Tac tu tinh thai cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec id chdc cii phap, ngu*
nghia va ngu dung ciia phat ng6n cd dang cau ghep tieng Viet. Trong thuc tien, boat dgng ciia cac lac lu Unh thai da dang, phong phii de chuyen tai cac y nghia khac nbau cua phal ng6n, dac biel la nghia Unh thai.
Trong chuang nay, luan an mieu td, khao sal 26 cap tac tu Unh thai vdi 40 bien the dugc cu the trong 105 phat ng6n khac nbau. Tuy chiu su chi phdi y nghia khai quat chung ciia lung cau tnic nhung iii6i tac tu bien the deu dam trach viec the hien cac sdc thai ngu nghia khac nbau, tao nen mot bang mau tinh thai da dang trong phat ng6n. Chdng ban nhu cung mot cap tac tu: neu - thi; va nhung bien the cua nd nhu; neu ma - thi; neu nhu - thi; neu xet lung thdi diem ndi va trong nhQng ngu canh phat ng6n khac nhau, chiing lai mang cac sdc thai nghia Unh thai rieng biel.
A. Dinh hudng khao sat, mieu ta cac cap tac tu tinh thai trong cau true phat ngdn cd dang can ghep:
De' CO the tien hanh phan tfch ngu nghia cac phat ngdn cd su bien dien CLia cac tac tu ndi Iren, luan an da xac dinh nhung djnh hudng khao sat nhu sau:
1. Phdi hieu dugc tfnh chii de ciia phal ngon, xac djnh y dd ciia ngudi ndi. Nghia ciia phat ng6n thudng dugc bgc 16 ngdm 'ii\, lb6ng qua nhieu tdng bac ngu nghia. Kb6ng phai bao gid cQng bieu hien true Uep uen be mat cau true phat ng6n- cau ghep.
Hdu hei cac vf du ma luan an phan tfch deu di den kei luan ve tfnh chu de, cdn lam sang td hat nhan dung phap ciia cau, tuc hieu Iuc tai ldi va hieu Iuc mugn ldi cua phat ngdn. Vi xel den ciing, y nghia ciia phat ngdn - cau la hieu Iuc tai Idi ina nd mang lai cho cac ddi tac tham gia giao tiep trong ngir canh giao tiep cu the.
2. Phai tluiy dugc vai trd lac dgng hinh thanh cac dac die'm ngu nghia - ngu dung ciia cac tac tu. Trong cac phal ngon cd dang cau ghep cu the, cdn xac dinh vai trd tac dgng cua lac tu Unh thai Irong viec hlnh thanh nghia ciia bg phan va nghia ciia chinh the phal ng6n, va ngugc lai. Chdng ban,
"Phi Phi, t6i bai giac bdi, trong ddi c6, c6 thay ai lot kh6ng?
C6 gai lidn chi vao t6i:
(73)- Bac tot. Ai den day cung bao the' chu khdng phai chi cd con bao."
(CL,55)
Tac tu " chu khdng phai" trong phat ng6n ciia cugc thoai giua bai nhan vat cd lac dung phii nhan lai dieu ngudi nghe cd the ndi hoac nghi khdng diing. "Ai den day cQng bao..." bieu hien thai do khdng dinh cua ngudi ndi, dinh hudng cho ngudi nhan biei, dieu ndi ra la chan thuc. Su xuat hien cac tac lu linh thai "chd khdng phai; khong phai -ma la"da lam cho cac phat ng6n uen cd tfnh chai phu dinh sieu ngon ngu.
Ro rang cac yeu 16' Unh thai chju su die djnh ciia khung nghia menh de va ngugc lai, chiing cd tac dgng hinh thanh ngu nghia ciia phat ngdn.
3- Trong khi khao sat, cdn giu dugc the can bdng giua cac lac tu Unh thai va nghia su Unh ciia phal ng6n. Thuc chai no hoa quyen vao khung nghia menh de, Chdng ban,
(74) Me vua mdi dm ma no da vgi di mua dai lam md.
Tac tu; "viia mdi- da" dugc kei hgp vdi khung nghia menh de cua phal ngdn de bieu bien thai do che trach cua ngudi ndi ve ddi tugng "no", th6ng qua mdi quan he giua hai su kien, su Unh cd tfnh bai thudng nay.
4. Khi khao sat cdn chu y:
- Cac ye'u id thugc cau iriic cau (bien tren be mat).
- Cac yeu td ndm ngoai khung cau tnic cua cau, nhu vai trd ciia ngu canh, vai trd cua cac ddi lac tham gia giao tiep, cac loai y nghia lien gia djnh, nghia ludng minb, nglila ham an ciia phat ngon cd dang cau ghep tieng Viet. Chiing 161 mudn nbac lai, day la ch6 rat khd khi Uen hanh khao sat, ddi bdi nhieu mat cua ngudi phan tfch. Cung mot Iuc ngudi khao sat phai ndm vung cac ca che phan tfch: Cam thu van hgc, nguyen tdc ngu' phap van ban va ca che' ngu dung hgc.
Luan an cd y thiic phan tfch, khao sal phat ngon khong tach rdi linh hudng giao tiep, kh6ng thoat ly khdi ngu canh. Cd nghia la nghien cdu nd trong chudi phal ng6n lien kei (ngii canh hep) va chu trgng den cac yeu 16' thugc ngu canh rgng nhu van de kien thuc nen cua cac ddi lac giao tiep, van de van hda, xa hoi, licb su... NhQng nhan td nay hei sue quan trgng, chi phdi den su hinh thanh ngu nghia thuc ciia mot phal ng6n.
B. Khao sat cac cap tac tu tinh thai trong can true phat ngon cu the:
1. Khao sat cap tac tu "Neu • thi" trong cau true :" Neu A thi B"
Trong cau ghep: "Neu A thi B", Irudc hei bieu hien mdi quan he qua lai giu'a dieu kien va kei qua trong hai ve cau. Day kh6ng phai la mdi quan he keo theo ciia 16- gfch binh thuc ma la thu 16- gfch ciia ng6n tu, vdn tdn tai trong ddi sdng hang ngay, klidng cd tfnh mdu muc (non standard). Gia thiei cua ngudi ndi neu ra trong phat ng6n ndm trong 16 gfch cua ng6n ngu, la thu "16- gfch tu nhien" (G. Lakoff). Nd khac vdi 16- gfch th6ng thudng va gdn vdi nhan thdc ciia ngudi ndi nen viia cd tfnh khach quan vda cd ifnh chu quan. Ngudi ndi hoan loan cd the dua ra cac gia thiei vdi nhieu du doan ve hien thuc. Neu duac hay neu khong; neu diing hay neu sai, neu cd the hay khong the ...diu ndm trong su gia djnh ciia ngudi ndi. Mdi quan he giua dieu kien va kei qua trong cau true cd lien quan deii nhiing van de tam ly, xa hoi, ton giao tfn nguang...Nhung van de nay cd lac dgng hoac true tiep hoac gian liep den tiing thanh vien trong cong Jong ngdn ngu, Chdng han nhu trong phat ng6n:
(75) Neu con mudn thi d6 dai hgc thi phai hgc tot di da.
Ngudi ndi dua ra va'n di "hgc lot" nhu dieu kien cdn thiei de con thi dd vao dai hgc. Dd la viec dau lien ngudi nghe phai thuc hien. Tu "di da"
trong phat ng6n la tfn hieu de cho thay, day la dieu cdn lam trudc nhai trong su ddi chieu so sanh nhieu viec cdn lam ban. Chdng ban nhu can ddu tu ve tien bac, du kien trudng thi, nganh nghe...
Hoac trong mgl phal ngon khac:
(76) Neu cu kh6ng chiu nhjn, lam to chuyen cd khi lai tdn tien."
(^n^NC, 29)
Dieu gia djnh cua ngudi ndi ndm trong ly le chung ciia xa hoi. Vdi cuong vj nhu Ba Kien, neu ban ihua vdi Chf Pheo chi cd ihiet. Tu cd cung dinh nhu Pheo ihi chdng cd gi de mal. Ba Kieii nhin la ban, neu kb6ng cd the bi mai lien; "Cai nghe quan bam thdng cd tdc ai bam thdng trgc ddu."
Ngudi ndi dua ra ly le va phdng doan su kien cd the xay ra d B neu khdng thuc hien dieu kien dal ra d A trong phal ng6n (Tii' cd khi trong phal ng6n bieu tbj nghia phdng doan). Dieu nay cd nghia la B cd kha nang xay ra khi cd A; khi A lid thanh hien thuc va day chfnh la pham chai linh thai ciia phat ng6n. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, dieu gia dinh ciia ngudi ndi la mot thang do danh gia ve sir kien nao dd;
(77) " l a o sdng hanh phiic neu la coi banh phuc la com an ao mac."
(TrNHT,633)
Thang do hanh phuc ciia ngudi ndi la cam an ao mac Va neu dugc nhu vay, la hanh phuc. Vdi ngudi khac, thang do hanh phuc cd the thay doi nhung trong phat ngdn nay, ngudi nghe kh6ng the phan bac. Cd the ngudi ndi da du doan trudc su phan bdi ciia ngudi nghe nen viec gia dinh trudc mgl thuc te vdi muc dfch de qua trinh giao tiep khdi di liech liu'dng khdng can thiei. "Neu- thi" trong phat ng6n lid thanh cac Ihi hieu sieu ng6n ngu giup ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe tiep nhan va xu ly cac phat ng6n trong boat dgng giao tiep.
Bai ky mgl dieu kien, mgl dieu gid djnh nao cQng mang tfnh chu quan ciia ngudi ndi. Hg id chdc phat ng6n theo nhQ'ng dieu kien ma bg gia dinh.
Mien sao cd mot kei qua hgp ly vdi dieu kien d bg phan thu nhat. Do vay tfnh Unh thai irong nhung phal ng6n cu the cd nhQng sdc mau rieng, luy vdn theo mgl y nghia chung nhai djnh.
Trong ddi thoai, nhieu trudng hgp ngudi ndi dua ra phat ngon" Neu A thi B" de dudoan, dd bdi thai do cua ngudi ddi ihoai:
(78) "Neu chu la chau thi chii se liim nhu the nao?"
(CT,36)
Su kien gia dinh ngudi ddi thoai la chhib minh la mgl thuc te vdn Ihudng xay ra trong boat dgng giao liep. Trong Unh hudng nay, ngudi ndi mudn cd nhiing each xu su, hay suy nghi thfch hgp. Hoan toan luong tu vdi nhu'ng each the hien:
(79) "Neu anh (chi) la ldi thi se giai quyel vaii di nay nhu the nao?"
Hay cd the la mot ldi khdng djnh:
(80) Neu anh la toi thi anh cung lam nhu vay.
Ngudi ndi gid dinh: Neu anh Id toi.
Tu dieu kien nay, dua den be qua; tinh ciing lam nhu toi dd lam.
Ngudi ndi ngdm khdng djnh: Viec toi tdm la hoan loan dimg. Tac tu
"cung" hien dien d bg phan he qua, ben canh y nghia lien gia dinh so sanh, cdn bie'u tbi su nhan manh cua ngudi ndi trong phal ng6n.
Khdng djnh la mgl trong nhung ngi dung ciia cau dieu kien, O.
Jespersen hoan loan cd ly khi tac gia cho rang:
"Cau dieu kien la mgl thu cau bdi cd bao ham cau tra Idi klidng djnh."
Chdng ban nhu mgl cau dieu kien cd ngi dung la: "Neu anh ta den llil l6i d lai (chd) ", cau nay luang tu nhu doan ddi thoai sau day:
A: Is he coming?
( Aiili ay cd deii khdng?) B; (Yes) well, then I will slay,
( Neil the tbi loi se d lai (chd))
( Ddn theo Cao Xuan Hao 40,140)
Ngi dung khdng djnh ciia phal ngon "Ned A thi B" the hien phong phu trong nhieu tlnh hudng giao liep khac nhau:
(81) "Neu be ha mudn bang thi xin hay cliem ddu ha thdn trudc da."
(Vf du cua Nguyen Diic Dan)
(82) "Neu mot Idn niia dugc sinb ra, gap ihdi giac gia thi nhai djnh chung la se |ai la ngudi Ihih de dugc sdng ben nhau, chieii dau bdn nhau."
(VNQD 98,52)
Thai do khdng dinh cua ngudi ndi the bien id trong hai phat ng6n.
Mdi quan he giua cac su" kien trong phal ng6n bieu hien chat che. A la gid thiei ciia B, Va B la kei qua ciia A.
Trong phal ng6n (81), ngudi ndi neu ra:
Gia thiei A, neu be ha mudn dau hang Kei qua, bay cliein ddu ha than trudc.
Tu dieu gia thiei va kei luan nay, ngudi ndi klidng djnh chdc chdn kh6ng dugc dau hang. Dieu khdng dinh nay mang lai mgl bieu Iuc giao tiep ban bdn mgi Idi khuyen lb6ng thudng. Nd tac dgng manh vao ngudi tiep nhan thong tin bdi ldi de ngbj diit khoal ciia ngudi ndi: Hay cheni ddu ha thdn trudc. Neu xet d gdc do hanh vi cd tfnh bdt bugc hoac dugc phep cua cac ddi tac giao tiep, thi day la phat ng6n kli6ng chi ihugc tinh thai nhan thuc iiici cdn thugc Unh thai dao nghia. Dieu nay cd tfnh hien nhien trong ngdn ngii', mgl phat ngdn cd the dugc xem xel d nhidu gdc do Unh thai. Hon nua, cd the cd nhieu lap nghia Unh thai dan xen, hda quyen trong cac bg phan phat ngoii. Cac yeu id Unh thai nay gdn chat vdi cau true va dugc hda tan ln)ng cau, phal ng6n,
Trong phal iig6n (82), ngudi ndi gia djnh dieu kien cd tfnh phan hien thuc: "Neu nigi lan nua dugc sinb ra..." de den mgl kei luan " chung ta nhai
dinh se lai la ngudi Ifnb...". Mot tien de mang linh gia dinh nhung mot kei luan lai la didu hoan loan cd thai vi nd bieu hien su khdng djnh chdc chdn ciia ngudi ndi. Suy luan trong ngon ngit nhieu khi khong mang tinh chat suy luan Id- gich hinh tliirc md no dua vao nhitng ly le chu quan cua ngudi ndi.
Tdm lai, cung vdi su da dang cua cau tnic la su phong phu cua cac sdc thai ngu nghia ciia cap lac id:"Ned -thi" trong phat ngon,
2 Khao sat cap tac tu: "He - thi/ la" trong can true "Hi A thi/la B" ya cap tac tii:"Cu - thi/la" trong can true "Cu A thi/la B"
Trong tieng Viet hai cap tac tu; "Hl-thi / la" va "Cii A thi / la B"
cd nhQ:ng dac diem gidng nhau ve ngQ nghla-ngu phap, Ca hai cau tnic deu bieu thi y nghia khang dinh tfnh tai yeu ciia dieu ndi ra irong phat ngon.
Cap tac tu "He - thi / la" trong cau true " H i A thi / la B" bieu thi mdi quan he dieu kien va he qud, cu mdi khi cd su viec, hien lugng nay thi lai yeu cd su viec kia. Chang ban nhu;
(83) "JHe trong danh la chieng phai danh"
(TrNC,373)
Hai su kien.'" trong danh vd chieng phdi ddnh" dugc thiei lap bdng m6i quan he keo theo cd tfnh tat yeu. Cu cd su kien A tai cd su kien B.
Khdng gidng nhu trong ca'u tnic; "Neu A tbi B", dieu gia dinh ciia ngudi ndi chua xay ra, bay nhu trong "Gia A thi B", A la dieu kien cd tfnh chat trai ngugc vdi hien thuc; trong cau tnic "He A tbi B", dieu kien ngudi ndi dua ra vdn da xay ra va cdn tiep tuc xay ra nua. Dieu nay tao nen tinh chai boat dgng deu dan cua bai su kien, cd tfnh quy luat. Tat nhien, day kh6iig phai la quy luat khach quan ma nd mang tfnh cbii quan do ngudi ndi td chdc, sdp xep de the hien cac y dd giao liep. Chdng ban nhu;
(84) "O ibugc dia, h i cd mau da Irdng la quy phai, la thugc chiing tgc ihugng ddng."
(TTHCM 30,120)
Theo ngudi ndi, cd mdi quan he giua ngudi cd mau da Irdng va tdng Idp Ihugng ddng trong xa hoi. Mau da Irdng la dieu kien de xep vao mgl tdng lap dugc hudng mgi dac an ciia thuc dan Phap. Qua su kien nay, ngudi ndi mudn bgc 16 thai do bai binh trudc "quy luat" qua bai c6ng nay! CQng nhu trudng hgp:
(85) "Minh la dan, he cu cd viec gi dhib deii quan, thi cu la luyet nghiep."
(BDC,87)
Trong phal ngdn (85), ngudi ndi dua ra nidi tuang quan qua lai giua dan va quan. Thuc chai day la mdi quan be giu'a ngudi bj bdc lot va bdc lot, cu diiih de'n quan la luyet nghiep. Dieu nay tdn tai nhu mgl le thudng dudi xa hoi thuc dan phong kien va su khang dinh ciia ngudi ndi trong phat ng6n cd tfnh chan thuc trong mgl ngu canh nhat djnh. Tien di A hoan loan do ngudi ndi gia djnh, khd cd the giai ihfch bang nhung quy luat khach quan ciia ddi sdng:
(86) He nd den thi tdi kh6iig den.
Giua hai su kien trong phal ng6n cd mdi quan he ddi khang, loai trii : cd ngudi nay cd mat tbi ngudi kia kb6ng. Ngudi ndi mudn ngdm bao vdi ngudi nghe, tfnh each cua t6i va "nd" trai ngugc nhau, khdng ua gi nhau.
Neu cd mdi ca hai ngudi, anh bay chu y diiu nay.
Di cap deii sac thai nghia khdng dinh trong phal ngdn dieu kien, Le Van Ly cho rang;
"Thay vl "Neu" ngudi la cd the diing "He", nhung "He" chi mgl gia thiei cuong quyet lio'n."|63,l35|.
Chang ban su cd mat cua hai cap lac id trong phat ng6n;
(87) "Hi cdn mgl ten xam luge iren dai nude la thi la cdn phai chien dau, quel sach nd di."(H6 Chf Minb)
Neu thay the:
(87a) "Neu cdn mot ten xam luge tren dai nude la thi la cdn phai chien dau, quel sach nd di."
Sdc thai khdng djnh cua phal ngdn (87) manh bon phat ng6n (87a).
Su bien dien ciia lac tu " H e " trong phat ngon du bao cho ngudi liep nhan biei rdng: cho dii bat cii hoan canh nao, dieu kien nao cu cdn mot ten xam luge nao la la cdn chien dau. Ta se chien dau den cung de bao ve nen dgc lap cho dai nude,
Trudng hgp nay, cung cd the gidi thfch tu ingt phal ng6n tuang tu:
(88) H i no den thi/ la t6i di.
Va:
(88a) Neu nd den thi loi di.
"Neu" xuai hien irong cau lao nen hai kha nang cd the xay ra; "Nd cd Ihe de'n" hoac "Nd cd the kli6ng den". Thih ludng kha nay Idm cho sdc thai cuong quyei ciia ciia ngudi ndi trong phal ngdn chua manh. Ngudi ndi chi thuc hien B khi gia dinh cd A. Nhung khi diing cap tac id; "He nd den thi tdi di", tfnh luong kha kh6ng cdn va trong phat ngon cbi cdn lai ingt su khdng dinh chdc chdn ciia ngudi ndi. Hg se thuc hien B trong bai luan trudng hgp luio.
Trong boat dgng giao tie'p, dieu quan Irgng ciia ngudi ndi la cai cdn truyen dat clui kh6iig phai la phuong Uen truyen dat. Y d6 giao tie'p se