddi chuyen
di vao mot djp khac
O day ngudi ndi bgc 16 thai do chua diit khoal ve hai sir linh: di Ha Ngi hoac khong Xac suat ve thuc le cd the xay ra giua A va B deu nhu nbau Ngudi ndi d irong trang thai bap benh, dao dgng va dang chd dgi mgl dieu xac dinh
- Tinh thai phdn thuc (contra factive): Ngudi ndi bac bd tfnh chan
thuc ciia dieu dugc ndi trong phat ng6n, Hg cam kel dieu minh ndi la sai, kh6ng cd kha nang xay ra, kh6ng cd tfnh tai yeu Chdng ban,
(5) Gia nd cdn me thi khdng den ndi phai khd
Trong phal ng6n tren, ngi dung menh de hoan loan cd tfnh trai ngugc vdi Ihuc le, day la hinh anh the gidi khach quan dugc ngudi ndi kien tao nen
va do vay, nd khdng phan anh nhung su kien duang nhien la hien thuc "Gia
Trang 23nd cdn me " , Irong thuc te thi me chau da qua ddi, ngudi ndi the hien dieu nay de bay to su thuang xdt, se chia trong phat ngdn
+Tinh thai dao nghia ( Deontic modality):
Loai tinh thai nay gdn vdi nhirng quy tdc, che djnh cua dao diic, luan ly hoac cac nguyen tdc khi thuc hien hanh dgng Irong phal ng6n ciia cac ddi tac Iham gia giao tiep Nhiing che djnh nay mang ifnh bdt huge, tfnh quy udc cua cong ddng xa hoi va ngi dung tinh thai dao nghTa ihudng dugc xem xet dudi gdc do hanh vi:
-Bdt huge hay khong bdi bugc
-Cain doan hay khdng cam doan
-Dugc phep hay kh6ng dugc phep
-Mien trtr hay kh6ng mien tru"
Chdng ban,
(6) Con phai di hgc, khdng dugc tu y bd hgc
' Phal ngon litn la ldi yeu cdu, cd ifnh bdt bugc ciia ngudi me d6'i vdi con, Theo su danh gia cua ngudi ndi, viec ngudi nghe phai thuc hien hanh
dgng di hoc mang tfnh cbai che djnh chung cua xa hoi, cd ifnh ta't nhien,
Cdn nhd phai chiu khd hgc tap thi mdi by vgng lam dugc viec cd fch sau nay Tfnh cbai dao nghTa, do vay, bieu hien ro irong phal ngdn Tuong tu nhu,
(7) Neu trdi mua thi con nhd mang qudn ao vao nha day nhe!
Hanh vi dan dd ciia ngudi me dugc ngudi con ihuc hien khi cd dieu
kien: Tr&i mua Neu khdng thuc hien diing Idi dan ciia me, qudn ao se bi
udt
Trong thuc le, cau dieu kien gdn vdi nhiing khuyen lenh ciia ngudi ndi:
nhd, nen, bdt bugc, cdn phdi ihudng thugc pham tru linh thai dao nghTa
Trang 24Mai khac, su" phan chia cac ngi dung y nghTa linh thai nhan ihiic hoac tinh thai dao nghTa irong tiing phal ngdn chi mang linh tuong ddi, can gdn vdi liing hoan canh phal ng6n cu the Doi khi cung mgl lac lii" "cd ihe" dugc xep vao hai pham Irii tinh thai khac nbau Chi cd the phan biet nhiing trudng hgp nay neu can cii' vao cac linh hudng giao liep khac nbau Chdng ban,
(8) Tdi CO the ndi lieng Anh
Phat ngdn (8) neu xet d gdc do tfnh kha nang, ihi ibugc pham trii tinh thai nhan thuc Ngudi ndi cam kel rdng minh biel ndi lieng Anh, Cdn neu dugc hieu trong mot ky Ihi van dap vdi nhieu loai ngoai ngQ" khac nbau, khi
cd phal ng6n; "Toi cd the ndi lieng Anh" kei hgp ciing vdi ngii dieu cao ban mot chut Thi ngudi nghe se nhan ra dayla hanh vi xin phep, dugc xep vao pham trii tlnh thai dao nghTa,
Cling mot phuang lien bieu hien cd Ihe chuyen chd nhieu loai y nghTa tinh thai, ngugc lai ciing mdt y nghTa lai cd the dugc the hien cirng mot liic nhieu kieu phuang tien Dieu nay tao nen mot dien rgng lai yeu trong qua trinh sir dung ngon ngii Trong phat ngon, cac ngi dung linh thai dugc dan cai, hda quyen vdi nbau Do vay viec phan nhdm cac phuang tien bieu hien nghTa linh ihai irong nhung phal ngdn cd dang cau ghep theo ngi dung y nghTa tinh thai nhan ihiic hay tinh thai dao nghia, hay cac y nghTa linh thai phii dinh, khdng djnh; lieu cue, ifch cue chi mang Ifnh luong ddi
Nhin chung, each liep can va phuong phap nghien cuu ve linh tinh thai trong ng6n ngii cd khac nbau nhung diem chung ciia cac nha ngon ngu hgc
la hg deu danh gia cao tfnh chii quan ciia ngudi ndi, iuc chii ihe Unh thai trong phat ng6n Chfnh day la lien de cd tfnh ly luan de giai quyel nhieu van
Trang 25de ve mdi quan he giiia ngudi ndi vdi hien ihuc, thai do ciia hg ddi vdi dieu ndi den trong phat ngon va ddi vdi cac ddi lac iham gia giao tie'p
1.3 Quan diem chinh ciia luan an ve tinh tinh thai, y nshia tinh thai vd phuans tien bieu hien tinh thai trans n^on n^ic
1.3 1 Tinh tinh thai va v nghTa tinh thai ciia phat ngon:
Ngii nghTa ciia cau la su kei hgp ciia hai ihanh phan: phdn ng6n lieu (diclum) va phan Unh thai (modality) Ng6n lieu la bg phan ngtr nghTa truyen dat cai ngi dung menh de ve cac su kien, su Unh, la ngi dung ca ban ciia th6ng bao Cdn tinh thai la bg phan ngir nghTa gdn chii quan ciia nguoi ndi ddi vdi th6ng bao va ngudi ddi thoai
NghTa Unh thai dugc xac djnh bdng qua trinh ngii' phap hda, la each ngudi ndi bieu thi thai do (attitude) trong phal ngon, Khai niem "thai do", theo T Givdn bao gdm hai ngi dung:
- Danh gia nhan ibiic (epistemics) ve tfnh chan ihuc, tfnh kha nang, tfnh chdc chdn, tfnh cd can cu,
- Danh gia gia tri (evaluaUves) ve udc mudn, su ua thfch, y dinh, nang lire, trach nhiem hay su dieu khien
Cach danh gia ciia ngudi ndi cd tfnh chii quan, ca nhan nhung cung chiu
su che dinh ciia cac deu chf chung cua xa hoi Nguyln Due Dan cd dua ra nhiing thang do danh gia ciia ngudi ndi theo cac lieu chf:
- Danh gia iheo gia trj chan ly: diing hay sai
- Danh gia Iheo gia tri tham my: dep hay xau
- Danh gia ve gia tri linh thdn; ldi hay xau
- Danh gia theo phuang dien thuc dung hay hudng thu
Nhung lieu chf nay ihugc ly le chung, cd Uic diing chi phdi den lung each danh gia ciia ca nhan trong phat ngdn Chdng han,
Trang 26(9) "Tha r^ng an mgl qua sim
Con han an ca chum sung chat le "
(Ca dao) Ngudi ndi chgn A tren lieu chf cbai lugng Tuy mgl qua sim dugc danh gia la fl, nhung ngon ban "ca chiim sung cbai le", "Su danh gia mdi su vat
se can cii Iheo chudn muc ve loai su vat dd dugc xa bdi chap nhan ( ) Su chuan muc ciia su vat ihay ddi theo khdng gian, theo thai gian, theo dan tgc, theo limg nen van hda."[28,203]
NghTa Unh ihai Irong phal ngon la su danh gia chii quan cua ngUoi ndi Loai y nghTa nay kb6ng dua tren tieu chudn diing hay sai ma la thai d6 chan thai hay gia ddi ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi dieu ndi ra Irong cau, phat ng6n Chdng ban,
(10) T6i cam doan th6ng lin nay la diing
Phal ngon nay bieu hien sir cam kei ciia ngudi ndi Hg chiu trach nhiem trudc ngudi nghe ve thdng tin ma hg dua ra Chu ngdn cd nhiing ca sd de bao dam dieu nay Tfnh "chan that hay gia ddi" d day dugc hieu la thai do ihuc su ciia ngudi ndi, chii kh6ng phai ifnh "dung hay sai" ciia phal ng6n khi ddi chieu vdi chan ly khach quan
Trong thuc le, th6ng lin Unh thai ciia cau bieu hien phuc lap, da dang
(11) Du cd dai Id trdi long t6i cung van di, chii" dung ndi land ngan, Cau Iriic phal ng6n: "Du A van B" bieu hien y chf quyei tam ciia ngudi
ndi thuc hien cho bdng dugc B, mac cho nhii'ng su ngan can d A
Thai d6 daub gia ciia ngudi ndi cdn bieu hien d binh dien khdng djnh hay phii djnh nhung su kien, su linh Irong phal iig6n Ngoai ra, cung kh6ng loai tru" su" danh gia ifnh chan Ihuc hay kh6ng chan ihuc ciia ngudi ndi ddi vdi ngi dung menh de ciia phal ngon
Trang 27Ngii nghTa ciia cau, dac biel la "nghia linh thai hlnh thanh trong nhung dieu kien giao liep sinb dgng giira cac ca nhan ( ), khi ma ngudi ndi khdng chi ndi len cai gi xay ra Irong ihuc le ma cdn ndi len ca ve cai khong the xay ra, ve cai cd Ihe xay ra va chiit nua thi xay ra, the' hien nhiing udc mong ciia minh, nhieu khi biei rdng chiing kh6ng ihe ihuc hien dugc, dua ra nhiing gia ihiei nghi ngd "[64,1711
Mudn bdc lach cac lap nghTa Unh Ihai nay Irong phat ng6n, can xuai phal lu hinh ihtrc cau Iriic cau ndi, Phai phan Ifch ket hgp cac loai y nghia lien gia djnh, ham an trong cau mdi cd ihe ihay ro dugc thdng tin Unh thai,
la dieu ma ngudi ndi mudn ibe' hien trong cau Nhu' vay, vai trd ciia ngudi ndi dugc -xem nhu chii ibe linh thai, dugc danh gia cao irong qua Irinh ihuc hien cac hanh vi ng6n ngu" J.R.Seaiie cho rang, Unh thai la mgl bg phan ngii nghTa cd ifnh tai nhien khi ngudi ndi thuc hien cac hanh vi ng6n ngii Chang han,
- Vdi hanh vi khdng djnh, ludng ihuat, mieu la, lh6ng lin, giai thfch (Ihugc lap xac nhan (asserlives)), ngudi ndi bay id sU lin tudng dieu ndi ra trong phat ngon Hg chju trach nhiem ve lh6ng bao nay
- Vdi cac hanh vi ihach thiic, bdi, yeu cau, de ngbj, cho phep ihugc lap chi phdi (directives), ngudi ndi de nghi, yeu cau ngudi nghe ihuc hien
diiu gi dd the hien Irong ngi dung menh de
- Vdi cac hanh vi cam doan, ihd, hua hen ihugc lap cam kei (commisives), ngudi ndi cam kei, hiia hen se ibuc bien dieu minh ndi
- Vdi cac hanh vi tuyen bd, kei ldi, tii" dure, khai iri^cibugc Idp tuyen bd (declarations), ngudi ndi cd tac dgng thay ddi hien ihuc sau khi phat ng6n
Trang 28- Vdi cac hanh vi xin Idi, chiic miing, cam on, mong mudn Ihugc lap bieu cam (expressives), ngudi ndi bieu 16 cac Irang thai lam ly ddi vdi dieu dugc ndi ra trong phat ng6n
NghTa Unh thai cd mdi lien quan mal ibiei vdi cac hanh vi lai Idi, hanh
vi mugn ldi Trudc hei, mdi quan he nay bieu hien tii each su dung ng6n iCr vdi muc dfch nao dd ciia ngudi ndi Cach bieu hien hinh ihiic ciia phal ngdn dugc coi nhu la mot chien luge hanh ngon ciia ngudi ndi trong qua trinh thuc hien muc Ueu giao Uep cu the' Trong cac phuang tien bieu hien ngii nghTa, phuang tien hu tii cd y nghTa quan trgng Vdi phal ngon cd cau true cau ghep, cac lac lir Unh thai tao thanh cac hanh vi ng6n ngu' khang dinh hay phii djnh, bac bd:
(12) "Chac chan d ben dudi kia la hai cot thdng em Irai toi that, chu"
khong phai nhu ng6i mg cua t6i- Khong biei mgl ngudi nao ndm dudi dd?"
(CL,23)
Cd hai hanh vi trong phat ng6n tren:
Hanh vi khdng dinh, Chac chan d ben dudi kia la hai cot thdng em trai
t6i that
Hanh vi phii djnh, chii khong phai nhu ngoi mg ciia t6i
To hgp "chu khong phai" trong cau iriic phat ng6n: A chii khong
phai B cd vai trd tao lap nen y nghia phii dinh, bac bd ciia phat ng6n Cung
nhu "chac chan" bieu hien su khdng djnh ciia ngudi ndi
Tu" bu cd vai trd hei sue quan trgng trong viec bieu hien ngii nghia ciia phal ng6n, dac biet la nghia Unh thai, Neu nhu he (bdng lii" mieu ta (thuc tii)
la ddi tugng ciia ngu" nghia hgc, tin he thdng tii" phi mieu ta (hu lii) la ddi tugng nghien ciiu ciia ngu dung hgc Nhung lop lii nhu cac he tii 16 gfch, lugng tu, dgng lii' Unh thai, trang lii, dai tu chi xual, Ueu iCr Unh thai thu6c
Trang 29he ihdng lii phi mieu la cd tfnh nhay cam cao vdi ngu' canh Viec nghien cuu chung kh6ng the' lach rdi khdi phal ng6n bj quy djnh bdi ngir canh vdi ngudi ndi Mac dii ndm ngoai khung cau Iriic nhung bu lii" Iu6n luon gdn vdi chii ng6n de bieu hien cac thai do danh gia hien ihuc hay phi hien thuc, khdng dinh hay phii djnh, chdc chan hay phdng doan nghi ngd ddi vdi dieu dugc ndi ra irong phal ngdn Tu hu, vdi y nghia danh gia ciia chiing, la phuang lien de bieu bien cac loai y nghia Unh Ihai khac nbau cua phat ngdn, "la phuong lien dua vao cau, vao van ban nhiing ngi dung ham dn khac nbau, tham gia vao viec lao nen chieu sau ciia van ban va id chiic, lien kei cac ngi dung hien ngon Chiing cd anh hudng sau sdc den su hlnh ihanh
va sir dung nhieu cau triic cii phap - ngu nghia ciia cau."[30]
Trong thuc le, lh6ng tin phi mieu ta ciia phal ng6n (hay cdn ggi la nhung "ihdng lin ngii nghia - ngii dung bd trg" [ Le D6ng, 32] ) "cd tac dung lam chfnh xac ban cau Iruc ngii nghia ciia cau va kieu hanh vi ma cau ildi the bien Neu kh6ng hieu dugc cac ihong lin nay ibi viec giao tiep hoac khong the dien ra dugc hoac khong dal dugc hieu qua."
Theo tac gia bai bao:"Hudng den mgl each midu la va phan loai cac lieu tii linh thai cudi cau tieng Viet" [45], cd bdn loai ibong lin ngu nghia- ngii dung ciia phal ngon:
1, Th6ng lin thii' nhai gdn vdi Unh hudng giao liep nhai djnh, hay gdn vdi phal ngon nay hay cac phat ng6n khac Kieu lb6ng tin nay lien quan den viec id chiic va cau Iriic boa y dd giao liep ciia ngudi ndi, nhdm tac dgng den ngudi nghe
2, Th6ng lin ibii hai cho biei su gia djnh cua ngudi ndi ddi vdi irang thai hien ngon va nhan ibiic ciia ngudi nghe
Trang 303, Thong lin Ihu ba cho biei vai lid, vj ihe xa hoi cua cac ddi lac tham gia giao liep
4, Th6ng lin tbii" lu dinh hudng cho sU phan ung bdi dap cd the cd trong giao liep
Theo hudng nay, each khao sal bai ky yeu id Unh thai nao trong phat ngdn cung cdn xac djnh cac th6ng lin ndi Iren Chang ban nhu viec khao sal cac tac lii" linh ibai Irong phal ngon cd dang cau ghep Trong cac phat ngdn nay, cac tac lu Unh thai kh6ng chi cd vai Ird lien kei cac hanh vi ng6n ngii
ma cdn la phuang lien dua lai mgl hieu Iuc lai ldi Va Irong ihuc le, hieu Iuc ciia pluit ngon dugc xac djnh uen 3 nhan id:
- Dang ibuc ng6n ngd ciia phat ngon
- Y dinh cua ngudi ndi
- Kha nang giai ihuyet ciia ngudi nghe
Trong ba nhan id vu'a neu, Nguyen Van Hiep cho rdng can chii trgng diing muc nhan to thii hai va nhan to ibii ba [45] Nhung van de cd lien quan den nhan id y dd cua ngudi ndi Irong giao liep dugc Austin ggi chung
la su" ihdng id lai Idi (illoculionary uptake), tuc la nhung dieu ma ngudi nghe hieu du'gc hanh vi lai ldi cu ihe do ngudi ndi ihii'c bien Tii" nhan id nay, cd lien quan den nhan id thii ba, liic kha nang giai Ihuyel ciia ngudi nghe
Xem xei hieu Iuc lai ldi hoac hieu Iuc mugn Idi cua phal ng6n vdi ba nhan to vua neu la each liep can "hgp ly nhai" khi khao sal cac yeu to Unh thai trong phal ng6n, dac biel la vai trd ciia ngudi ndi Tfnh Unh thai, theo V.V Vinogradov, "dugc xac lap iheo cjuan dicin ngudi ndi Song ban than quan diem dd dugc xac dinh bdi vi irf ciia ngudi ndi vao Iuc ndi ddi vdi ngudi ddi iboai va ddi vdi cac phan doan ihuc le dugc phan anh Irong
Trang 31cau."[Dan theo Le Dong 33,14] Nhu vay, khi xem xel cac van de ve ifnh Unh thai cdn nghien cii'u cac ngi dung:
1, Thai do danh gia cua ngudi ndi (ddi vdi phat ngon, ddi vdi ngudi ddi thoai)
2, Ddi tugng giao tiep -ngudi giao tiep- va ngi dung menh de ddng vai trd nhiing ddi tugng ciia su tac dgng hay danh gia
3, Cdn cd ihe dua vao khung Unh thai nay ca yeu id kb6ng gian va yeu to thdi gian Yeu to thai gian thudng gdn vdi vi lu Unh thai, vdi thai diem phat ngdn nhu la diem mdc cua he djnh vi ve ihdi
Ndi nang la mgl hanh dgng dac biel Con ngudi iham gia vao cac boat dgng giao tiep kh6ng chi de truyen dat thong tin ma cdn bieu hien chfnh minh Von Gabelentz.G da ndi rai diing: "Bdng ng6n ngii con ngudi kh6ng chi ndi mot cai gi dd ma cdn bieu hien chfnh minh" Th6ng qua phat ng6n, nguai ndi (ngudi viei) bgc 16 thai do danh gia khac nbau ve dieu ndi ra Thai do danh gia dd khong chi mang ifnh cbai 16- gfch, ihudn tiiy ly tfnh
ma cdn gdm cd cac dang danh gia mang tfnh cam xiic (phi ly tfnh) Cdn nha'n manh, ca hai thai do danh gia cam tfnh va ly tfnh nay khong tach rdi
nbau Trong ibuc te, chung cd tfnh hda quyen va h6 sung trong nhiing phat
ngon cu the D6i khi, chfnh tfnh cbai cam Ifnh ciia su danh gia se cd tac dung true tiep vao ngudi ddi thoai, mang lai mgl hieu Iuc ng6n Irung manh ban cho phal ng6n
Bai ky phat ng6n nao cQng chua dung mgl loai y nghia Unh thai, hoac la
su ket hgp nhieu lap y nghia Unh thai Khi lua chgn mgl hinh thiic dien dat
CO nghia la, nguai ndi xudt phat tii' in6l muc dfch, mgl y dd giao Uep d^ truyen dat den ngudi nghe Va chfnh ngii nghia ciia phat ngon la nhan 16' hinh thanh nen cac dang phat ng6n vdi nhiing phuang tien cu the, tao nen
Trang 32SU tac dgng den ngudi nhan lh6ng tin hoac true tiep hoac gian Uep Nguai ndi, vdi tu each la chii thd ciia boat dgng ndi nang, cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec lao lap th6ng tin Unh thai ciia cau, phal ng6n "Tfnh Unh thai dugc xac lap theo quan diem cua ngudi ndi, nd phan anh ngudi ndi vdi tu each la chu (be ciia hanh vi phat ng6n va la mgl bieu hien ve su cd mat cua ngudi ndi trong cau, cho dii cai t6i chii Ihe dd cd mot hinh thu:c bieu hien tudng minh hay ham an"(Benveniste Ddn theo Le D6ng 33,14)
Trong phal ng6n cd dang cau ghep lie'ng Viet, hien tugng mot so lac tii tinh thai tham gia vao cau Iriic kh6ng chi the hien vai Ird lien kei 16- gfch menh de ma cdn la phuang lien de ngudi ndi bay to cac thai do danh gia khac nbau ve ngi dung dieu ndi ra Cach nhin nhan nhu vay ve tac tu tinh thai hoan toan ddi lap vdi quan niem cua ngii' phap truyen thdng Chdng ban, each phan loai ciia ngu phap truyen ihdng ve lien iCr, "mgl phdn dugc phan chia iheo y nghia lii" vung, phdn khac lai liiy thugc vao phuang phap ' Irinh bay, chia thanh mot loat nhiing kieu doc lap" [64,94] Dua tren hai ca
sd nay, ngudi la phan chia cac lien Hi thanh nhung loai sau:
-Nguyen nhan: Vi vay, bdi vi
- Diiu kien: Neu, trong trudng hgp
- He qua: Do vay
~ Muc dfch: Nhdm
Tuong ling vdi chiing cd ca cac lien lii' bieu thi quan he phan keo theo:
- Nhugng bg: Tuy nhien, mac dii
- Phu dinh - he qua: Khong cdn phdi [64,94]
O.I.Moskalskaja cho rdng, "su phiic tap ciia viec sir dung each phan loai ngii phap truyen thdng cac lien tu trong viec phan tfch ngu' nghia cau triic
quan he ciia menh di phiic gdn lien kh6ng chi vdi su' thieu hoan chinh ciia
Trang 33ban than each phan loai ma Irudc hei la do irong linh vuc cac mdi lien he giQa cau Iriic va ngir nghia ciia chinh the cii phap phuc hgp kh6ng cd mot su tuang ling don Irj,"[64,94]
Nguyen nhan cua su kli6ng luang ung dan trj uen la su da nghia do van canh quy dinh ciia cac lien lu" Irong ng6n ngu' lu" nhien, su" da nghia nay lam cho chiing khac xa cac lien tii" 16- gfch dan nghia Tu gdc do nay, viec phan tfch ngu" nghia can phai xet den d mgl miic do ngang nbau ca cac lien he nghia tudng minh Idn cac ihanh id cua menh de phiic Va cd the ndi rgng ban, cdn nghien ciiu tai ca cac nhan id ndm ngoai khung cau Iriic mdi phat hien dugc tat ca dac diem ngu nghia - ngu dung cua phat ng6n- cau
Tac lu tinh thai trong phal ng6n cd dang cau ghep, hay rgng ban trong van ban kh6ng chi cd vai ird lien kei ma cdn la nhan id hinh thanh cac dac
diein ngii nghia - ngu dung cua dan vi Chdng han, cap tac tii : "Neu - thi" hoac "Gia - thi" tii lau vdn dugc ngir phap truyen Ibdng giai quyei nhu
nhiing lien lii" lien kei hai bay nhieu ban hai ve cau irong cau ghep, va chi dimg lai vai lid lien kei Nhung Irong thuc le giao liep, cac cap tac lir nay cdn cd vai ird lac dgng den su hinh thanh sdc thai nghia gia dinh cua phat ng6n cd dang cau ghep Trong nhiing phal ngdn cd dang cau ghep, ngudi ndi sii' dung cac lac lii' lien lir, phu lu, hay ibain chf trg tii' ddu cd dung y Trudc hei de lien kei hai sir Unh, su kien va bay to thai do danh gia chu quan ciia ca nhan ddi vdi nhung chiing trong phal ng6n Chang ban,
(13) "Ong budc vgi qua cai chd ma gia chi cd mgl ddng bac la 6ng c6
the diing lai va ung dung ngodl vao."
(TTNC,317) Kh6ng ihe' phii nhan nghia gia djnh irong phat ng6n tren va kem theo
nd la thai do liec re cua ngudi ndi Hg tiec Id hg da khong cd, dii chi Id
Trang 34mot ddng bgc deed the ung dung, tu: ton budc vao hang ruau Sdc thai
ngir nghia nay da,dugc J Seaiie nhan manh khi phan loai cac hanh vi ngon
ngu Theo 6ng, ddi vdi hanh vi bieu cam (expressives), ngudi ndi truyen
dat trang thai tinh than do mgl hoan canh nao dd gay nen Do vay, su
danh gia hien thuc qua lang kfnh chii quan cua ngudi ndi khdng chi liic nao cung mang tfnh chat ly tfnh, ma cd ca cac Irang thai cam linh Chang ban,
(14) "Nd bdn den u tai, long de, nd bdn day den n6i bdn gach, mlu g6
cung kh6ng kip rai xudng dai."
(CL,63)
Tac tu "den noi - cung" tham gia vao cau true phat ng6n da gay m6t
hieu Iuc tai Idi cd tac dgng manh den ngudi nghe Trudc hei, nd la phuang Uen bieu bien cho phep ngudi dgc (ngudi nghe) binh dung each bdn pha ac net cua djch tren vung chien Iran Quang Trj vao ihdi diem 1972 Tac tii
"cung" la tfn hieu de ngudi ndi ddi chieu su kien, hien lugng da xuai hien
ddi vdi sU kien, hien tugng chua dugc ndi ro trong can Tii' mdu g6, bdn gach la nhiing vat the nhd nhai cdn chua kip rai xudng dai, hudng gi nhiing
vat th^ Idn han Chdng gi cdn c6 the' nguyen ven Chfnh vi dieu nay, tac gia
viei liep: "Cung kh6ng phai la ban nua ma dang bam vdm, dang xe nhd
manh dai nay."(CL,63) Tac lii "Khong phai - ma la " trong cdu triic
"Khong phai A ma la B" bieu hien thai do khdng djnh ciia ngudi ndi ve
tfnh thuc huu ciia cac su Unh trong phal ng6n
Trong giao liep, cac yeu id bieu tbj y nghia Unh thai trong ng6n ngii tu nhien deu cd ca che boat dgng qua nhieu idng bac ngu' nghia Vi vay, ngudi nghe cd the cam nhan loai nghia Unh thai ma phal ng6n mang lai, va kh6ng phai liic nao ciing true tiep, Phuang tien Unh thai gay hieu qua manh ban cd the la bdng nhung binh ibiic bieu hien cd ifnb hlnh lugng va trong trudng
Trang 35hgp nay, ngudi nghe suy luan y nghia cua phat ngon dua tren mot ca che
ngdin dn Chdng ban,
(15) "Bao gidrau diep lam dinh,
G6 lim Ibai ghem thi minh la'y ta"
(Ca dao) Ngii" nghia ciia phal ngon cd lac ddng den ngudi nhan qua each ndi
Iham xung: rau diep lam dinh, go lim thdi ghem Ngudi ndi bay id thai do
khdng dinh dugc the hien mdt each ngam an, cd su so sanh giiia mot su Unh phan ihuc hO'u (contra facUve) va mot su Unh hoan loan mang tfnh chii quan
ciia ngudi ndi "Minh lay ta" la dieu cd ibe ibuc hien dugc nhii'ng vdi dieu
kien phai cd A Tac ui "Bao gid - thi" cung vdi khung nghia menh de cua
phal ngdn da lao nen mgl hieu Iuc mugn ldi Irong giao liep Can nhan manh them, each ndi hinh lugng mang luih an du, hoan du, iham xung nay tii lau
da trd Ibanb dac Irung ciia ca dao, dan ca, hoac ihanh ngu', tuc ngu", tiic ldi the bien ngdn ngii sinb dgng ciia ngudi Viel Nam Neu ndi, bai ky hanh vi ng6n ngii nao cung mang mgl gia tri van hda, gdn vdi mgl cong dong dan Igc cu Ihe ibi cd Ihe khdng dinh nhung dac Irung uen mang tfnh van hda Neil ngudi ndi biei tan dung tdi da cac phuang lien tao nghia nay, chdc chan se lao nen mot hieu Iuc lai Idi ral Idn irong boat dgng giao liep
Dung nhu Do Huu Chau da ndi: " Cau iruc nghia ciia cau khdng phai la
cau Iruc ngu' nghia cua lh6ng lin mieu la hay nhan dinh chu ngu* - vi ngir (hay cau true de-thuyel) ma la cau true ngu' nghia do hieu Iuc d ldi cua nd quyei djnh.I I9j
Sd lugng lac lii' hu lii Iham gia vao caii Iruc cau ghep kh6ng nhieu nhung vai Ird bieu ibi y nghia ciia chung ral da dang, phong phu Cac tac tii
: Neu- thi, (iia - thi , Dii - v^n Da - lai con B, Tha - con han, Khong
Trang 36nhung- ma lai con, Khong- thi cung, khong phai - ma la, chii khong phai la la phuong Uen dua vao cau Iriic phal ngon cac y nghia Unh thai
khac nbau ciia cau Cac tdc tii trong cdu ghep "lam thanh mot ngon ngii dgc biet, tu bdn thdn khong cd ngi dung ngit nghia cu the nhu nhirng tit ngii thong thudng, nhung ltd cd tiic dung quyet dinh ttio ra cdu triic 16- gich - ngit nghia ciia cdu, ciia /o/."[ 74,711
Nhu vay, tinh thai ciia cau noi phan anh thai do ciia ngudi noi ve dieu minh noi ra La each ngudi do danh gia tinh hien thuc, tinh tat yeu, tinh kha nang hay tinh chat dang mong mudn hay dang tiec cua dieu dugc noi trong cau
Cau ihudng cd cac loai nghia Unh thai sau:
1 Ngudi noi bay to thai do khdng dinh hoac phii djnh hay nghi ngdf dieu dugc noi trong cau
2 Ngudi noi danh gia tinh kha nang hay tinh tat yeu ciia dieu truyen dat trong cau
3 Nguai noi danh gia su tinh trong cau: dang mung hay dang tiec, dang hy vgng hay dang e ngai, nen lam hay khong nen lam
4 Ngudi noi danh gia ve tinh chat ciia cau ndi nhu tinh thanh that, tinh ang chiing hay tinh chinh xac ciia cau noi
5 NghTa tinh thai ciia cau con dugc the hien qua mdi quan he giira cau noi vdi tinh hudng ddi thoai, hay vdi ngon canh hoac nhieu ngi dung khac thugc cac ITnh vuc ciia 16- gich hoac sieu ngon ngu
1.3.2 Khai niem ve phuang tien bieu hien y nghTa tinh thai:
Phuong lien d day dugc bieu la nhung each Ihiic, nhung binh thuc bieu hien ciia mgl ngi dung nao dd Irong ngdn ngu' Luan an quan niem mot ngi
Trang 37dung Unh thai, mot loai y nghia Unh thai nao cung cdn mgl hinh Ihiic the hien nhai djnh Cd the, cting mgl ngi dung y nghia cd nhieu hinh thiic the hien Ngugc lai, mgl hlnh ibiic cd the ciing mgl liic the hien nhieu sdc thai y nghia khac nbau Tmh trang kh6ng cd su ddi xung mgl ddi mgl giiia cai dugc bieu dal (y nghia Unh ihai) va cai bieu dal (phuang lien bieu hien nghia Unh Ihai) la rdi phd bien Le D6ng cung da ndi: "Mdi phuang lien ( )
cd the bieu hien hang loai sdc thai dan ben vao nbau Do dd, viec phan chiing ra ihanb lii'ng nhdm, chi la luong ddi."
V.V.Vin6giad6v xem "phuong lien linli thai la mgl pham irii cii phap, dugc bieu bien va cu Ihe hda bdi pham Uii vj the ihih gan vdi y nghia ngii phap chung luong quan vdi cau Irong thuc le." Pham Irii cii phap ciia cua Unh thai nhu ihdi, Ihe, ng6i du'gc cu ihe hda bang tfnh vj ngu" irong cau Theo V.V.Vinograddv, Irong cac pham Irii bieu ihi vi ngii ifnh, pham tru tinh thai dugc dat len hang dau "Quan he ciia thdng bao dugc chiia dung Irong cau ddi vdi thuc le, Irudc hei la nhii'ng quan he tlnh thai."
Trong ibuc le giao liep, cac phuong tien bieu bien nghia Unh thai cd the dugc phan loai iheo nhieu cap do ng6n ngu khac nhau nhu d cap do ngii
am, cap do li^i' vung - ngCr phap va cap do ngu' phap
2.0 Mot so phuans tien bieu hien y nshia tinh thdi irons tiens Viet:
2.1 Nhung van de ve phuang tien bieu hien nghTa tinh thai:
2.1.1 Tmh thai tfnh la dac trung ngu nghia ciia bai cu phat ng6n nao trong giao tiep F.R.Palmer da ndi lat diing la: "Tub Ihai dugc bieu tbj theo nhieu each khac nhau: Bdng he thdng dgng Ui linh thai, bdng thiic, bdng cac lieu lu' Unh thai "| 135,33] Theo 6ng, cdn chii y den bdn vdn de:
Trang 38_ Thu nhai, phai xac djnh mgl vung nghia linh thai Ngu' nghia d day bao gdm uiih clui ihe Unh ihai, tiuii do va quan uicm cua ngudi ndi, ifnh lai yeu va Ifnh kha nang cua phal ngdn
_Thu' hai, van de cac phuong lien bieu hien y nghia linh thai Ngdn ngU nao cung cd nhung phuang lien lai nghia Unh thai, chi can cbii y den miic
do sii" dung nhidu hay li hoac each ibii'c bidu bien nhu the nao Chang ban nhu, "ihiic" Irong cac ngdn ngu' bien hlnh la su danh dau Unh ihai Cdn nhung ngdn ngu khac cd the sii dung be ihdng dgng lu" linh Ihai hay cac loai tie'u lii linh ibai Ddi vdi lieiig Viel, cd ibe khao sal cac phuang lien bieu hien linh thai nhu lial lu lu", cac lieu lii", dgng lii linh ihai, cac quan ngii, cac kei cau hu ti;i' va ngu dieu cau Khong the' cd su ap dal giiia phuang lien Unh thai ciia ng6n ngii nay cho ng6n ngii kia
_Thu" ba, tfnh cbai v6 doan ciia phuang tien bieu hien nghia Unh thai Hoan loan kh6ng cd quan be mgl ddi mot giua hlnh thuc bieu hien va y nghia Unh thai Neu tfnh Unh thai dugc xem xel lu gdc do ciia ngudi ndi Irong phat ng6n, ihi ben canh ifnh phd qual ve ngu" nghia, can khao sat cac dac trung van boa, each Ibe bien y nghia cu ibe ciia mgl cong ddng dan tgc _Thii tu, su" bieu hien cac pham Irti ngu' phap nhu ihdi, sd, gidng, ng6i
va cac Ihuc trong ng6n ngii kh6ng hoan loan gidng nhau Vi vay kh6ng the xem xel mgl each may mdc ve sir bieu hien ifnh Unh ihai trong cac ng6n ngu
2,1.2 Tieiig Viel, mgl ng6n ngii' ibugc loai hinh don lap, khdng bien hda binh thai Viec xac dinh nhu'ng phuong lien hinh ihiic bieu hien tfnh Unh Ihai khdng phai la dan gian Cdn cd nhung each liep can phii hgp khi nghien ciiu cac phuang lien Unh thai trong cau ghep lieng Viel Chdng ban nhu dua vao kha nang kei hgp lu do hoac ban che ciia Ui hay dua vao su
Trang 39hoal dgng ciia cac tac tii Unh thai Irong ldi ndi, Irong cac cau Iriic cau de khao sal cac van de ve ngu nghla-ngir phap Mudn "giai ihich cac y nghia liem tang cua Idi ndi chi cd ihe dua vao su m6 ta ngu nghla-cii phap cua cau,"[76,43|
2.1,3 Nghien ciiu cac phuang lien bieu hien nghia Unh thai trong tieng Viel can xuat phat tii ngir nghia - ngii dung, Bdi le, vai trd cua chu ngdn va hoan canh giao tiep cd tac dgng true tiep den su binh ihanh y nghia Unh thai cua cau,
2.2 Cac phuang tien bieu hien tinh thai trong tieng Viet:
Trong cac c6ng trinh nghien ciiu ve Unh thai Irong tieng Viet nhu cua Hoang Phe [74hPham Hiing Viet 1119J, Dao Van Hi:mg [44], Doan Thi Thu
Ha [351, cac lac gia deu de cap den nhii'ng phuang lien bieu thi y nghia tinh thai trong tieiig Viet Cac cdng trinh nay nghien ciiu tfnh Unh thai ciia Ue'ng Viet d nhieu mat va khao sal nhQ'ng phuang Uen Unh thai cu the nhu phuang lien trg tCi", phuang lien quan ngir, hoac mgl sd lac tii' Unh thai khac trong nhirng cau triic cau cu the Nhin chung, cd the khai quat mot sd phuang lien bieu hien nghia tinh thai trong lieng Viel nhu sau:
2.2.1 Ve phuang tien ngu am:
O Viet Nam, chUa cd c6ng trinh nao chuyen sau ve cac phuong tien ngir
am nhu la phuong tien bieu bien y nghia tlnh thai Cong viec nay ddi bdi nhiing khao sat thuc ngbiem that ngbiem ngai tren ca sd nhii'ng cii' lieu ldi ndi vdi nhung ngi dung phal ngdn khac nhau Bryzgunova E.A khdng djnh:
"Cau triic ngCr dieu dugc xuat hien nhu nhung phuang lien bieu tbj cac quan
he ngii nghia chi trong su lac dgng vdi cau true cu phap va thanh phdn tii vung ciia ldi ndi."[Ddn theo D6 Thi Kim Lien 61,25]
Trang 40Mgl dieu de nhan thay rdng ngu dieu la yeu id kh6ng the thie'u dugc cua cau, ciia phat ng6n, Ngu dieu kh6ng chi la nhan to cau thanh cau ma cdn la mgl phuang tien bieu hien y nghia Unh thai ciia cau
Theo Pham Hiing Viet, phuong tien ngii am bieu bien y nghia Unh thai
la "each diing ngir dieu, trgng am de the hien thai do, Unh cam hoac de nhan manh vao diem ma ngudi ndi cho la cdn cbii y."[ 119,211
Chung loi tan thanh quan niem nay Trong thuc te sir dung Ueng Viet, ngii dieu thudng kei hgp vdi viec sii' dung cac trg lii', hoac cac thanh phdn khac ciia cau de tao nen tfnh tinh thai, Chdng han,
-Chung ta xudng be'n s6ng mot lai nhe!
- Khe chu!
- Anh xudng chd gieo liia chii?
Cac da'u cau ?, ! dugc xem nhu la su bieu hien ngii dieu tren chii viei cung vdi trg tu "nhe","chii" bieu hien Unh thai yeu cau, de nghi cua cau cau khien hoac cau nghi van Trong mgl sd trudng hgp khac ngir dieu kei hgp vdi trgng am trong cau de the hien Unh thai danh gia ve ngi dung hien thuc ciia ngudi ndi:
(16) Nd ma den thi toi di bdng dau
Ngii dieu trong cau ghep lieng Viet cung chiem m6l vi trf quan trgng khi xem xel cac dac diem Unh thai trong cau Ciing nhu phat ng6n c6 cau triic cau dan, ngu dieu la phuang lien bieu tbj y nghia Unh thai cua cau ghep, dac biel la Irong nhiing trudng hgp cau ghep kh6ng cd tac lii lien tu Day la mot phuong lien tinh thai ihii vj nhu'ng trong gidi ban ciia de tai, luan an kli6ng khao sat phuang tien nay
2.2.2 Phuang tien tir vung-ngQ phap: