VAI TRO CIJA CAC TAC TLTTINH THAI TRONG CAU GHEP TIENG VIET
3. Cau triic cau ghep tieng Viet
3.1 Khai niem cau true d day cdn nhin nhan dudi gdc do cua ngdn ngii hgc dai cuong. Trong boat dgng giao tiep, cau triic ciia ngon ngu xuai hien vdi hai dang; nang Iuc cau iriic (linguistic struclure) va hien thuc hda cau triic (linguistic performance). Nang Iuc ng6n ngu the hien cac y nghia liem lang cua Idi ndi. Va loai y nghia nay, cbi cd the khao sat dugc nha vao cac m6 hinh cu phap ciia ng6n ngu. M6 binh cii phap cua cac kieu cau khac nhau la ca sd giup ngudi nghien ciiu phan tfch ngu nghia cua cau.
Theo nhan dinh ciia nhieu nha ngu hgc, tfnh he thdng cii phap cua ngon ngii ihudng ton tai d dang khu6n mdu, nhung kieu sa d6 cau tnic.
Trong he thdng l6n ly ciia cac dan vi ngon tii de cau tao nen van ban, cau cd cuang vi va cdu triic rieng ciia mot don vj trung tam, mgl dan vi ban \i. "
Neu kh6ng hiiu cuang vi va cau triic cua cau, kh6ng the nao hieu nhu'ng dan vi ngdn lii Idn han, ma kh6ng the hieu dugc bai cii dieu gi ve dan vi nhd ban cdu tao n6."[40,12]
Vdi cau dan, ta cd cau triic cau dan. Va vdi cau ghep , ta cung co ca'u triic cau ghep tuong ling. Cau triic cau chfnh la sa dd khai quat ma cac thanh to cu the cua nd xuat hien mgl each cd he thdng, la m6 hinh de cac ye'u t6' ngon tu cd the lap day.
Ca'u triic cau tdn tai de chuyen tdi nhung sdc thai y nghia phong phii ciia ddi song ng6n ngu. Su tdn tai da dang cac sa d6 cau triic cau de dap ling cac yeu cdu giao Ue'p cu the ciia ngudi ndi. Chfnh muc Ueu giao tie'p quyet dinh su lua chgn cac hinh thiic ng6n ngu thi hien.
lU.V.Rozdextvenxki da ndi rai diing rdng:
"Bat cu mot cau true cu phap nao cung nham mot muc dich giao te nhat djnh va m6i cau deu co su tuang ling giua cai can di^n dat va phuang tien di^n dat, tiic la giua nghia va to chiic hinh thiic cua cau."
3.2 Trong thuc lien, cau ghep la mot thuc the phat ng6n trgn ven vi ngu nghia va cau triic. M6 hinh cau triic cua cau ghep the hien nhiing dac trung sau:
1. Mo hinh cau ghep the hien cac dang quan he ngu phap nhu quan he chfnh phu, quan he ddng lap, hoac quan he qua lai trong cau.
2. M6 hlnh nay ihi hien tfnh cbai da vj tfnh cua cau ghep. M6i ve' cau the bien mgl dan vj vj ngu tfnh va nhu vay, trong cau ghep phai cd ft nhai la hai don vj vi ngu luih trd len.
3. Mo hinh cau ghep cdn the hien d trat tu sdp xep cac ve cau.
Tfnh chai tuyen tfnh hda su xuat hien cac thanh phdn cau trong cau ghep cung la mot phuang lien cd tfnh hieu Iuc bieu hien y nghia cua cau.
4. Gail triic cau ghep cdn phan anh quy tdc ndi kei nhung dan vi vj ngii tfnh dugc the hien nhu sau:
-The bien quy tdc gdn kei cac ve cua cau ghep theo mdi quan he ddng lap, chinh phu, qua lai... Su gdn kei nay thuc hien nhd nhung phuong lien ndi nhai dinh, nhu phuong tien trat tu sdp xep cac ve cau, hay ndi bdng cac tac tu" Unh thai hoac bang ngu dieu...
- The hien su cdn ihiei cua cac dan vi vi ngu tfnh trong cau ghep.
Nhirng van de lien cd tac dung hinh thanh ni6 hinh cau triic cau, phii hgp vdi nhiem vu khao sat phuang lien Unh thai trong mgl sd cau triic cau ghep lie'ng Viel. So d6 ca'u triic nay the hien dugc nhiing dac diem ca ban nhai cua cau ghep nhu; cd ban hai dan vi vi ngu tfnh, dugc lien kei bdng nbi^u phuang lien, hiiu hien cac quan he ngu phap khac nhau trong cau.
Dan vi vj ngu tfnh l6n tai nhu la su kei hgp cua cac nhan to ve ngii nghia cua cau va ve cii phap, nd dugc bieu bien bang ndng cot chii - vj , Day la quan diem ca ban ve cau triic cau ciia nhieu nha nghien ciiu ngu*
phap tieng Viet. Cac lai lieu: "Nghien ciiu ngii phap lieng Viet" (1997) Nguyen Kim Than, "Ngu phap tieng Viet- Cau"(1980) ciia Hoang Trgng Phie'n, "Giao trinh ngu phap tieng Viet"(1983) ciia Diep Quang Ban, Le Can, Phan Thieu, Hoang Van Thung, "Ngu phap tieng Viet" cua Nguyen
Hiiu Quynh (2001) ...deu cimg mgl each nhin nhan ve cau tnic cii phap cua cau la cau triic chii - vj. Cdn trong cudn; "Ngu phap lieng Viet " ciia Uy ban khoa hgc xa hoi (1983) cd dua ra cau triic Di - Thuyet nhung thuc cbai day la su thay ddi len ggi.
Gail triic chii- vi la cau tnic cii phap ciia cau. Cdn cd su phan biet giua cau tnic cii phap va cau tnic lh6ng bao trong cau. Theo ly thuyet phan doan thuc tai, cau true tb6ng bao gdm hai bg phan: Chii de (Theme/ Topic) va Thuat de (Rbcme/ Comment). Chii de liic la phdn thdng tin da biei ciia th6ng bao va Thuat de la phdn tb6ng tin mdi. Cau true nay tdn lai trong mgl pham trii rgng ban cau triic cau. Nd cd the ndm d mgl chudi phal ng6n hoac trong mot chinh the van ban. Cau tnic thong bao " chim Irong mach phat ng6n ciia ngudi ndi va an tang nhieu yeu to cbi phdi no.".
Ngugc lai, cau tnic cu phap hien tudng minb tren be mat cua cau ndi, Nd la ca'u true cu the cua lung phal ngon va la dang cu the ciia cau tnic Ui6ng bao. Trong thuc le, bai cau tnic nay kb6ng loai Ini nbau. Cau tnic cii phap ndi len uen be mat ciia can, phat ng6n. Ngudi nghien ciiu cdn xuat phat tii cau true cii phap de khao sat ngu" nghia ciia cau.
M6 binh cau true cau ghep tieng Viet phan anh bai ndng cot cbu-,vi cua cau, dugc 16 chiic lien kei theo mdi quan be ngu phap nhai djnh.
Van de xac dinh cuong vj va cau tnic ciia cau ghep la nhiem vu quan trgng de luan an tiep tuc giai quyei cac phuong tien tai nghia Unh thai trong don vi nay.
Trong thuc te, nhu phan phuong lien bieu hien tinh thai d chuong mgl luan an da de cap, phal ng6n cd caii true cau ghep hoan loan cd the khao sat cac phuang lien bieu hien nghia tinh thai nhu phuang tien dgng tii* Unh thai, cac lieu tii* Unh thai, trat tu tu... Tai nhien, khi dat van de khao sal nghia tinh
thai khdng the bd qua cac phuong lien ndi lien. Nhu'ng, cdn xac djnh su hien dien ciia cac tac tu Unh thai la phuong lien bieu hien y nghia Unh thai cd tfnh dac ihii trong cau true cau ghep. Dd la trudng hgp cac tac lii' Unh thai true tiep iham gia vao cau tnic phal ngon, kh6iig chi la ye'u id ndi kei cac bg phan phal ng6n ma cdn la phuong lien de bieu thi cac thai do danh gia chu quan ciia ngudi ndi.
Luan an xac lap mot danh sach cd 26 cap lac lii vdi bdn muoi bien the tham gia true liep vao cau true cau ghep. Tuy kb6ng phai la mgl sd lugng Idn, hoac kh6ng phai la t6ng sd cac tac ui cd dugc trong cau ghep Ueng Viet nhung sd lugng tac lii' nay cd vai trd quan trgng trong viec hinh thanh cac dac diem ngu nghia - ngu dung ciia cau, dac biet la nghia Unh thai. Mat khac, chung cdn cd vai trd hinh thanh dac diem cii phap dn djnh cua cau tnic cau ghep. Trong mgl sd trudng hgp, cac tac ui' "Nhung tudng - nao ngd" trong cau true:" Nhung tudng A nao ngd B", hoac cap tac tu" Cd the- cung cd the" trong cau tnic; "Cd the A cung cd the B" chua dugc ngu' phap truyen ibdng xem xel nhu cac tac lii' cii phap trong cau ghep.
Nhung qua ibuc le khao sal, luan an xac nhan chiing cd vai trd hlnh thanh ngu' nghia ciia cau rai chat che, la cbai lieu lien kei cac bg phan phat ng6n mot each hoan chinh nhu bai ky cac cap lac lu nao khac trong cau tnic cau ghep lie'ng Viet. Ve mat ly ihuyei, cdn giai quyei nhung trudng hgp nay nhu cac hien lugng dang trong qua tiinh ngu phap hda cua tieng Viet.
Danh sach cac cap lac tii' tinh thai tham gia true tiep vao cau tnic phat ngdn cd dang cau ghep tieng Viet:
1. Neu A thi B.
2. Cii-A thi B.
3. He A thi B.
4. Chi cd A mdi B.
5. Da A till B.
6. Gia A thi B.
7. Ne'unbu A thi B.
8. Phdi chi A thi B./ U'dc gi A thi B.
9. Bao gid A thi B,
10. Dii/ mac dii/ Ddu A vdn B.
1 l.Tlia A cdn ban B.
12,Khong nhQ'ng A ma cdn B.
13.Da A till chd lai cdn B.
14.Cang A cang B.
15,Kh6ng/ Chdng A thi cung B.
l6.Kli6ng phai/ Chdng phai/ Cha phai A ma la B.
17.(Chdc chdn) A cbii" kb6ng phai B.
18.ChuaAiiiadaB.
19.Da A ma chua B.
20.Mdi A i n a d a B . 21.Da A m d i B . 22.Cdn A nici da B.
23.Da A c d n B .
24.Nhiing tudng A nao ngd B.
25.Cd the A cung cd the B.
26.Cd the A hoac cd the B.
Nhdm cau tnic cau ghep tren dugc luan an xep vao loai cau ghep qua ai, thudng cd hai ve Ion tai trong mdi quan he h6 ung vdi nhau. Sir xuat
hien cac cap lac tii' Unh thai Irong cau cung dugc id chiic ihanh lining cap va the hien mdi quan he chat che giua hai bg phan ciia cau ghep.
Kh6ng nhu mdi quan he binh ddng ciia cau ghep ddng lap, hoac quan be mgl chieu nhu mdi quan be chfnh phu, cau ghep qua lai la quan he hai chieu. Cac ve cau nuong dua vao nbau, citing xual hien Irong nidi tuang quan h6 irg cho nbau, Dua vao dac diem nay, cd mgl sd tac gia xep cau ghep qua lai la cau ghep chat, va ddi lap vdi nd la cau ghep Idng, De cap den tai ca cac van de nay de thay dugc ifnb kei ndi giua cac ve cau va vai Ird tac dgng cua cac cap tac tii Unh thai khi tham gia true tiep vao id chue cau true cau ghep.